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It is well known that Maxwell's equations of electro-magnetism have an
integral and a differential form, which are usually considered equivalent. I have realised that this can not be so. Charge, after all, is quantised, and the derivatives therefore are all either zero or infinite. Therefore the differential equations can only be an approximation, while the integral forms are exact. This can also be checked by noting that the integral form can be proven from the differential (divergence theorem etc.), while going the other way requires an assumption of continuity. Matter, like charge, is discrete and not continuous, so the same must be true of Einstein's equation of general relativity. If it can not be written in an integral form, it is wrong !! Can it be? (I imagine one would have to use the flat-spacetime formulation, which would itself be interesting in suggesting that spacetime really is necessarily globally flat.) Andrew Usher |
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