Chapt17 Telescope as the finest distance tool measure in astronomy;400 million light years as 1 atom/m^3 #1590 ATOM TOTALITY 5th ed

Muddleheaded astronomy terms

One of the reasons I suspect that astronomers never arrived at a upper
limit of seeing objects at a distance and assumed we can see to
infinity is that astronomers
never cleaned up their huge list of terms, for which many are
interrelated and thus suppressing the idea that a upper limit exists.


(1) intensity
(2) brightness
(3) magnitude
(4) luminosity
(5) coherence
(6) resolution

Years back I often complained about biologists who in old age and
sapped of original science thinking, that biologists start making up
definitions for which Nature has no such entity, such as the example
of "memes" or the example of "reciprocal altruism". You see, when you
are waning in a science, you begin to make up fantasy terms and
actually believe they are part of science. But the sad thing about
illusionary terms, is that you waste the time and energy of young
people learning science with these fictional nonsense.

Now the 6 terms listed above are not science fantasy terms of physics
but are actual physical entities, but the trouble with them is that
many overlap and some can be thrown out as duplicates.

In biology, they have a problem of making up fictional science
entities, whereas in astronomy, they have the problem of not knowing
it is time to clean up the cupboard of terms and definitions. And this
lack of clean-up has held astronomers back from understanding that
there is an upper limit of distance of resolving a far away supernova,
a far away galaxy or a far away star. But first, clean up the terms so
that you can make progress on where this upper limit is.


In May of 2010
Enrico wrote:

(snipped)

Some more info on stuff floating around and what it does.


Interstellar extinction


The ISM is also responsible for extinction and reddening, the
decreasing light intensity and shift in the dominant observable
wavelengths of light from a star. These effects are caused by
scattering and absorption of photons and allow the ISM to be
observed
with the naked eye in a dark sky. The apparent rifts that can be
seen
in the band of the Milky Way— a uniform disk of stars— are caused
by
absorption of background starlight by molecular clouds within a
few
thousand light years of Earth.


Far ultraviolet light is absorbed effectively by the neutral
components of the ISM. For example, a typical absorption wavelength
of
atomic hydrogen lies at about 121.5 nanometers, the Lyman-alpha
transition. Therefore, it is nearly impossible to see light emitted
at
that wavelength from a star farther than a few hundred light years
from Earth, because most of it is absorbed during the trip to Earth
by
intervening neutral hydrogen.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interst...lar_extinction


Intergalactic


Intergalactic space is the physical space between galaxies. Generally
free of dust and debris, intergalactic space is very close to a
total
vacuum. The space between galaxy clusters, called the voids, is
probably nearly empty. Some theories put the average density of
the
Universe as the equivalent of one hydrogen atom per cubic meter.
[40]
[41] The density of the universe, however, is clearly not uniform;
it
ranges from relatively high density in galaxies (including very
high
density in structures within galaxies, such as planets, stars, and
black holes) to conditions in vast voids that have much lower
density
than the universe's average.


Surrounding and stretching between galaxies, there is a rarefied
plasma[42] that is thought to possess a cosmic filamentary
structure[43] and that is slightly denser than the average density
in
the universe. This material is called the intergalactic medium
(IGM)
and is mostly ionized hydrogen; i.e. a plasma consisting of equal
numbers of electrons and protons. The IGM is thought to exist at a
density of 10 to 100 times the average density of the universe (10
to
100 hydrogen atoms per cubic meter). It reaches densities as high
as
1000 times the average density of the universe in rich clusters of
galaxies.


The reason the IGM is thought to be mostly ionized gas is that its
temperature is thought to be quite high by terrestrial standards
(though some parts of it are only "warm" by astrophysical
standards).
As gas falls into the Intergalactic Medium from the voids, it heats
up
to temperatures of 10^5 K to 10^7 K, which is high enough for the
bound electrons to escape from the hydrogen nuclei upon collisions.
At
these temperatures, it is called the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium
(WHIM). Computer simulations indicate that on the order of half
the
atomic matter in the universe might exist in this warm-hot,
rarefied
state. When gas falls from the filamentary structures of the WHIM
into
the galaxy clusters at the intersections of the cosmic filaments,
it
can heat up even more, reaching temperatures of 108 K and above.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interga...#Intergalactic


* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *Enrico

Thanks for the information. Let me try to set up a questionare model
problem
that I can then transfer over to a Physics problem of upper limit of
telescope.


Suppose we can have all sizes of spheres as planets. We know Earth
pretty
well. And on these metaphorical spheres we have a surface that is
all
for the
purpose of running. Running is only in a straight line and on a
sphere
that means
a great-circle. Now on these globes of all sizes of diameters we
have
a Earth globe,
a Moon globe, a Jupiter globe, a Sun globe, and we even have a globe
that is
the diameter size of the Milky Way and larger.


Now on these metaphor globes for running only, we have barriers
called
hurdles.
And these hurdles are like the ones we see in competition running.


Now we want to recreate the 1 atom/m^3 of the Intergalactic Space.
This is recreated
as the hurdle. Now the surface of a sphere is 2D so here we have a
hurdle in every
square cell or circular cell in running. Now the cell is let us say
a
kilometer diameter
and inside that cell lies a hurdle.


Now I could say the hurdle is randomly situated in each cell, but I
am
going to
make it easy in calculating by saying the hurdle lies in the center
of
each cell.


I think I outlined enough of the mathematical probability problem.


We start a runner off at a certain point. He looks around, and he
wants to run
without ever encountering a hurdle, because if he encounters a
hurdle
and he is
constrained to have to run in a straight line, that he is lost or
out
of the game if
he encounters a hurdle. This is the same as a light-wave
encountering
a dust particle
in Space and not reaching the destination of Earth to be recorded as
a
image of a
distant galaxy.


So here is the MATH PROBABILITY question. Given all sizes of spheres
of Earth
and larger (none smaller) and their
surface, and given that the surface is packed with cells of a
predetermined diameter
cell such as a kilometer diameter all of which contain one
hurdle that is let us say 1 meter wide and this hurdle lies at the
center of the cell.
Question: at what distance of the size of the sphere, is the
probability near certainty
of running into one of these hurdles?


The above is a metaphor model. But what I am really looking for is
given that
Astronomy has a intergalactic density of about 1atom/m^3, at what
distance
is it impossible to have a image of a distant light source, due to
its
having run into
a dust particle?


Because of the RING seen in Jarrett's cosmic mapping of 400 million
light years away
I am thinking it is intrinsic and it means the upper limit of the
telescope in our Universe:


In this survey a curious ring is found, and whether it is intrinsic
or
*not?


--- quoting ---
http://spider.ipac.caltech.edu/staff...tt/papers/LSS/


The third layer (0.01 z 0.02) is dominated by the P-P
supercluster
*(left side of image) and the P-I supercluster extending up into the
*ZoA terminating as the Great Attractor region (notably Abell 3627)
*disappears behind a wall of Milky Way stars. An intriguing "ring"
or
*chain of galaxies seems to circle/extend from the northern to the
*southern Galactic hemisphere (see also Figure 1). It is unknown
*whether this ring-like structure is physically associated with the
*cosmic web or an artifact of projection.


--- end quoting ---


So what does mathematics have to offer in terms of the metaphor
problem
I outlined? At what diameter of a sphere with kilometer cells and a
hurdle
at the center of those cells is it impossible for a runner to make a
complete
circuit of the sphere without running into a hurdle?

In May of 2010
Enrico wrote:

(snipped)


Start here (?)
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Orchard...tyProblem.html


Points and lines in a lattice
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/VisiblePoint.html


Invisible Infinities: Determining the Fraction of Lattice Points
Visible
from the Origin in the Third Dimension
http://www.usc.edu/CSSF/Current/Projects/S1613.pdf

That last one looks to be a young smart student in a science project.
Much more sophisticated than my science project in High School
with mice slides.


I used the search string - lattice visible
The hard part was guessing what this problem
is generally called. There may be other names
and / or other models of this problem.


* * * * * * * * * * * * * * Enrico

From reading Enrico's references above I am in good shape to consider
that the
radius of the electron and with the Intergalactic Medium density of
about 1 atom
per cubic meter would yield a result that says that the upper limit
of
telescope
resolution of an astro body is somewhere in the 200 to 400 million
light years
away. This is hugely important to astronomy because it tells us that
the quasars
and the Great Walls are not billions of light years away but merely
400 million
or less.


--- from Wikipedia ---
classical electron radius, also known as the Lorentz radius or the
Thomson scattering length, is based on a classical (i.e., non-
quantum)
relativistic model of the electron. Its value is calculated as 2.8 x
10^-15 meters
--- end ---


So the diameter is x2 = 5.6 x 10^-15 meters


1 light year = 10^16 meters
400 million ly = 4 x 10^8
So I am looking at 4 x 10^24 meters


The probability of a hurdle in running from a random lattice is 6/
(pi^2).


That gives me reassurance that 400 million light years is too far of
a
distance
if the Cosmic density of atoms is 1 atom per cubic meter.

--

More than 90 percent of AP's posts are missing in the Google
newsgroups author search archive from May 2012 to May 2013. Drexel
University's Math Forum has done a far better job and many of those
missing Google posts can be seen he

http://mathforum.org/kb/profile.jspa?userID=499986

Archimedes Plutonium
http://www.iw.net/~a_plutonium
whole entire Universe is just one big atom
where dots of the electron-dot-cloud are galaxies

On Jun 1, 12:59*am, Archimedes Plutonium
wrote:
* * * * * * * * * * * * *Muddleheaded astronomy terms

One of the reasons I suspect that astronomers never arrived at a upper
limit of seeing objects at a distance and assumed we can see to
infinity is that astronomers
never cleaned up their huge list of terms, for which many are
interrelated and thus suppressing the idea that a upper limit exists.

(1) intensity
(2) brightness
(3) magnitude
(4) luminosity
(5) coherence
(6) resolution

Years back I often complained about biologists who in old age and
sapped of original science thinking, that biologists start making up
definitions for which Nature has no such entity, such as the example
of "memes" or the example of "reciprocal altruism". You see, when you
are waning in a science, you begin to make up fantasy terms and
actually believe they are part of science. But the sad thing about
illusionary terms, is that you waste the time and energy of young
people learning science with these fictional nonsense.

Now the 6 terms listed above are not science fantasy terms of physics
but are actual physical entities, but the trouble with them is that
many overlap and some can be thrown out as duplicates.

In biology, they have a problem of making up fictional science
entities, whereas in astronomy, they have the problem of not knowing
it is time to clean up the cupboard of terms and definitions. And this
lack of clean-up has held astronomers back from understanding that
there is an upper limit of distance of resolving a far away supernova,
a far away galaxy or a far away star. But first, clean up the terms so
that you can make progress on where this upper limit is.

In May of 2010

*Enrico wrote:

(snipped)

Some more info on stuff floating around and what it does.
Interstellar extinction
The ISM is also responsible for extinction and reddening, the

* decreasing light intensity and shift in the dominant observable
* wavelengths of light from a star. These effects are caused by
* scattering and absorption of photons and allow the ISM to be
observed
* with the naked eye in a dark sky. The apparent rifts that can be
seen
* in the band of the Milky Way— a uniform disk of stars— are caused
by
* absorption of background starlight by molecular clouds within a
few
* thousand light years of Earth.

Far ultraviolet light is absorbed effectively by the neutral

* components of the ISM. For example, a typical absorption wavelength
of
* atomic hydrogen lies at about 121.5 nanometers, the Lyman-alpha
* transition. Therefore, it is nearly impossible to see light emitted
at
* that wavelength from a star farther than a few hundred light years
* from Earth, because most of it is absorbed during the trip to Earth
by
* intervening neutral hydrogen.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interst...lar_extinction
Intergalactic
Intergalactic space is the physical space between galaxies. Generally

* free of dust and debris, intergalactic space is very close to a
total
* vacuum. The space between galaxy clusters, called the voids, is
* probably nearly empty. Some theories put the average density of
the
* Universe as the equivalent of one hydrogen atom per cubic meter.
[40]
* [41] The density of the universe, however, is clearly not uniform;
it
* ranges from relatively high density in galaxies (including very
high
* density in structures within galaxies, such as planets, stars, and
* black holes) to conditions in vast voids that have much lower
density
* than the universe's average.

Surrounding and stretching between galaxies, there is a rarefied

* plasma[42] that is thought to possess a cosmic filamentary
* structure[43] and that is slightly denser than the average density
in
* the universe. This material is called the intergalactic medium
(IGM)
* and is mostly ionized hydrogen; i.e. a plasma consisting of equal
* numbers of electrons and protons. The IGM is thought to exist at a
* density of 10 to 100 times the average density of the universe (10
to
* 100 hydrogen atoms per cubic meter). It reaches densities as high
as
* 1000 times the average density of the universe in rich clusters of
* galaxies.

The reason the IGM is thought to be mostly ionized gas is that its

* temperature is thought to be quite high by terrestrial standards
* (though some parts of it are only "warm" by astrophysical
standards).
* As gas falls into the Intergalactic Medium from the voids, it heats
up
* to temperatures of 10^5 K to 10^7 K, which is high enough for the
* bound electrons to escape from the hydrogen nuclei upon collisions.
At
* these temperatures, it is called the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium
* (WHIM). Computer simulations indicate that on the order of half
the
* atomic matter in the universe might exist in this warm-hot,
rarefied
* state. When gas falls from the filamentary structures of the WHIM
into
* the galaxy clusters at the intersections of the cosmic filaments,
it
* can heat up even more, reaching temperatures of 108 K and above.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interga...#Intergalactic
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *Enrico

Thanks for the information. Let me try to set up a questionare model
*problem
*that I can then transfer over to a Physics problem of upper limit of
*telescope.

Suppose we can have all sizes of spheres as planets. We know Earth
*pretty
*well. And on these metaphorical spheres we have a surface that is
all
*for the
*purpose of running. Running is only in a straight line and on a
sphere
*that means
*a great-circle. Now on these globes of all sizes of diameters we
have
*a Earth globe,
*a Moon globe, a Jupiter globe, a Sun globe, and we even have a globe
*that is
*the diameter size of the Milky Way and larger.

Now on these metaphor globes for running only, we have barriers
called
*hurdles.
*And these hurdles are like the ones we see in competition running.

Now we want to recreate the 1 atom/m^3 of the Intergalactic Space.
*This is recreated
*as the hurdle. Now the surface of a sphere is 2D so here we have a
*hurdle in every
*square cell or circular cell in running. Now the cell is let us say
a
*kilometer diameter
*and inside that cell lies a hurdle.

Now I could say the hurdle is randomly situated in each cell, but I
am
*going to
*make it easy in calculating by saying the hurdle lies in the center
of
*each cell.

I think I outlined enough of the mathematical probability problem.

We start a runner off at a certain point. He looks around, and he
*wants to run
*without ever encountering a hurdle, because if he encounters a
hurdle
*and he is
*constrained to have to run in a straight line, that he is lost or
out
*of the game if
*he encounters a hurdle. This is the same as a light-wave
encountering
*a dust particle
*in Space and not reaching the destination of Earth to be recorded as
a
*image of a
*distant galaxy.

So here is the MATH PROBABILITY question. Given all sizes of spheres
*of Earth
*and larger (none smaller) and their
*surface, and given that the surface is packed with cells of a
*predetermined diameter
*cell such as a kilometer diameter all of which contain one
*hurdle that is let us say 1 meter wide and this hurdle lies at the
*center of the cell.
*Question: at what distance of the size of the sphere, is the
*probability near certainty
*of running into one of these hurdles?

The above is a metaphor model. But what I am really looking for is
*given that
*Astronomy has a intergalactic density of about 1atom/m^3, at what
*distance
*is it impossible to have a image of a distant light source, due to
its
*having run into
*a dust particle?

Because of the RING seen in Jarrett's cosmic mapping of 400 million
*light years away
*I am thinking it is intrinsic and it means the upper limit of the
*telescope in our Universe:

In this survey a curious ring is found, and whether it is intrinsic
*or
**not?

--- quoting ---http://spider.ipac.caltech.edu/staff/jarrett/papers/LSS/

The third layer (0.01 z 0.02) is dominated by the P-P
*supercluster
**(left side of image) and the P-I supercluster extending up into the
**ZoA terminating as the Great Attractor region (notably Abell 3627)
**disappears behind a wall of Milky Way stars. An intriguing "ring"
or
**chain of galaxies seems to circle/extend from the northern to the
**southern Galactic hemisphere (see also Figure 1). It is unknown
**whether this ring-like structure is physically associated with the
**cosmic web or an artifact of projection.

--- end quoting ---

So what does mathematics have to offer in terms of the metaphor
*problem
*I outlined? At what diameter of a sphere with kilometer cells and a
*hurdle
*at the center of those cells is it impossible for a runner to make a
*complete
*circuit of the sphere without running into a hurdle?

In May of 2010

*Enrico wrote:

(snipped)

Start here (?)

*http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Orchard...tyProblem.html

Points and lines in a lattice

*http://mathworld.wolfram.com/VisiblePoint.html

Invisible Infinities: Determining the Fraction of Lattice Points

* Visible
* from the Origin in the Third Dimension
*http://www.usc.edu/CSSF/Current/Projects/S1613.pdf

That last one looks to be a young smart student in a science project.
*Much more sophisticated than my science project in High School
*with mice slides.

I used the search string - lattice visible

* The hard part was guessing what this problem
* is generally called. There may be other names
* and / or other models of this problem.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * Enrico

From reading Enrico's references above I am in good shape to consider
*that the
*radius of the electron and with the Intergalactic Medium density of
*about 1 atom
*per cubic meter would yield a result that says that the upper limit
of
*telescope
*resolution of an astro body is somewhere in the 200 to 400 million
*light years
*away. This is hugely important to astronomy because it tells us that
*the quasars
*and the Great Walls are not billions of light years away but merely
*400 million
*or less.

--- from Wikipedia ---
*classical electron radius, also known as the Lorentz radius or the
*Thomson scattering length, is based on a classical (i.e., non-
quantum)
*relativistic model of the electron. Its value is calculated as 2.8 x
*10^-15 meters
*--- end ---

So the diameter is x2 = 5.6 x 10^-15 meters

1 light year = 10^16 meters
*400 million ly = 4 x 10^8
*So I am looking at 4 x 10^24 meters

The probability of a hurdle in running from a random lattice is 6/
*(pi^2).

That gives me reassurance that 400 million light years is too far of
a
*distance
*if the Cosmic density of atoms is 1 atom per cubic meter.


Now there maybe a very easy proof of the above ideas mentioned. If we
take a look at our modern day atlas of the location of galaxies
relative to the location of voids, we find that voids are spaced
rather uniformily in all directions of the night sky. Now if the
Cosmos has an upper limit of 400 million light years away to see a
supernova, the brightest object in the night sky, then would we expect
to see voids then a supernova, or would we expect voids after or
beyond a supernova?

What I am saying is that in Old Astronomy and Old Physics, they never
minded having voids before clusters or voids after clusters, whereas
in New Astronomy with an upper limit of distance for seeing, that the
voids are all after the material matter of the Cosmos. So that if you
think you are seeing a Void and then further beyond you think you see
a wall of galaxies with quasars, in truth, what you are seeing is
normal galaxies and stars nearby and a Void far beyond after the
galaxies.

Now I have to review the pictures of the voids, but I do recall they
are uniformly spread throughout.

--
More than 90 percent of AP's posts are missing in the Google
newsgroups author search archive from May 2012 to May 2013. Drexel
University's Math Forum has done a far better job and many of those
missing Google posts can be seen he

http://mathforum.org/kb/profile.jspa?userID=499986

Archimedes Plutonium
http://www.iw.net/~a_plutonium
whole entire Universe is just one big atom
where dots of the electron-dot-cloud are galaxies