Project Genesis (updated)

Project Genesis, by Ian Beardsley
Since other stellar systems may not even exist as we need them, and the
distances between them are so immense, it might be better to unlock the
mysteries of making them, and find the structure in ours that allows for
so much life. There is, I have found, a correlation between the
microworld and the macroworld, where our solar system is concerned. It
may be related to why it is life bearing.
An interesting family of substances are methane (CH 4), ammonia (NH 3)
and water vapor (H 2O). Methane is
tetrahedral in structure, a carbon atom sourounded by 4 hydrogens.
Ammonia is trigonal pyramidal, a nitrogen atom surrounded by 3 hydrogen
atoms, and water vapor is triangular, or bent, an oxygen atom surrounded
by two hydrogens. These represent stable structural systems as they are
all systems of triangles, which are the only stable polygons. These
substances combined under energy with hydrogen gas form amino acids, the
building blocks of life. The core atoms of these molecules, carbon,
nitrogen, and oxygen, are all in period two of the periodic table and
follow directly one after the other. It is a hypothesis of astrobiology
that amino acids formed in the protoplanetary cloud before the earth
ever formed. In this sense we may have our origins in deep space.
When plants perform
photosynthesis, they combine carbon dioxide with water and release
oxygen. The reaction is:
CO 2+2H 2O-----CH 2O+O 2+H 2O
As can be seen a sugar is made. Important to most plants to do this is
nitrogen. Nitrogen (N 2) is the most abundant gas in the earth
atmosphere, comprising about 78.03% of it. These are another interesting
family of substances, deeply connected with life as we know it. We
now calculate the molecular masses of these special substances:
CH 4=3D(12.01+4(1.01))=3D16.05
NH 3=3D(14.01+3(1.01))=3D17.04
CO 2=3D(12.01+2(16.00))=3D44.01
H 2O=3D(2(1.01)+16.00)=3D18.02
N 2=3D(14.01+14.01)=3D28.02
O 2=3D(16.00+16.00)=3D32.00
We now form some ratios between these molecular masses:
O 2/CH 4=3D1.992~2
NH 3/CH 4=3D1.061~1
O 2/N 2=3D1.142~sqrt(2)
CO 2/N 2~1.6=3D(sqrt(5)+1)/2=3Dphi
O 2/H 2O=3D1.776~sqrt(3)
Notice that these values are given by the sequence: |2cos(pi/n)|
n=3D1,2,3,4,5,6 pi/n radians
Observe:
2=3D|2cos(pi)|
0=3D|2cos(pi/2)|
1=3D|2cos(pi/3)|
sqrt(2)=3D|2cos(pi/4)|
(sqrt(5)+1)/2=3D|2cos(pi/5)|
sqrt(3)=3D|2cos(pi/6)|
Geometrically sqrt(2) is the ratio of the side of a square to its
radius. Phi is the ratio of the chord of a regular pentagon to its side.
sqrt(3) the ratio of the side of an equilateral triangle to its radius,
and 1 is the ratio of the side of a regular hexagon to its radius. The
square, the regular hexagon and the equilateral triangle are the
tessellating regular polygons. The regular pentagon is one of the
archemedian tessellators.
Note: All of the compounds considered above are combinations of any of
the two
elements that always occur in amino acids, the building blocks of life.
They are hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.
We compare the mass of the earth to the mass of the sun, and multiply
that ratio by the distance between them. Let the mass of the earth be M
e and the mass of the sun be M s. Let the distance between them be r. (M
e)r/(M s)=3D
(5.976E27)(1.495979E13cm)/(1.989E33)
=3D4.495E7cm=3D449.5km
We now divide that result by the radius of the earth, R e:
449.5km/6378.5k=3D0.07
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and nitrogen is
the most abundant element in the earth atmosphere. We now compare their
molar masses:
H/N=3D1.01/14.01=3D0.07
And we see that
H/N=3D(M e)r/(M s)(R e)
Now it becomes mystic. We apply the same concept to mars and get the
same result. The most abundant gas in the mars atmophere is CO 2.
(H)/(CO 2)=3D 1.01/44.01=3D0.02
M m=3Dmass of mars, M s=3Dmass of sun, r =3D the distance between them and=
R m
=3D the radius of mars. We have
(M m)r/(M s)(R m)=3D0.02
M m=3D6.418E26g
r=3D2.279409E13cm
M s=3D1.989E33g
R m=3D3.393096E8cm
(H)/(CO 2)=3D(M m)(r)/(M s)(R m)
Keep in mind these equations hold for a solar system that is at its peak
as an orderly arrangement of parts. Eventually the order will
degenerate. The sun is losing mass every day and therefore r for any of
the planets will grow.
The data for this study comes from "Handbook of Space Astronomy and
Astrophysics" by Martin V. Zombeck, 1982 Cambridge University Press.
The relative surface gravities of the earth and mars respectively are
1.000 and 0.380. Let that of the earth be g_e and that of mars be g_m.
Then
(g_e)/(g_m)=3D1.000/0.380=3D2.63
The mass of a mole of oxygen gas (O_2) is 32.00 grams and a mole of
carbon (C)
is 12.01 grams. Therefore
(O_2)/(C)=3D32.00/12.01=3D2.66
Thus we have
(g_e)/(g_m)=3D(O_2)/(C)
Earth and mars are the two terrestrial planets upon which we can set
foot and are next to one another. Carbon is the basis of life, and
Oxygen gas its neccesity (for animal life). Carbon and Oxygen are next
to one another in
the periodic table of the elements, separated only by nitrogen. The last
equation says it takes the
same amount of energy to lift a mole of carbon on the earth as it does
to lift a mole of oxygen gas on mars (the same distance).
Project Genesis (continued)
mercury 1, =A0 =A0 1
venus =A0 2, =A0 =A0 1.8
earth =A0 3, =A0 =A0 2.5
mars =A0 4, =A0 =A0 3.8
asteroids =A0 =A0 =A0 5, =A0 =A0 5.3
jupiter 6, =A0 =A0 13.33
saturn 7, =A0 =A0 24.49
uranus 8, =A0 =A0 49.26
neptune 9, =A0 =A0 78.21
pluto =A0 10, =A0 =A0 101.54
r=3D0.2(2^n)+0.6
I have fit the above data to a mean curve given by r=3D0.2(2^n)+0.6, where=

n is the planet number and r is its distance from the sun.
adrastea =A0 =A0 =A0 1, =A0 =A0 1
amalthea =A0 =A0 =A0 2, =A0 =A0 1.4
thebe =A0 3, =A0 =A0 1.7
io =A0 =A0 4, =A0 =A0 3.3
europa 5, =A0 =A0 5.2
ganymede =A0 =A0 =A0 6, =A0 =A0 8.3
callisto =A0 =A0 =A0 7, =A0 =A0 14.6
r=3D0.1(2^n)+0.9
I have fit the above data for the natural satellites of Jupiter to a
mean curve of r=3D0.1(2^n)+0.9. I have started with andrastea as the first=

satellite, even though it is Metis. In any case the equation would
remain the same (the two satellites are so close together, they can be
considered one.)
janus =A0 1, =A0 =A0 1
mimas =A0 2, =A0 =A0 1.22
enceledus =A0 =A0 =A0 3, =A0 =A0 1.57
tethys 4, =A0 =A0 1.94 =A0 r=3D0.05(2^n)+0.9
dione =A0 5, =A0 =A0 2.49
Rhea =A0 6, =A0 =A0 3.48
titan =A0 7, =A0 =A0 8.06
hyperion =A0 =A0 =A0 8, =A0 =A0 9.78
iapetus 9, =A0 =A0 23.5
phoebe 10, =A0 =A0 85.5
Distribution of the satellites of Saturn greater than 100 miles in
diameter.
Here I have fit a mean curve to the satellites of Saturn. Any satellite
less than 100 miles in diameter was not considered to be a satellite.
The mean curve is r=3D0.05(2^n)+0.9.
Thus we see that the equation for the distribution of bodies around a
central body is geometric and of the form a(2^n)+c. This is different in
form than the Titius-Bode rule, because n=3D1 is the first satellite or
planet, and with the Titius-Bode rule the first planet is n=3Dminus
infinity. The arithmetic mean for a is 0.1 and for c is 0.8. Thus we
write for orbital systems in general: r=3D 0.1(2^n)+0.8.
This puts the third planet away from any star at 1.6 times further than
than the first, which is the golden mean, or phi. It would seem that in
the way that orbital bodies distribute themselves around a central body,
the third planet from any star would be the one where the conditions
would be right to support life, in so far as the distribution rate is
related to the mass of the central body and the luminosity of any star
is related to its mass. (It is given by L~M^3.5, where L is in solar
luminosities and M is in solar masses.)
Let’s assume that d=3Dxm, where d is the mean distance of the first
orbital body from the central body, m is the mass of the central body
and x a constant of proportionality. Then for the sun, with mercury as
the first planet:
1.989*10^30kg(x)=3D57809197km
and
x=3D2.91*10^-22km/kg
and for Saturn and Pan:
133583km=3D5.686*10^26kg(x)
and
x=3D2.349*10^-22km/kg
For Jupiter and Metis I get x=3D6.74*10^-23km/kg
Assuming that Jupiter is anomalous, and the sun is the best
representation for this model, we average the Sun and Saturn to get
x=3D2.63*10^-22km/kg. Hypothesis: The size of a planet is given by its
density, its density by its mass, the density of its atmosphere by its
surface gravity, and it surface gravity by the luminosity of the main
sequence star. This is all part of my & #8220;Project Genesis�.
Aims: I believe it may be better to learn how to build life bearing
stellar
systems than to seek out other stellar systems for our survival, in that
there may not be many, if any at all, that exist as we will need them.


http://community.webtv.net/ianbeardsley/Logica
http://mysite.verizon.net/res8ydyw/

(Ian Beardsley) wrote:

Project Genesis, by Ian Beardsley

I got bored scrolling, write an abstract.

You should change the name too, Genesis was the craft which crashed in
the desert a few days ago...


Tim
--
Guns Don’t Kill People, Rappers Do.

Project Genesis (updated)

Group: uk.sci.astronomy Date: Fri, Sep 17, 2004, 12:48am (PDT+8) From:
pSexWithoutTheY (Tim=A0Auton)
Project Genesis, by Ian Beardsley
I got bored scrolling, write an abstract.
You should change the name too, Genesis was the craft which crashed in
the desert a few days ago...
-----------------------------------------------------
Okay, I'lle make an abstract, and I will work on a name. I will be more
clear about what is meant by structural systems and that they are
stable, too:
Is what I mean is there are only three structural systems, the
tetrahedron, the octahedron, and the icosohedron. They are the only
stable solids, that is non-collapsing flex corners whose faces are
triangles. Most compounds are something other than these, like pentagons
with linear off shoots for example, that comprise the wrong number of
atoms to make a "solid" unit, and I mean solid as in the pythagorean
solids, the geometric term. Both methane and ammonia make different
variations of the tetrahedron, a pythagorean solid. --Ian


http://community.webtv.net/ianbeardsley/Logica
http://mysite.verizon.net/res8ydyw/

(Ian Beardsley) wrote:
[snip]
Okay, I'lle make an abstract, and I will work on a name. I will be more
clear about what is meant by structural systems and that they are
stable, too:
Is what I mean is there are only three structural systems, the
tetrahedron, the octahedron, and the icosohedron. They are the only
stable solids, that is non-collapsing flex corners whose faces are
triangles. Most compounds are something other than these, like pentagons
with linear off shoots for example, that comprise the wrong number of
atoms to make a "solid" unit, and I mean solid as in the pythagorean
solids, the geometric term. Both methane and ammonia make different
variations of the tetrahedron, a pythagorean solid. --Ian

While you're at it learn about how people format their newsgroup
postings. Once you've done that please tell us why we should care that
certain shapes are geometrically spiffing (in an astronomical
context).


Tim
--
Guns Don’t Kill People, Rappers Do.