Andrew Yee[_1_]
February 28th 07, 05:11 PM
News Office
University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Press Contact:
Steve Koppes, (773) 702-8366
Additional contact:
Peter West, National Science Foundation
703-292-7761
Feb. 26, 2007
South Pole Telescope to help astrophysicists learn what universe is made of,
how it evolves
Scientists aimed the South Pole Telescope at Jupiter on the evening of Feb.
16 and successfully collected the instrument's first test observations.
Soon, far more distant quarry will fall under the SPT's sights as a team
from nine institutions tackles one of the biggest mysteries of modern
cosmological research. That mystery: What is dark energy, the force that
dominates the universe?
"The telescope, camera and optics are all working as designed," said John
Carlstrom, the S. Chandrasekhar Distinguished Service Professor in Astronomy
& Astrophysics at the University of Chicago, who heads the SPT Team. "First
light with the SPT is a major milestone for the project and is a fitting
conclusion to a remarkably productive summer season for the South Pole
Station. We now look forward to fully characterizing the instrument and
beginning cosmological observations," he said.
The $19.2 million SPT is funded primarily by the National Science
Foundation, with additional support from the Kavli Foundation of Oxnard,
Calif., and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation of San Francisco.
The telescope stands 75 feet tall, measures 33 feet across and weighs 280
tons. It was test-built in Kilgore, Texas, then taken apart, shipped by boat
to New Zealand, and flown to the South Pole. Since November, the SPT team
under the guidance of project manager Steve Padin, Senior Scientist in
Astronomy & Astrophysics at the University of Chicago, has worked furiously
to reassemble and deploy the telescope.
As with any construction project at the Earth's southern extremity, the SPT
was supported by a long and complex logistical chain stretching around the
globe. All cargo to the South Pole is delivered by ski-equipped LC-130
aircraft and the components must be able to be broken down to fit into the
aircraft cargo bay. The aircraft, flown by the N.Y. Air National Guard, are
elements of Operation Deep Freeze, the military support arm of the U.S.
Antarctic Program, which also includes Air Force cargo jets, U.S. Coast
Guard icebreakers, Navy cargo handlers and many other logistical and
personnel assets.
Raytheon Polar Services Company, of Centennial, Colo., is NSF's logistics
contractor in Antarctica. RPSC personnel played a variety of essential roles
in the successful completion of the SPT project, NSF officials noted.
The SPT is designed to pierce the mystery of dark energy. The solution to
that question will determine whether what Einstein considered his greatest
blunder was actually one of his greatest achievements.
Astrophysicists know that the universe has been expanding since the big bang
occurred approximately 14 billion years ago. In the late 1990s, astronomers
using exploding stars as cosmic tape measures discovered that the expansion
of the universe is accelerating. This led them to the idea that dark energy
pushes the universe apart, counteracting gravity, the attractive force
exerted by all matter in the universe.
"We would like to know what makes the universe evolve," said Stephan Meyer,
Professor in Astronomy & Astrophysics at the University of Chicago.
First light is a major milestone for a telescope. It is literally when light
first passes through all parts of the telescope and it becomes operational.
First light for the SPT also is a historical milestone because it occurred
almost exactly 50 years after a team of 18 men spent the first winter in
history at the South Pole as part of the 1956-57 IGY (International
Geophysical Year).
Under the joint leadership of scientists Paul Siple and Lt. John Tuck, a
naval officer, 18 men spent the first winter at the South Pole in a station
built by the U.S. Navy in the austral summer of 1956-57, using cargo dropped
by U.S. Air Force planes. On Jan. 23, 1957, an official dedication ceremony
for the South Pole Station was held at McMurdo Station with speeches,
marines in full dress uniforms and a radio proclamation from President
Eisenhower.
Siple, Tuck and the 16 other "winterovers" were the first people in history
to witness sunset and sunrise at the South Pole, events that are separated
in Antarctica by six months of darkness and almost unimaginable cold. In the
depths of the austral winter at the station, the temperature dropped to
-74.5 degrees Celsius (-102.1 degrees Fahrenheit) on Sept. 18, 1957, the
coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth at the time.
"We were like men who had been fired off in rockets to take up life on
another planet. We were in a lifeless, and almost featureless world. However
snug and comfortable we might make ourselves, we could not escape from our
isolation. We were now face to face with raw nature so grim and stark, that
our lives could be snuffed out in a matter of minutes. Every day would bring
us new problems to solve and our ingenuity would be taxed over and over
again. And all this to carry out a somewhat difficult fragment of the
worldwide scientific program of the International Geophysical Year," wrote
Siple in his memoir, "Living at the Pole."
The men laid the foundation for the scientific legacy that continues into
the 21st century, as the National Science Foundation prepares to dedicate
the third permanent station at the South Pole and holds the U.S. opening
ceremony today for the fourth International Polar year 2007-2008, a global
scientific campaign involving more than 60 nations.
Astronomers work at the South Pole station to take advantage of excellent
viewing conditions. The cold, dry atmosphere above the South Pole will allow
the SPT to more easily detect the CMB (cosmic microwave background)
radiation, the afterglow of the big bang, with minimal interference from
water vapor. On the electromagnetic spectrum, the CMB falls somewhere
between heat radiation and radio waves.
The CMB is largely uniform, but it contains tiny ripples of varying density
and temperature. These ripples reflect the seeds that, through gravitational
attraction, grew into the galaxies and galaxy clusters visible to
astronomers in the sky today. The SPT's first key science project will be to
study small variations in the CMB to determine if dark energy began to
affect the formation of galaxy clusters by fighting against gravity over the
last few billion years.
Galaxy clusters are groups of galaxies, the largest celestial bodies that
gravity can hold together. "Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is in one of these
clusters," Meyer said. "And these clusters of galaxies actually change with
time."
The CMB allows astronomers to take snapshots of the infant universe, when it
was only 400,000 years old. No stars or galaxies had yet formed. If dark
energy changed the way the universe expanded, it would have left its
"fingerprints" in the way that it forced galaxies apart over the deep
history of time. Different causes would produce a different pattern in the
formation of galaxy clusters as reflected in the distortion of the CMB.
According to one idea, dark energy could be Einstein's cosmological
constant: a steady force of nature operating at all times and in all places.
Einstein introduced the cosmological constant into his theory of general
relativity to accommodate a stationary universe, the dominant idea of the
day. If Einstein's idea is correct, scientists will find that dark energy
was much less influential in the universe five billion years ago than it is
today.
"Clusters weren't around in the early universe. They took a long time to
evolve," Carlstrom said.
Another version of the dark energy theory, called quintessence, suggests a
force that varies in time and space. Some scientists even suggest that there
is no dark energy at all, and that gravity merely breaks down on vast
intergalactic scales.
To pinpoint when dark energy became important, the SPT will use a phenomenon
called the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect. This effect distorts the CMB as it
passes through the hot gas of intervening galaxy clusters. As the microwaves
interact with gas in the clusters, some of the microwaves get kicked into a
higher frequency. The SPT will measure the slight temperature difference
associated with the frequency change and produce an image of the gas in the
cluster.
The SPT can scan large regions of the sky quickly. Scientists expect it to
detect thousands, or even tens of thousands, of galaxy clusters within a few
years. "To get a meaningful constraint on dark energy through measuring
galaxy clusters, you need something like this South Pole Telescope for the
S-Z work," Carlstrom said. "The cluster S-Z signals cover small patches of
the sky relative to the intrinsic variations in the cosmic microwave
background. To get the necessary resolution, you need a big telescope. Now
we have one."
Senior members of the SPT team include William Holzapfel, Adrian Lee and
Helmuth Spieler, University of California at Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory; Joe Mohr, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign;
John Ruhl, Case Western Reserve University; Antony Stark,
Harvard-Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Matt Dobbs, McGill
University; and Erik Leitch, Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
For more information, see
http://spt.uchicago.edu/spt/public/science.html
[NOTE: Images supporting this release are available at
http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/07/070226.southpole.shtml ]
University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Press Contact:
Steve Koppes, (773) 702-8366
Additional contact:
Peter West, National Science Foundation
703-292-7761
Feb. 26, 2007
South Pole Telescope to help astrophysicists learn what universe is made of,
how it evolves
Scientists aimed the South Pole Telescope at Jupiter on the evening of Feb.
16 and successfully collected the instrument's first test observations.
Soon, far more distant quarry will fall under the SPT's sights as a team
from nine institutions tackles one of the biggest mysteries of modern
cosmological research. That mystery: What is dark energy, the force that
dominates the universe?
"The telescope, camera and optics are all working as designed," said John
Carlstrom, the S. Chandrasekhar Distinguished Service Professor in Astronomy
& Astrophysics at the University of Chicago, who heads the SPT Team. "First
light with the SPT is a major milestone for the project and is a fitting
conclusion to a remarkably productive summer season for the South Pole
Station. We now look forward to fully characterizing the instrument and
beginning cosmological observations," he said.
The $19.2 million SPT is funded primarily by the National Science
Foundation, with additional support from the Kavli Foundation of Oxnard,
Calif., and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation of San Francisco.
The telescope stands 75 feet tall, measures 33 feet across and weighs 280
tons. It was test-built in Kilgore, Texas, then taken apart, shipped by boat
to New Zealand, and flown to the South Pole. Since November, the SPT team
under the guidance of project manager Steve Padin, Senior Scientist in
Astronomy & Astrophysics at the University of Chicago, has worked furiously
to reassemble and deploy the telescope.
As with any construction project at the Earth's southern extremity, the SPT
was supported by a long and complex logistical chain stretching around the
globe. All cargo to the South Pole is delivered by ski-equipped LC-130
aircraft and the components must be able to be broken down to fit into the
aircraft cargo bay. The aircraft, flown by the N.Y. Air National Guard, are
elements of Operation Deep Freeze, the military support arm of the U.S.
Antarctic Program, which also includes Air Force cargo jets, U.S. Coast
Guard icebreakers, Navy cargo handlers and many other logistical and
personnel assets.
Raytheon Polar Services Company, of Centennial, Colo., is NSF's logistics
contractor in Antarctica. RPSC personnel played a variety of essential roles
in the successful completion of the SPT project, NSF officials noted.
The SPT is designed to pierce the mystery of dark energy. The solution to
that question will determine whether what Einstein considered his greatest
blunder was actually one of his greatest achievements.
Astrophysicists know that the universe has been expanding since the big bang
occurred approximately 14 billion years ago. In the late 1990s, astronomers
using exploding stars as cosmic tape measures discovered that the expansion
of the universe is accelerating. This led them to the idea that dark energy
pushes the universe apart, counteracting gravity, the attractive force
exerted by all matter in the universe.
"We would like to know what makes the universe evolve," said Stephan Meyer,
Professor in Astronomy & Astrophysics at the University of Chicago.
First light is a major milestone for a telescope. It is literally when light
first passes through all parts of the telescope and it becomes operational.
First light for the SPT also is a historical milestone because it occurred
almost exactly 50 years after a team of 18 men spent the first winter in
history at the South Pole as part of the 1956-57 IGY (International
Geophysical Year).
Under the joint leadership of scientists Paul Siple and Lt. John Tuck, a
naval officer, 18 men spent the first winter at the South Pole in a station
built by the U.S. Navy in the austral summer of 1956-57, using cargo dropped
by U.S. Air Force planes. On Jan. 23, 1957, an official dedication ceremony
for the South Pole Station was held at McMurdo Station with speeches,
marines in full dress uniforms and a radio proclamation from President
Eisenhower.
Siple, Tuck and the 16 other "winterovers" were the first people in history
to witness sunset and sunrise at the South Pole, events that are separated
in Antarctica by six months of darkness and almost unimaginable cold. In the
depths of the austral winter at the station, the temperature dropped to
-74.5 degrees Celsius (-102.1 degrees Fahrenheit) on Sept. 18, 1957, the
coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth at the time.
"We were like men who had been fired off in rockets to take up life on
another planet. We were in a lifeless, and almost featureless world. However
snug and comfortable we might make ourselves, we could not escape from our
isolation. We were now face to face with raw nature so grim and stark, that
our lives could be snuffed out in a matter of minutes. Every day would bring
us new problems to solve and our ingenuity would be taxed over and over
again. And all this to carry out a somewhat difficult fragment of the
worldwide scientific program of the International Geophysical Year," wrote
Siple in his memoir, "Living at the Pole."
The men laid the foundation for the scientific legacy that continues into
the 21st century, as the National Science Foundation prepares to dedicate
the third permanent station at the South Pole and holds the U.S. opening
ceremony today for the fourth International Polar year 2007-2008, a global
scientific campaign involving more than 60 nations.
Astronomers work at the South Pole station to take advantage of excellent
viewing conditions. The cold, dry atmosphere above the South Pole will allow
the SPT to more easily detect the CMB (cosmic microwave background)
radiation, the afterglow of the big bang, with minimal interference from
water vapor. On the electromagnetic spectrum, the CMB falls somewhere
between heat radiation and radio waves.
The CMB is largely uniform, but it contains tiny ripples of varying density
and temperature. These ripples reflect the seeds that, through gravitational
attraction, grew into the galaxies and galaxy clusters visible to
astronomers in the sky today. The SPT's first key science project will be to
study small variations in the CMB to determine if dark energy began to
affect the formation of galaxy clusters by fighting against gravity over the
last few billion years.
Galaxy clusters are groups of galaxies, the largest celestial bodies that
gravity can hold together. "Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is in one of these
clusters," Meyer said. "And these clusters of galaxies actually change with
time."
The CMB allows astronomers to take snapshots of the infant universe, when it
was only 400,000 years old. No stars or galaxies had yet formed. If dark
energy changed the way the universe expanded, it would have left its
"fingerprints" in the way that it forced galaxies apart over the deep
history of time. Different causes would produce a different pattern in the
formation of galaxy clusters as reflected in the distortion of the CMB.
According to one idea, dark energy could be Einstein's cosmological
constant: a steady force of nature operating at all times and in all places.
Einstein introduced the cosmological constant into his theory of general
relativity to accommodate a stationary universe, the dominant idea of the
day. If Einstein's idea is correct, scientists will find that dark energy
was much less influential in the universe five billion years ago than it is
today.
"Clusters weren't around in the early universe. They took a long time to
evolve," Carlstrom said.
Another version of the dark energy theory, called quintessence, suggests a
force that varies in time and space. Some scientists even suggest that there
is no dark energy at all, and that gravity merely breaks down on vast
intergalactic scales.
To pinpoint when dark energy became important, the SPT will use a phenomenon
called the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect. This effect distorts the CMB as it
passes through the hot gas of intervening galaxy clusters. As the microwaves
interact with gas in the clusters, some of the microwaves get kicked into a
higher frequency. The SPT will measure the slight temperature difference
associated with the frequency change and produce an image of the gas in the
cluster.
The SPT can scan large regions of the sky quickly. Scientists expect it to
detect thousands, or even tens of thousands, of galaxy clusters within a few
years. "To get a meaningful constraint on dark energy through measuring
galaxy clusters, you need something like this South Pole Telescope for the
S-Z work," Carlstrom said. "The cluster S-Z signals cover small patches of
the sky relative to the intrinsic variations in the cosmic microwave
background. To get the necessary resolution, you need a big telescope. Now
we have one."
Senior members of the SPT team include William Holzapfel, Adrian Lee and
Helmuth Spieler, University of California at Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory; Joe Mohr, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign;
John Ruhl, Case Western Reserve University; Antony Stark,
Harvard-Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Matt Dobbs, McGill
University; and Erik Leitch, Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
For more information, see
http://spt.uchicago.edu/spt/public/science.html
[NOTE: Images supporting this release are available at
http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/07/070226.southpole.shtml ]