Andrew Yee[_1_]
February 6th 07, 12:45 AM
Observatoire de Paris
Paris, France
Contact:
Laurent Pagani
Observatoire de Paris, LERMA et CNRS
T: 33 1 40 51 20 13
Fax: 33 1 40 51 20 02
Sylvie Cabrit
Observatoire de Paris, LERMA et CNRS
T: 33 1 40 51 20 30
Fax: 33 1 40 51 20 02
1 February 2007
Cold gas and molecular depletion in pre-stellar cores
The physical conditions in interstellar clouds which give birth to stars are
still not well-known. In particular, in their dense cores, cradles of the
stars to come, the temperature is so low that molecules deplete onto grains
to form ice mantles, and information is missing. A research team led by an
astronomer at Paris Observatory has recently mapped one such pre-stellar
core, by making use of those molecules which are the last to freeze out onto
grains : N2H+ and N2D+. Theirs models show that the temperature falls down
to no more than 7 degrees above absolute zero in this cloud.
In galaxies, stars are seen because they shine, but dark clouds made of dust
and gas do not shine and can be seen only because they hide the stars behind
and/or reflect their light, as shown by this picture of L183 taken at CFHT
(with the previous CFHT12K camera).
Stars form inside interstellar clouds of gas and dust and small clouds like
L183 form low mass stars, like our Sun. How do they do that ? This is the
main question. To understand star formation, one needs to observe inside
these clouds, which, full of dust, are totally opaque to visible light. The
clouds' content is revealed to us by the emission or absorption of dust at
different infrared wavelengths, as shown in this Spitzer image (Fig. 2)
taken at 8 m. It reveals the absorption of the light emitted by "PAHs"
(PolyAromatic Hydrocarbons, small particles of dust or large molecules made
of cyclic carbon chains) at the cloud's surface : the light emitted on the
backside of the cloud reaches us after a strong attenuation due to the dust
inside which thus reveals itself (Figure 2).
However, the study of dust is difficult and moreover, it gives no
information on the gas motions in the cloud, especially those which could
reveal a starting collapse leading to the formation of a star or the
rotation of the cloud, prelude to the creation of protostellar disks, the
sites of planet formation. Only high velocity resolution spectroscopic study
of the gas can provide us with such information.
One has to find which gas component can serve this purpose. The main
component, hydrogen, present in its molecular form in dark clouds, is not
directly observable and neither is helium. Since the end of the 60s, the
existence of other molecules has been attested, among which carbon monoxyde
(CO) and water (H2O) are the most abundant. CO has revealed itself to be a
good gas tracer but in the mid 90s, as foreseen 20 years before, it was
shown that this species would disappear in dark clouds under certain
conditions: when the cloud is cold (< 20 K) and thick enough to be protected
from hard UV radiation (coming form all the stars around). Then, most
molecular species deplete onto dust grains to form ice mantles. Water is
probably the first one to stick to grains (water freezes at an anomalously
high temperature with respect to its molecular weight) and molecules such as
CO, CS, SO turn into ice layers onto grains as soon as the extinction in the
cloud reaches 10 magnitudes (in the visible). There is then no way to study
the heavily buried cores with these tracers. Surrogate species have been
searched for, which would better resist to these extreme conditions.
Though we don't yet understand why, molecules bearing only nitrogen and
hydrogen atoms seem to be able to remain in such very dense cores. Among
these species, one is well-known on Earth, namely ammonia (NH3), and another
one, ionized, is more specific to the interstellar medium (N2H+).
The astronomers have thus decided to test the validity of these tracers in
dark cloud cores and have pointed their radio telescopes (IRAM-30m in Spain,
and GBT-100m in the USA) towards L183, a small cloud, very close (340
light-years) which allows to see a lot of details. The map hereby (Fig. 3)
shows the overlay of the N2H+ emission superimposed on the Spitzer 8 m map.
With the help of a radiative transfer model (model which tries to compute
the signal emitted by the molecules to compare it to what has been
observed), it has been possible to deduce the parameters which best describe
the prestellar core at the center of this image (a second core, clearly
visible within the N2H+ contours is situated just north of it. It is behind
in terms of evolution towards forming a new star). The core is colder than
what was considered as a cold core up to now, being no more than 7 K over
absolute zero. In this extreme coldness, and far inside the cloud, even the
N-bearing molecules disappear from the gas phase, which means that either
they or their mother molecules (like N2) deplete onto grains. In this
extremely cold region, where turbulence disappears too, all conditions seem
to be realised to have a collapse starting, leading eventually to the
formation of a new star.
NH3, N2H+, and N2D+ spectra which have allowed this analysis are shown below
(Figs. 4, 5 and 6).
Reference
Depletion and low gas temperature in the L183 prestellar core : the N2H+ -
N2D+ tool
Laurent Pagani (LERMA, Obs-Paris), Aurore Bacmann (OASU, Bordeaux), Sylvie
Cabrit (LERMA, Obs-Paris), Charlotte Vastel (CESR, Toulouse)
Astronomy & Astrophysics, in press,
http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0701823
IMAGE CAPTIONS:
[Figure 1:
http://www.obspm.fr/actual/nouvelle/feb07/L183-f1.gif (125KB)]
I band image of L183 cloud taken at CFHT, Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope.
Note in the center a dark zone, obscured by dust (absence of background
stars), surrounded by scattered light, represented by the blue nebulosity.
Three stars in the field are circled in white, to serve as beacons on the
other images.
[Figure 2:
http://www.obspm.fr/actual/nouvelle/feb07/L183-f2.gif (92KB)]
Image of the same field taken with the IRAC instrument on the Spitzer
infrared satellite at 8 m in wavelength, in the mid-infrared. The densest
core appears as a long red trace in the middle of the image. Extended dust
as seen in Fig. 1 has disappeared because it is almost totally transparent
at this wavelength.
The three beacon stars are encircled in black.
[Figure 3:
http://www.obspm.fr/actual/nouvelle/feb07/L183-f3.gif (96KB)]
Contours of the N2H+ emission in L183 are superposed on the image of Figure
2. The emission is strongly correlated with the maximum absorption zone of
the cloud.
[Figure 4:
http://www.obspm.fr/actual/nouvelle/feb07/L183-f4.gif (41KB)]
Ammonia spectrum towards the pre-stellar core. The line intensities do not
go beyond 3 K, indicating a very cold gas. Their width is very narrow,
allowing to distinguish some of the individual components, a sure sign that
turbulence has faded away. Observations obtained with the GBT-100 m
telescope, USA (NRAO).
[Figure 5:
http://www.obspm.fr/actual/nouvelle/feb07/L183-f5.gif (26KB)]
N2H+ spectrum towards the pre-stellar core. Same remarks as for NH3.
Observations made with the IRAM-30m telescope, (France-Germany-Spain).
[Figure 6:
http://www.obspm.fr/actual/nouvelle/feb07/L183-f6.gif (26KB)]
N2D+ spectrum towards the pre-stellar core. Same remarks as for NH3.
Observations made with the IRAM-30m telescope, (France-Germany-Spain).
Paris, France
Contact:
Laurent Pagani
Observatoire de Paris, LERMA et CNRS
T: 33 1 40 51 20 13
Fax: 33 1 40 51 20 02
Sylvie Cabrit
Observatoire de Paris, LERMA et CNRS
T: 33 1 40 51 20 30
Fax: 33 1 40 51 20 02
1 February 2007
Cold gas and molecular depletion in pre-stellar cores
The physical conditions in interstellar clouds which give birth to stars are
still not well-known. In particular, in their dense cores, cradles of the
stars to come, the temperature is so low that molecules deplete onto grains
to form ice mantles, and information is missing. A research team led by an
astronomer at Paris Observatory has recently mapped one such pre-stellar
core, by making use of those molecules which are the last to freeze out onto
grains : N2H+ and N2D+. Theirs models show that the temperature falls down
to no more than 7 degrees above absolute zero in this cloud.
In galaxies, stars are seen because they shine, but dark clouds made of dust
and gas do not shine and can be seen only because they hide the stars behind
and/or reflect their light, as shown by this picture of L183 taken at CFHT
(with the previous CFHT12K camera).
Stars form inside interstellar clouds of gas and dust and small clouds like
L183 form low mass stars, like our Sun. How do they do that ? This is the
main question. To understand star formation, one needs to observe inside
these clouds, which, full of dust, are totally opaque to visible light. The
clouds' content is revealed to us by the emission or absorption of dust at
different infrared wavelengths, as shown in this Spitzer image (Fig. 2)
taken at 8 m. It reveals the absorption of the light emitted by "PAHs"
(PolyAromatic Hydrocarbons, small particles of dust or large molecules made
of cyclic carbon chains) at the cloud's surface : the light emitted on the
backside of the cloud reaches us after a strong attenuation due to the dust
inside which thus reveals itself (Figure 2).
However, the study of dust is difficult and moreover, it gives no
information on the gas motions in the cloud, especially those which could
reveal a starting collapse leading to the formation of a star or the
rotation of the cloud, prelude to the creation of protostellar disks, the
sites of planet formation. Only high velocity resolution spectroscopic study
of the gas can provide us with such information.
One has to find which gas component can serve this purpose. The main
component, hydrogen, present in its molecular form in dark clouds, is not
directly observable and neither is helium. Since the end of the 60s, the
existence of other molecules has been attested, among which carbon monoxyde
(CO) and water (H2O) are the most abundant. CO has revealed itself to be a
good gas tracer but in the mid 90s, as foreseen 20 years before, it was
shown that this species would disappear in dark clouds under certain
conditions: when the cloud is cold (< 20 K) and thick enough to be protected
from hard UV radiation (coming form all the stars around). Then, most
molecular species deplete onto dust grains to form ice mantles. Water is
probably the first one to stick to grains (water freezes at an anomalously
high temperature with respect to its molecular weight) and molecules such as
CO, CS, SO turn into ice layers onto grains as soon as the extinction in the
cloud reaches 10 magnitudes (in the visible). There is then no way to study
the heavily buried cores with these tracers. Surrogate species have been
searched for, which would better resist to these extreme conditions.
Though we don't yet understand why, molecules bearing only nitrogen and
hydrogen atoms seem to be able to remain in such very dense cores. Among
these species, one is well-known on Earth, namely ammonia (NH3), and another
one, ionized, is more specific to the interstellar medium (N2H+).
The astronomers have thus decided to test the validity of these tracers in
dark cloud cores and have pointed their radio telescopes (IRAM-30m in Spain,
and GBT-100m in the USA) towards L183, a small cloud, very close (340
light-years) which allows to see a lot of details. The map hereby (Fig. 3)
shows the overlay of the N2H+ emission superimposed on the Spitzer 8 m map.
With the help of a radiative transfer model (model which tries to compute
the signal emitted by the molecules to compare it to what has been
observed), it has been possible to deduce the parameters which best describe
the prestellar core at the center of this image (a second core, clearly
visible within the N2H+ contours is situated just north of it. It is behind
in terms of evolution towards forming a new star). The core is colder than
what was considered as a cold core up to now, being no more than 7 K over
absolute zero. In this extreme coldness, and far inside the cloud, even the
N-bearing molecules disappear from the gas phase, which means that either
they or their mother molecules (like N2) deplete onto grains. In this
extremely cold region, where turbulence disappears too, all conditions seem
to be realised to have a collapse starting, leading eventually to the
formation of a new star.
NH3, N2H+, and N2D+ spectra which have allowed this analysis are shown below
(Figs. 4, 5 and 6).
Reference
Depletion and low gas temperature in the L183 prestellar core : the N2H+ -
N2D+ tool
Laurent Pagani (LERMA, Obs-Paris), Aurore Bacmann (OASU, Bordeaux), Sylvie
Cabrit (LERMA, Obs-Paris), Charlotte Vastel (CESR, Toulouse)
Astronomy & Astrophysics, in press,
http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0701823
IMAGE CAPTIONS:
[Figure 1:
http://www.obspm.fr/actual/nouvelle/feb07/L183-f1.gif (125KB)]
I band image of L183 cloud taken at CFHT, Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope.
Note in the center a dark zone, obscured by dust (absence of background
stars), surrounded by scattered light, represented by the blue nebulosity.
Three stars in the field are circled in white, to serve as beacons on the
other images.
[Figure 2:
http://www.obspm.fr/actual/nouvelle/feb07/L183-f2.gif (92KB)]
Image of the same field taken with the IRAC instrument on the Spitzer
infrared satellite at 8 m in wavelength, in the mid-infrared. The densest
core appears as a long red trace in the middle of the image. Extended dust
as seen in Fig. 1 has disappeared because it is almost totally transparent
at this wavelength.
The three beacon stars are encircled in black.
[Figure 3:
http://www.obspm.fr/actual/nouvelle/feb07/L183-f3.gif (96KB)]
Contours of the N2H+ emission in L183 are superposed on the image of Figure
2. The emission is strongly correlated with the maximum absorption zone of
the cloud.
[Figure 4:
http://www.obspm.fr/actual/nouvelle/feb07/L183-f4.gif (41KB)]
Ammonia spectrum towards the pre-stellar core. The line intensities do not
go beyond 3 K, indicating a very cold gas. Their width is very narrow,
allowing to distinguish some of the individual components, a sure sign that
turbulence has faded away. Observations obtained with the GBT-100 m
telescope, USA (NRAO).
[Figure 5:
http://www.obspm.fr/actual/nouvelle/feb07/L183-f5.gif (26KB)]
N2H+ spectrum towards the pre-stellar core. Same remarks as for NH3.
Observations made with the IRAM-30m telescope, (France-Germany-Spain).
[Figure 6:
http://www.obspm.fr/actual/nouvelle/feb07/L183-f6.gif (26KB)]
N2D+ spectrum towards the pre-stellar core. Same remarks as for NH3.
Observations made with the IRAM-30m telescope, (France-Germany-Spain).