Andrew Yee
October 7th 05, 03:33 AM
News Office
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts
CONTACT
Elizabeth A. Thomson, MIT News Office
Phone: 617-258-5402
or
George R. Ricker, MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research
Phone: 617-253-7532
URL: http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2005/gamma-ray.html
October 6, 2005
HETE satellite solves mystery of short gamma ray bursts
By Deborah Halber, News Office Correspondent
An international team of astronomers led by MIT announced Oct. 5 that it
has solved the mystery of the origin of short gamma-ray bursts, violent
cosmic events marking the explosive collision of two compact stars.
In a paper to appear in the Oct. 6 issue of Nature, the scientists
describe how they used NASA's High Energy Transient Explorer (HETE)
satellite to make the initial discovery. Accompanying papers by Danish-led
and Penn State University-led teams describe follow-up observations of the
HETE-discovered event using ground-based telescopes, as well as the
Chandra X-ray Observatory and Hubble Space Telescope.
At a NASA press conference held yesterday at 1 p.m., George R. Ricker,
senior research scientist of the MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and
Space Research, announced the HETE results for the first time.
Gamma ray bursts (GRBs) are the biggest explosions since the Big Bang.
Astronomers are fairly certain that typical long GRBs lasting several
seconds are caused by the collapse of massive stars, signaling the birth
of black holes. Dimmer, short GRBs lasting only milliseconds had been one
of the biggest mysteries in high-energy astronomy: How far away were they?
What caused them?
A team led by MIT's Ricker discovered a short GRB, designated GRB050709,
lasting only 70 milliseconds on July 9. "This particular short burst
provides a long-sought nexus, enabling detection of the prompt emission
and its afterglow, from the gamma-ray band to the optical, for the very
first time," said Ricker.
Discovery
HETE's accurate localization of the burst allowed other telescopes to
identify the burst's X-ray afterglow, and, for the first time, its optical
afterglow, which provided the clues needed to track the burst to its host
galaxy. The distinctive signature is that of two neutron stars or a
neutron star and a black hole merging, followed by a colossal explosion.
The collision happened about 2 billion years ago, creating an energy show
so brilliant that we can witness it eons later. "The carefully
orchestrated observations by three powerful NASA scientific satellites --
HETE, Chandra, and Hubble -- were essential in making this important
discovery," Ricker said.
Ancient history
Neutron stars are stellar corpses -- the collapsed, compact remnants of
supernova explosions. Half a million Earth masses of matter condensed into
a sphere just 10 miles across, neutron stars are incredibly dense. One
teaspoonful weighs 5 billion tons.
Usually loners, neutron stars in rare instances are born in pairs. Over
hundreds of millions or billions of years, the partners start to spiral
toward each other at velocities eventually verging on the speed of light,
whipping around each other thousands of times a second in a mad dash
toward a crash so violent the explosion releases more energy than 1,000
trillion suns.
The two objects implode in a cataclysmic one-hundredth of second, forming
a black hole. Although black holes suck up light and anything else that
might have made them visible to astronomers, just before black holes are
formed, space flotsam and jetsam are flung off in superheated gas jets.
These twin, narrow jets, aiming in opposite directions, carry off
tremendous amounts of energy. If one of these jets points to Earth, we see
it as a burst of gamma rays.
More excitement ahead?
Gamma ray bursts were first detected in the 1960s by U.S. military
satellites sleuthing out stray gamma rays potentially tied to putative
illegal Soviet nuclear testing in space. Remarkably, the energetic events
turned out to be natural phenomena. In the early 1990s, astronomers
realized there were two kinds of gamma-ray bursts -- short and long. While
it now appears that both short and long GRBs are tied to the creation of
black holes, the relative proximity of short GRBs may help solve another
mystery.
If a short GRB is due to merging neutron stars, then it should produce
powerful bursts of gravitational radiation. Although Albert Einstein
included gravitational waves in his 1916 general theory of relativity,
these waves have never been measured directly. Short GRB sources, 10 times
closer to Earth than long GRBs, likely emit gravitational waves that will
be detectable for the first time by the second-generation Laser
Interferometry Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO), in which both
Caltech and MIT are major participants.
Future of HETE
"The unique scientific discoveries that HETE continues to make and its
very low operating cost are important reasons for continuing HETE
satellite operations in future years," Ricker said. NASA funding for the
period beyond December is in doubt, despite pledges of matching support by
HETE's international partners. The HETE spacecraft and dedicated
international ground network continue to operate reliably and efficiently.
All three of its science instruments continue to work well. Thirty-one of
81 HETE localizations have led to detection of an X-ray, optical or radio
afterglow, said Ricker.
The HETE satellite was designed and constructed by MIT under the NASA
Explorer Program. Ricker serves as the principal investigator for the
overall mission. The HETE program is a collaboration among MIT; NASA; Los
Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico; France's Centre National d'Etudes
Spatiales (CNES), Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements (CESR) and
Ecole Nationale Superieure del'Aeronautique et de l'Espace (Sup'Aero); and
Japan's Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN). The science
team includes members from the University of Chicago and the University of
California (Berkeley and Santa Cruz), as well as from Brazil, India and
Italy. The HETE research program is supported in the United States by
NASA.
At MIT, the HETE team, which both operates the HETE satellite and analyzes
data from it, includes Ricker, Geoffrey Crew, John Doty, Roland
Vanderspek, Joel Villasenor, Nat Butler, Peter Csatorday, Gregory
Prigozhin, Steve Kissel, Francois Martel and Fred Miller.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts
CONTACT
Elizabeth A. Thomson, MIT News Office
Phone: 617-258-5402
or
George R. Ricker, MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research
Phone: 617-253-7532
URL: http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2005/gamma-ray.html
October 6, 2005
HETE satellite solves mystery of short gamma ray bursts
By Deborah Halber, News Office Correspondent
An international team of astronomers led by MIT announced Oct. 5 that it
has solved the mystery of the origin of short gamma-ray bursts, violent
cosmic events marking the explosive collision of two compact stars.
In a paper to appear in the Oct. 6 issue of Nature, the scientists
describe how they used NASA's High Energy Transient Explorer (HETE)
satellite to make the initial discovery. Accompanying papers by Danish-led
and Penn State University-led teams describe follow-up observations of the
HETE-discovered event using ground-based telescopes, as well as the
Chandra X-ray Observatory and Hubble Space Telescope.
At a NASA press conference held yesterday at 1 p.m., George R. Ricker,
senior research scientist of the MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and
Space Research, announced the HETE results for the first time.
Gamma ray bursts (GRBs) are the biggest explosions since the Big Bang.
Astronomers are fairly certain that typical long GRBs lasting several
seconds are caused by the collapse of massive stars, signaling the birth
of black holes. Dimmer, short GRBs lasting only milliseconds had been one
of the biggest mysteries in high-energy astronomy: How far away were they?
What caused them?
A team led by MIT's Ricker discovered a short GRB, designated GRB050709,
lasting only 70 milliseconds on July 9. "This particular short burst
provides a long-sought nexus, enabling detection of the prompt emission
and its afterglow, from the gamma-ray band to the optical, for the very
first time," said Ricker.
Discovery
HETE's accurate localization of the burst allowed other telescopes to
identify the burst's X-ray afterglow, and, for the first time, its optical
afterglow, which provided the clues needed to track the burst to its host
galaxy. The distinctive signature is that of two neutron stars or a
neutron star and a black hole merging, followed by a colossal explosion.
The collision happened about 2 billion years ago, creating an energy show
so brilliant that we can witness it eons later. "The carefully
orchestrated observations by three powerful NASA scientific satellites --
HETE, Chandra, and Hubble -- were essential in making this important
discovery," Ricker said.
Ancient history
Neutron stars are stellar corpses -- the collapsed, compact remnants of
supernova explosions. Half a million Earth masses of matter condensed into
a sphere just 10 miles across, neutron stars are incredibly dense. One
teaspoonful weighs 5 billion tons.
Usually loners, neutron stars in rare instances are born in pairs. Over
hundreds of millions or billions of years, the partners start to spiral
toward each other at velocities eventually verging on the speed of light,
whipping around each other thousands of times a second in a mad dash
toward a crash so violent the explosion releases more energy than 1,000
trillion suns.
The two objects implode in a cataclysmic one-hundredth of second, forming
a black hole. Although black holes suck up light and anything else that
might have made them visible to astronomers, just before black holes are
formed, space flotsam and jetsam are flung off in superheated gas jets.
These twin, narrow jets, aiming in opposite directions, carry off
tremendous amounts of energy. If one of these jets points to Earth, we see
it as a burst of gamma rays.
More excitement ahead?
Gamma ray bursts were first detected in the 1960s by U.S. military
satellites sleuthing out stray gamma rays potentially tied to putative
illegal Soviet nuclear testing in space. Remarkably, the energetic events
turned out to be natural phenomena. In the early 1990s, astronomers
realized there were two kinds of gamma-ray bursts -- short and long. While
it now appears that both short and long GRBs are tied to the creation of
black holes, the relative proximity of short GRBs may help solve another
mystery.
If a short GRB is due to merging neutron stars, then it should produce
powerful bursts of gravitational radiation. Although Albert Einstein
included gravitational waves in his 1916 general theory of relativity,
these waves have never been measured directly. Short GRB sources, 10 times
closer to Earth than long GRBs, likely emit gravitational waves that will
be detectable for the first time by the second-generation Laser
Interferometry Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO), in which both
Caltech and MIT are major participants.
Future of HETE
"The unique scientific discoveries that HETE continues to make and its
very low operating cost are important reasons for continuing HETE
satellite operations in future years," Ricker said. NASA funding for the
period beyond December is in doubt, despite pledges of matching support by
HETE's international partners. The HETE spacecraft and dedicated
international ground network continue to operate reliably and efficiently.
All three of its science instruments continue to work well. Thirty-one of
81 HETE localizations have led to detection of an X-ray, optical or radio
afterglow, said Ricker.
The HETE satellite was designed and constructed by MIT under the NASA
Explorer Program. Ricker serves as the principal investigator for the
overall mission. The HETE program is a collaboration among MIT; NASA; Los
Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico; France's Centre National d'Etudes
Spatiales (CNES), Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements (CESR) and
Ecole Nationale Superieure del'Aeronautique et de l'Espace (Sup'Aero); and
Japan's Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN). The science
team includes members from the University of Chicago and the University of
California (Berkeley and Santa Cruz), as well as from Brazil, India and
Italy. The HETE research program is supported in the United States by
NASA.
At MIT, the HETE team, which both operates the HETE satellite and analyzes
data from it, includes Ricker, Geoffrey Crew, John Doty, Roland
Vanderspek, Joel Villasenor, Nat Butler, Peter Csatorday, Gregory
Prigozhin, Steve Kissel, Francois Martel and Fred Miller.