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SPEED OF LIGHT AFFECTED BY GRAVITY



 
 
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  #1  
Old December 29th 10, 01:40 PM posted to sci.physics.relativity,sci.physics,sci.astro
Pentcho Valev
external usenet poster
 
Posts: 8,078
Default SPEED OF LIGHT AFFECTED BY GRAVITY

http://www.relativitybook.com/resour...n_gravity.html
Albert Einstein (having in mind Newton's emission theory of light):
"If we call the velocity of light at the origin of co-ordinates c0,
then the velocity of light c at a place with the gravitation potential
phi will be given by the relation c=c0(1+phi/c^2)."

http://www.d1heidorn.homepage.t-onli...k/VSL/VSL.html
"In two works from 1907 and 1911 Einstein introduces a variable speed
of light. Sometimes this is taken as a contradiction to the constancy
of the speed of light, which was postulated in the foundation of
Special Relativity in 1905. However there is no contradiction at all -
even if in the fully developed GR from 1916 there is a variable speed
of light."

http://www.speed-light.info/speed_of_light_variable.htm
"Einstein wrote this paper in 1911 in German (download from:
http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/an...35_898-908.pdf
). It predated the full formal development of general relativity by
about four years. You can find an English translation of this paper in
the Dover book 'The Principle of Relativity' beginning on page 99; you
will find in section 3 of that paper Einstein's derivation of the
variable speed of light in a gravitational potential, eqn (3). The
result is: c'=c0(1+phi/c^2) where phi is the gravitational potential
relative to the point where the speed of light co is measured......You
can find a more sophisticated derivation later by Einstein (1955) from
the full theory of general relativity in the weak field
approximation....For the 1955 results but not in coordinates see page
93, eqn (6.28): c(r)=[1+2phi(r)/c^2]c. Namely the 1955 approximation
shows a variation in km/sec twice as much as first predicted in
1911."

Crimestop question: A massive celestial body emits light with initial
speed c0 (relative to the emitter) which then leaves the gravitational
field. Then, all along, the light will travel through space where the
gravitational potential is constant but different from the potential
at the point of emission. Does this mean that, all along, the light
will travel through field-free space with speed c constant but
different from c0?

http://www.liferesearchuniversal.com...html#seventeen
George Orwell: "Crimestop means the faculty of stopping short, as
though by instinct, at the threshold of any dangerous thought. It
includes the power of not grasping analogies, of failing to perceive
logical errors, of misunderstanding the simplest arguments if they are
inimical to Ingsoc, and of being bored or repelled by any train of
thought which is capable of leading in a heretical direction.
Crimestop, in short, means protective stupidity."

Pentcho Valev

  #2  
Old January 1st 11, 08:13 AM posted to sci.physics.relativity,sci.physics,sci.astro
Pentcho Valev
external usenet poster
 
Posts: 8,078
Default SPEED OF LIGHT AFFECTED BY GRAVITY

Einstein's general relativity predicts that light emitted from a
massive celestial body slows down with distance. The speed of the
light varies with phi, the gravitational potential difference between
the point of emission and the point of observation, in accordance with
the equation c'=c(1+2phi/c^2).

Newton's emission theory of light predicts that light emitted from a
massive celestial body slows down with distance. The speed of the
light varies with phi, the gravitational potential difference between
the point of emission and the point of observation, in accordance with
the equation c'=c(1+phi/c^2).

In 1960 Pound and Rebka measured that the frequency varies with phi,
the gravitational potential difference between the point of emission
and the point of observation, in accordance with the equation
f'=f(1+phi/c^2).

Einsteinians all over the world sincerely believe that the Pound-Rebka
experiment has gloriously confirmed Divine Albert's Divine Theory. Yet
Tom Roberts exercises himself in doublethink sometimes:

http://groups.google.com/group/sci.p...abc7dbb30db6c2
John Norton: "THE MICHELSON-MORLEY EXPERIMENT IS FULLY COMPATIBLE WITH
AN EMISSION THEORY OF LIGHT THAT CONTRADICTS THE LIGHT POSTULATE."
Tom Roberts: "Sure. The fact that this one experiment is compatible
with other theories does not refute relativity in any way. The full
experimental record refutes most if not all emission theories, but not
relativity."
Pentcho Valev: "THE POUND-REBKA EXPERIMENT IS FULLY COMPATIBLE WITH AN
EMISSION THEORY OF LIGHT THAT CONTRADICTS THE LIGHT POSTULATE."
Tom Roberts: "Sure. But this experiment, too, does not refute
relativity. The full experimental record refutes most if not all
emission theories, but not relativity."

http://www.liferesearchuniversal.com...html#seventeen
George Orwell: "Doublethink means the power of holding two
contradictory beliefs in one's mind simultaneously, and accepting both
of them. The Party intellectual knows in which direction his memories
must be altered; he therefore knows that he is playing tricks with
reality; but by the exercise of doublethink he also satisfies himself
that reality is not violated. The process has to be conscious, or it
would not be carried out with sufficient precision, but it also has to
be unconscious, or it would bring with it a feeling of falsity and
hence of guilt. Doublethink lies at the very heart of Ingsoc, since
the essential act of the Party is to use conscious deception while
retaining the firmness of purpose that goes with complete honesty. To
tell deliberate lies while genuinely believing in them, to forget any
fact that has become inconvenient, and then, when it becomes necessary
again, to draw it back from oblivion for just so long as it is needed,
to deny the existence of objective reality and all the while to take
account of the reality which one denies - all this is indispensably
necessary. Even in using the word doublethink it is necessary to
exercise doublethink. For by using the word one admits that one is
tampering with reality; by a fresh act of doublethink one erases this
knowledge ; and so on indefinitely, with the lie always one leap ahead
of the truth. (...) It need hardly be said that the subtlest
practitioners of doublethink are those who invented doublethink and
know that it is a vast system of mental cheating. In our society,
those who have the best knowledge of what is happening are also those
who are furthest from seeing the world as it is. In general, the
greater the understanding, the greater the delusion ; the more
intelligent, the less sane."

Pentcho Valev

  #3  
Old January 1st 11, 06:57 PM posted to sci.physics.relativity,sci.physics,sci.astro
BURT
external usenet poster
 
Posts: 371
Default SPEED OF LIGHT AFFECTED BY GRAVITY

On Dec 31 2010, 11:13*pm, Pentcho Valev wrote:
Einstein's general relativity predicts that light emitted from a
massive celestial body slows down with distance. The speed of the
light varies with phi, the gravitational potential difference between
the point of emission and the point of observation, in accordance with
the equation c'=c(1+2phi/c^2).

Newton's emission theory of light predicts that light emitted from a
massive celestial body slows down with distance. The speed of the
light varies with phi, the gravitational potential difference between
the point of emission and the point of observation, in accordance with
the equation c'=c(1+phi/c^2).

In 1960 Pound and Rebka measured that the frequency varies with phi,
the gravitational potential difference between the point of emission
and the point of observation, in accordance with the equation
f'=f(1+phi/c^2).

Einsteinians all over the world sincerely believe that the Pound-Rebka
experiment has gloriously confirmed Divine Albert's Divine Theory. Yet
Tom Roberts exercises himself in doublethink sometimes:

http://groups.google.com/group/sci.p...sg/44abc7dbb30...
John Norton: "THE MICHELSON-MORLEY EXPERIMENT IS FULLY COMPATIBLE WITH
AN EMISSION THEORY OF LIGHT THAT CONTRADICTS THE LIGHT POSTULATE."
Tom Roberts: "Sure. The fact that this one experiment is compatible
with other theories does not refute relativity in any way. The full
experimental record refutes most if not all emission theories, but not
relativity."
Pentcho Valev: "THE POUND-REBKA EXPERIMENT IS FULLY COMPATIBLE WITH AN
EMISSION THEORY OF LIGHT THAT CONTRADICTS THE LIGHT POSTULATE."
Tom Roberts: "Sure. But this experiment, too, does not refute
relativity. The full experimental record refutes most if not all
emission theories, but not relativity."

http://www.liferesearchuniversal.com...html#seventeen
George Orwell: "Doublethink means the power of holding two
contradictory beliefs in one's mind simultaneously, and accepting both
of them. The Party intellectual knows in which direction his memories
must be altered; he therefore knows that he is playing tricks with
reality; but by the exercise of doublethink he also satisfies himself
that reality is not violated. The process has to be conscious, or it
would not be carried out with sufficient precision, but it also has to
be unconscious, or it would bring with it a feeling of falsity and
hence of guilt. Doublethink lies at the very heart of Ingsoc, since
the essential act of the Party is to use conscious deception while
retaining the firmness of purpose that goes with complete honesty. To
tell deliberate lies while genuinely believing in them, to forget any
fact that has become inconvenient, and then, when it becomes necessary
again, to draw it back from oblivion for just so long as it is needed,
to deny the existence of objective reality and all the while to take
account of the reality which one denies - all this is indispensably
necessary. Even in using the word doublethink it is necessary to
exercise doublethink. For by using the word one admits that one is
tampering with reality; by a fresh act of doublethink one erases this
knowledge ; and so on indefinitely, with the lie always one leap ahead
of the truth. (...) It need hardly be said that the subtlest
practitioners of doublethink are those who invented doublethink and
know that it is a vast system of mental cheating. In our society,
those who have the best knowledge of what is happening are also those
who are furthest from seeing the world as it is. In general, the
greater the understanding, the greater the delusion ; the more
intelligent, the less sane."

Pentcho Valev


Its trhe same speed but slower in slower time.

Mitch Raemsch
  #4  
Old January 3rd 11, 10:32 AM posted to sci.physics.relativity,sci.physics,sci.astro
Pentcho Valev
external usenet poster
 
Posts: 8,078
Default SPEED OF LIGHT AFFECTED BY GRAVITY

Karl Popper's ignorance or dishonesty:

http://poars1982.files.wordpress.com...efutations.pdf
Karl Popper: "With Einstein's theory the situation was strikingly
different. Take one typical instance - Einstein's prediction, just
then confirmed by the findings of Eddington's expedition. Einstein's
gravitational theory had led to the result that light must be
attracted by heavy bodies (such as the sun), PRECISELY AS MATERIAL
BODIES WERE ATTRACTED. As a consequence it could be calculated that
light from a distant fixed star whose apparent position was close to
the sun would reach the earth from such a direction that the star
would seem to be slightly shifted away from the sun; or, in other
words, that stars close to the sun would look as if they had moved a
little away from the sun, and from one another. This is a thing which
cannot normally be observed since such stars are rendered invisible in
daytime by the sun's overwhelming brightness; but during an eclipse it
is possible to take photographs of them. If the same constellation is
photographed at night one can measure the distances on the two
photographs, and check the predicted effect. Now the impressive thing
about this case is the risk involved in a prediction of this kind. If
observation shows that the predicted effect is definitely absent, then
the theory is simply refuted."

It is Newton's emission theory of light that "had led to the result
that light must be attracted by heavy bodies (such as the sun),
PRECISELY AS MATERIAL BODIES WERE ATTRACTED". Einstein's gravitational
theory predicted a greater deviation of starlight:

http://www.nature.com/news/2007/0709...070903-20.html
"With the technology then available, measuring the deviation of
starlight was very challenging. Newtonian physics predicted a bit of
bending too, so the matter hinged on an exact measurement of star
positions. The results were conflicting, and some have claimed that
Eddington ignored the data that showed little bending (thus supporting
Newton), and instead concentrated on the data that matched Einstein's
prediction."

Pentcho Valev wrote:

Einstein's general relativity predicts that light emitted from a
massive celestial body slows down with distance. The speed of the
light varies with phi, the gravitational potential difference between
the point of emission and the point of observation, in accordance with
the equation c'=c(1+2phi/c^2).

Newton's emission theory of light predicts that light emitted from a
massive celestial body slows down with distance. The speed of the
light varies with phi, the gravitational potential difference between
the point of emission and the point of observation, in accordance with
the equation c'=c(1+phi/c^2).

In 1960 Pound and Rebka measured that the frequency varies with phi,
the gravitational potential difference between the point of emission
and the point of observation, in accordance with the equation
f'=f(1+phi/c^2).

Einsteinians all over the world sincerely believe that the Pound-Rebka
experiment has gloriously confirmed Divine Albert's Divine Theory. Yet
Tom Roberts exercises himself in doublethink sometimes:

http://groups.google.com/group/sci.p...abc7dbb30db6c2
John Norton: "THE MICHELSON-MORLEY EXPERIMENT IS FULLY COMPATIBLE WITH
AN EMISSION THEORY OF LIGHT THAT CONTRADICTS THE LIGHT POSTULATE."
Tom Roberts: "Sure. The fact that this one experiment is compatible
with other theories does not refute relativity in any way. The full
experimental record refutes most if not all emission theories, but not
relativity."
Pentcho Valev: "THE POUND-REBKA EXPERIMENT IS FULLY COMPATIBLE WITH AN
EMISSION THEORY OF LIGHT THAT CONTRADICTS THE LIGHT POSTULATE."
Tom Roberts: "Sure. But this experiment, too, does not refute
relativity. The full experimental record refutes most if not all
emission theories, but not relativity."

http://www.liferesearchuniversal.com...html#seventeen
George Orwell: "Doublethink means the power of holding two
contradictory beliefs in one's mind simultaneously, and accepting both
of them. The Party intellectual knows in which direction his memories
must be altered; he therefore knows that he is playing tricks with
reality; but by the exercise of doublethink he also satisfies himself
that reality is not violated. The process has to be conscious, or it
would not be carried out with sufficient precision, but it also has to
be unconscious, or it would bring with it a feeling of falsity and
hence of guilt. Doublethink lies at the very heart of Ingsoc, since
the essential act of the Party is to use conscious deception while
retaining the firmness of purpose that goes with complete honesty. To
tell deliberate lies while genuinely believing in them, to forget any
fact that has become inconvenient, and then, when it becomes necessary
again, to draw it back from oblivion for just so long as it is needed,
to deny the existence of objective reality and all the while to take
account of the reality which one denies - all this is indispensably
necessary. Even in using the word doublethink it is necessary to
exercise doublethink. For by using the word one admits that one is
tampering with reality; by a fresh act of doublethink one erases this
knowledge ; and so on indefinitely, with the lie always one leap ahead
of the truth. (...) It need hardly be said that the subtlest
practitioners of doublethink are those who invented doublethink and
know that it is a vast system of mental cheating. In our society,
those who have the best knowledge of what is happening are also those
who are furthest from seeing the world as it is. In general, the
greater the understanding, the greater the delusion ; the more
intelligent, the less sane."

Pentcho Valev

 




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