Daily Report #4375

Notice: For the foreseeable future, the daily reports may contain apparent
discrepancies between some proposal descriptions and the listed instrument
usage. This is due to the conversion of previously approved ACS WFC or HRC
observations into WFPC2, or NICMOS observations subsequent to the loss of
ACS CCD science capability in late January.


HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE - Continuing to collect World Class Science

DAILY REPORT # 4375

PERIOD COVERED: UT June 01,02,03, 2007 (DOY 152,153,154)

OBSERVATIONS SCHEDULED

NIC1/NIC2/NIC3 8794

NICMOS Post-SAA calibration - CR Persistence Part 5

A new procedure proposed to alleviate the CR-persistence problem of NICMOS.
Dark frames will be obtained immediately upon exiting the SAA contour 23,
and every time a NICMOS exposure is scheduled within 50 minutes of coming
out of the SAA. The darks will be obtained in parallel in all three NICMOS
Cameras. The POST-SAA darks will be non- standard reference files available
to users with a USEAFTER date/time mark. The keyword 'USEAFTER=date/time'
will also be added to the header of each POST-SAA DARK frame. The keyword
must be populated with the time, in addition to the date, because HST
crosses the SAA ~8 times per day so each POST-SAA DARK will need to have the
appropriate time specified, for users to identify the ones they need. Both
the raw and processed images will be archived as POST-SAA DARKSs. Generally
we expect that all NICMOS science/calibration observations started within 50
minutes of leaving an SAA will need such maps to remove the CR persistence
from the science images. Each observation will need its own CRMAP, as
different SAA passages leave different imprints on the NICMOS detectors.

NIC3 11082

NICMOS Imaging of GOODS: Probing the Evolution of the Earliest Massive
Galaxies, Galaxies Beyond Reionization, and the High Redshift Obscured
Universe

Deep near-infrared imaging provides the only avenue towards understanding a
host of astrophysical problems, including: finding galaxies and AGN at z
7, the evolution of the most massive galaxies, the triggering of star
formation in dusty galaxies, and revealing properties of obscured AGN. As
such, we propose to observe 60 selected areas of the GOODS North and South
fields with NICMOS Camera 3 in the F160W band pointed at known massive M
10^11 M_0 galaxies at z 2 discovered through deep Spitzer imaging. The
depth we will reach {26.5 AB at 5 sigma} in H_160 allows us to study the
internal properties of these galaxies, including their sizes and
morphologies, and to understand how scaling relations such as the Kormendy
relationship evolved. Although NIC3 is out of focus and undersampled, it is
currently our best opportunity to study these galaxies, while also sampling
enough area to perform a general NIR survey 1/3 the size of an ACS GOODS
field. These data will be a significant resource, invaluable for many other
science goals, including discovering high redshift galaxies at z 7, the
evolution of galaxies onto the Hubble sequence, as well as examining
obscured AGN and dusty star formation at z 1.5. The GOODS fields are the
natural location for HST to perform a deep NICMOS imaging program, as
extensive data from space and ground based observatories such as Chandra,
GALEX, Spitzer, NOAO, Keck, Subaru, VLT, JCMT, and the VLA are currently
available for these regions. Deep high-resolution near-infrared observations
are the one missing ingredient to this survey, filling in an important gap
to create the deepest, largest, and most uniform data set for studying the
faint and distant universe. The importance of these images will increase
with time as new facilities come on line, most notably WFC3 and ALMA, and
for the planning of future JWST observations.

NIC3 11080

Exploring the Scaling Laws of Star Formation

As a variety of surveys of the local and distant Universe are approaching a
full census of galaxy populations, our attention needs to turn towards
understanding and quantifying the physical mechanisms that trigger and
regulate the large-scale star formation rates {SFRs} in galaxies.

WFPC2 11029

WFPC2 CYCLE 15 Intflat Linearity Check and Filter Rotation Anomaly Monitor

Intflat observations will be taken to provide a linearity check: the
linearity test consists of a series of intflats in F555W, in each gain and
each shutter. A combination of intflats, visflats, and earthflats will be
used to check the repeatability of filter wheel motions. {Intflat sequences
tied to decons, visits 1-18 in prop 10363, have been moved to the cycle 15
decon proposal xxxx for easier scheduling.} Note: long-exposure WFPC2
intflats must be scheduled during ACS anneals to prevent stray light from
the WFPC2 lamps from contaminating long ACS external exposures.

WFPC2 11027

Visible Earth Flats

This proposal monitors flatfield stability. This proposal obtains sequences
of Earth streak flats to construct high quality flat fields for the WFPC2
filter set. These flat fields will allow mapping of the OTA illumination
pattern and will be used in conjuction with previous internal and external
flats to generate new pipeline superflats. These Earth flats will complement
the Earth flat data obtained during cycles 4-14.

WFPC2 11026

WFPC2 Cycle 15 Photometric Characterization

Provide a check of the zeropoints and long-term contamination rates in WFPC2
filters. Filter/chip combinations are selected to support cycle 15
observers, and monitor for primary photometric filters. PC1 and WF3 only in
this proposal.

WFPC2 11022

WFPC2 Cycle 15 Decontaminations and Associated Observations

This proposal is for the WFPC2 decons. Also included are instrument monitors
tied to decons: photometric stability check, focus monitor, pre- and
post-decon internals {bias, intflats, kspots, & darks}, UV throughput check,
VISFLAT sweep, and internal UV flat check.

WFPC2 10915

ACS Nearby Galaxy Survey

Existing HST observations of nearby galaxies comprise a sparse and highly
non-uniform archive, making comprehensive comparative studies among galaxies
essentially impossible. We propose to secure HST's lasting impact on the
study of nearby galaxies by undertaking a systematic, complete, and
carefully crafted imaging survey of ALL galaxies in the Local Universe
outside the Local Group. The resulting images will allow unprecedented
measurements of: {1} the star formation history {SFH} of a 100 Mpc^3 volume
of the Universe with a time resolution of Delta[log{t}]=0.25; {2}
correlations between spatially resolved SFHs and environment; {3} the
structure and properties of thick disks and stellar halos; and {4} the color
distributions, sizes, and specific frequencies of globular and disk clusters
as a function of galaxy mass and environment. To reach these goals, we will
use a combination of wide-field tiling and pointed deep imaging to obtain
uniform data on all 72 galaxies within a volume-limited sample extending to
~3.5 Mpc, with an extension to the M81 group. For each galaxy, the
wide-field imaging will cover out to ~1.5 times the optical radius and will
reach photometric depths of at least 2 magnitudes below the tip of the red
giant branch throughout the limits of the survey volume. One additional deep
pointing per galaxy will reach SNR~10 for red clump stars, sufficient to
recover the ancient SFH from the color-magnitude diagram. This proposal will
produce photometric information for ~100 million stars {comparable to the
number in the SDSS survey} and uniform multi- color images of half a square
degree of sky. The resulting archive will establish the fundamental optical
database for nearby galaxies, in preparation for the shift of high-
resolution imaging to the near-infrared.

WFPC2 10902

The Nearest Luminous Blue Compact Galaxies: A Window on Galaxy Formation

As we move to intermediate and high redshifts, Luminous Blue Compact
Galaxies {LBCGs} become increasingly common. The nearest LBCGs, with their
violent starbursts and rich populations of super star clusters {SSCs} and
globular clusters {GCs}, thus provide ideal laboratories for studying galaxy
evolution. Many LBCGs appear to be involved in mergers between dwarf
galaxies, triggering their starbursts. The starburst regions in LBCGs
consist of numerous young star clusters, whose populations are both easily
measurable with HST and easily modelled. Studying cluster populations
provides a powerful probe of the starburst and merger history which is
possible neither for closer objects {of which there are too few} or for
those at high redshift {which are too far away}. We have previously studied
the closest LBCG with WFPC2 and found hundreds of bright compact SSCs and
GCs. In particular, we found a population of intermediate-age {~2 Gyr} GCs,
indicating a past event of massive cluster formation. We now propose a
multi-wavelength study of the three other LBCGs with the highest known
number of SSCs. The extinction is small in these galaxies and age estimates
robust. The age distribution of GCs and SSCs will be used to study the past
evolution of the galaxies. For each LBCG, we will map its cluster formation
history, unveiling its merger and starburst history, and thereby shed light
on some of the processes involved in galaxy evolution at high redshift.

ACS/SBC 10872

Lyman Continuum Emission in Galaxies at z=1.2

Lyman continuum photons produced in massive starbursts may have played a
dominant role in the reionization of the Universe. Starbursts are important
contributors to the ionizing metagalactic background at lower redshifts as
well. However, their contribution to the background depends upon the
fraction of ionizing radiation that escapes from the intrinsic opacity of
galaxies below the Lyman limit. Current surveys suggest escape fractions of
a few percent, up to 10%, with very few detections {as opposed to upper
limits} having been reported. No detections have been reported in the epochs
between z=0.1 and z=2. We propose to measure the fraction of escaping Lyman
continuum radiation from 15 luminous z~1.2 galaxies in the GOODS fields.
Using the tremendous sensitivity of the ACS Solar- blind Channel, we will
reach AB=30 mag., allowing us to detect an escape fraction of 1%. We will
correlate the amount of escaping radiation with the photometric and
morphological properties of the galaxies. A non-detection in all sources
would imply that QSOs provide the overwhelming majority of ionizing
radiation at z=1.3, and it would strongly indicate that the properties of
galaxies at higher redshift have to be significantly different for galaxies
to dominate reionization. The deep FUV images will also be useful for
extending the FUV study of other galaxies in the GOODS fields.

ACS/SBC 10862

Comprehensive Auroral Imaging of Jupiter and Saturn during the International
Heliophysical Year

A comprehensive set of observations of the auroral emissions from Jupiter
and Saturn is proposed for the International Heliophysical Year in 2007, a
unique period of especially concentrated measurements of space physics
phenomena throughout the solar system. We propose to determine the physical
relationship of the various auroral processes at Jupiter and Saturn with
conditions in the solar wind at each planet. This can be accomplished with
campaigns of observations, with a sampling interval not to exceed one day,
covering at least one solar rotation. The solar wind plasma density
approaching Jupiter will be measured by the New Horizons spacecraft, and a
separate campaign near opposition in May 2007 will determine the effect of
large-scale variations in the interplanetary magnetic field {IMF} on the
Jovian aurora by extrapolation from near-Earth solar wind measurements. A
similar Saturn campaign near opposition in Jan. 2007 will combine
extrapolated solar wind data with measurements from a wide range of
locations within the Saturn magnetosphere by Cassini. In the course of
making these observations, it will be possible to fully map the auroral
footprints of Io and the other satellites to determine both the local
magnetic field geometry and the controlling factors in the electromagnetic
interaction of each satellite with the corotating magnetic field and plasma
density. Also in the course of making these observations, the auroral
emission properties will be compared with the properties of the near-IR
ionospheric emissions {from ground-based observations} and non thermal radio
emissions, from ground-based observations for Jupiter?s decametric radiation
and Cassini plasma wave measurements of the Saturn Kilometric Radiation
{SKR}.

ACS/SBC 10814

The Masses for ultraluminous X-ray sources

Ultraluminous X-ray sources are non-nuclear sources in normal disk galaxies
that are either stellar mass black holes that are super-Eddington emitters,
or 1E3-1E4 Msolar black holes emitting normally. We can distinguish between
these models by obtaining constraints for the mass of the primary, which can
be accomplished through UV objective prism spectra. This strategy begins
with the optical identification of the secondary and identification of its
spectral type in order to determine its mass and the Roche Lobe radius.
Secondly, we need to determine whether an accretion disk is present and if
its high ionization UV line luminosities point to a stellar mass black hole
or a more massive object. Finally, if the black hole is 1E3-1E4 Msolar, the
orbital velocity of the secondary is so large that a Doppler shift will be
detectable, even at the modest resolution of the prism.

WFPC2 10800

Kuiper Belt Binaries: Probes of Early Solar System Evolution

Binaries in the Kuiper Belt are a scientific windfall: in them we have
relatively fragile test particles which can be used as tracers of the early
dynamical evolution of the outer Solar System. We propose to continue a
Snapshot program using the ACS/HRC that has a demonstrated discovery
potential an order of magnitude higher than the HST observations that have
already discovered the majority of known transneptunian binaries. With this
continuation we seek to reach the original goals of this project: to
accumulate a sufficiently large sample in each of the distinct populations
collected in the Kuiper Belt to be able to measure, with statistical
significance, how the fraction of binaries varies as a function of their
particular dynamical paths into the Kuiper Belt. Today's Kuiper Belt bears
the imprints of the final stages of giant-planet building and migration;
binaries may offer some of the best preserved evidence of that long-ago era.

NIC2 10798

Dark Halos and Substructure from Arcs & Einstein Rings

The surface brightness distribution of extended gravitationally lensed arcs
and Einstein rings contains super-resolved information about the lensed
object, and, more excitingly, about the smooth and clumpy mass distribution
of the lens galaxies. The source and lens information can non-parametrically
be separated, resulting in a direct "gravitational image" of the inner
mass-distribution of cosmologically-distant galaxies {Koopmans 2005;
Koopmans et al. 2006 [astro-ph/0601628]}. With this goal in mind, we propose
deep HST ACS-F555W/F814W and NICMOS-F160W WFC imaging of 20 new
gravitational-lens systems with spatially resolved lensed sources, of the 35
new lens systems discovered by the Sloan Lens ACS Survey {Bolton et al.
2005} so far, 15 of which are being imaged in Cycle-14. Each system has been
selected from the SDSS and confirmed in two time- efficient HST-ACS snapshot
programs {cycle 13&14}. High-fidelity multi-color HST images are required
{not delivered by the 420s snapshots} to isolate these lensed images
{properly cleaned, dithered and extinction-corrected} from the lens galaxy
surface brightness distribution, and apply our "gravitational maging"
technique. Our sample of 35 early-type lens galaxies to date is by far the
largest, still growing, and most uniformly selected. This minimizes
selection biases and small-number statistics, compared to smaller, often
serendipitously discovered, samples. Moreover, using the WFC provides
information on the field around the lens, higher S/N and a better understood
PSF, compared with the HRC, and one retains high spatial resolution through
drizzling. The sample of galaxy mass distributions - determined through this
method from the arcs and Einstein ring HST images - will be studied to: {i}
measure the smooth mass distribution of the lens galaxies {dark and luminous
mass are separated using the HST images and the stellar M/L values derived
from a joint stellar-dynamical analysis of each system}; {ii} quantify
statistically and individually the incidence of mass-substructure {with or
without obvious luminous counter- parts such as dwarf galaxies}. Since
dark-matter substructure could be more prevalent at higher redshift, both
results provide a direct test of this prediction of the CDM hierarchical
structure-formation model.

WFPC2 10786

Rotational state and composition of Pluto's outer satellites

We propose an intricate set of observations aimed at discovering the
rotational state of the newly discovered satellites of Pluto, S/2005 P1 and
S/2005 P2. These observations will indicate if the satellites are in
synchronous rotation or not. If they are not, then the observations will
determine the rotational period or provide tight constraints on the
amplitude. The other primary goal is to extend the wavelength coverage of
the colors of the surface and allow us to constrain the surface compositions
of both objects. From these data we will also be able to significantly
improve the orbits of P1 and P2, improve the measurement of the bulk density
of Charon, and search for albedo changes on the surface of Pluto.

WFPC2 10561

A deep UV imaging survey of the Globular Cluster M 30

We propose to carry out a deep FUV and NUV survey of M30 {NGC 7099} in order
to find and study the hot and/or dynamically-formed stellar populations in
the globular cluster. In particular, we will {i} search for the UV
counterpart to a MSP binary, {ii} find and study the full population of
cataclysmic variables in this cluster, {iii} study the UV properties of the
cluster's extensive blue straggler population, {iv} detect the first set of
white dwarfs in this cluster. Our survey will be sensitive to variability on
time-scales from minutes to weeks, allowing us to search for variable stars
in all of the FUV populations.

FLIGHT OPERATIONS SUMMARY:

Significant Spacecraft Anomalies: (The following are preliminary reports of
potential non-nominal performance that will be investigated.)

HSTARS: (None)

COMPLETED OPS REQUEST: (None)

SCHEDULED SUCCESSFUL

FGS GSacq 18 18
FGS REacq 15 15
OBAD with Maneuver 66 66

COMPLETED OPS NOTES: (None)