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Amalthea Had A Far-Flung Past
http://subarutelescope.org/Pressrele.../23/index.html
Jupiter's Moon Had A Far-Flung Past National Astronomical Observatory of Japan December 23, 2004 The first ground based infrared spectrum of Jupiter's moon Amalthea reveals that it must have formed far from its current location. This new result, based on observations with the Subaru telescope and the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility by a team of researchers from the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, the University of Hawaii, and the University of Tokyo, sheds new light on our Solar System's turbulent past. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Planets like Earth and Jupiter formed from the disk of gas and dust swirling around the Sun at the time of its birth. Rocky planets like Earth formed in the high temperature environment close to the Sun, while large gaseous planets like Jupiter formed in the cooler regions farther away. Similarly, Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system, probably had its own disk of gas and dust. The four moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto) are likely to have been born from this disk. In addition to the Galilean moons, Jupiter has two other types of satellites: four small inner moons orbiting Jupiter within the orbit of Io, the inner most Galilean satellite, and at least fifty five small outer moons outside the orbit of Callisto, the outer most Galilean satellite. All the outer satellites have tell-tale orbits that reveal that they must have been captured by Jupiter during or after the formation of the planet and its larger moons. The origin of the four small inner moons remain a mystery, however. They have orbits compatible with the hypothesis that they formed in orbit around Jupiter like the Galilean moons. On the other hand, their small irregular shapes and their comparatively low reflectivity and low densities resemble asteroids and suggest that they were captured by Jupiter's gravitational pull just like the outer moons. The mystery persists because of the challenge inherent in observing Jupiter's small inner moons from Earth. The moons are small and therefore faint, and they are obscured by the bright glare from Jupiter. Although NASA's space probes Voyager and Galileo have captured detailed images of Jupiter's small inner moons, these data have been insufficient for resolving the question of their origin. Naruhisa Takato from the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan and his collaborators have now had success in obtaining the first infrared spectrum of two of Jupiter's small inner moons, Amalthea and Thebe. To obtain a spectrum over a wide range of infrared wavelengths, the group combined the strengths of two instruments on two telescopes on the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii. For high resolution spectroscopy at wavelengths longer than 3 mirometers ,the group used the Infrared Camera and Spectrograph on the Subaru telescope. For shorter wavelengths, the group used SpeX on the NASA IRTF, which has broad wavelength coverage. The new spectrum of Amalthea shows the characteristic signatures of water. The most likely location of this water is within water containing hydrous minerals. Such minerals typically form in low temperature environments, ruling out the possibility that Amalthea could have formed in the high temperature environment of Jupiter's immediate neighborhood while the planet was forming and where Amalthea now is. If Amalthea did not form near its present location, where did it come from? The surface of Amalthea resembles regions of Callisto that are not covered by ice. This suggests that Amalthea may have been one of the many small "micro-satellites" orbiting Jupiter that was sucked into an inner orbit when the Galilean moons formed. However, the spectrum of Amalthea has similarities with asteroids orbiting the Sun, suggesting that is was a "micro-planet" that was pulled into Jupiter's orbit when Jupiter itself was forming. Takato says "although we think Jupiter's moons formed as an assembly of many smaller bodies, the same way we think planets formed from 'planetesimals', until now we have not found any example of the original building blocks of a planet's moon. However, our results strengthen the argument that Amalthea is one of the few remaining pieces of the material that formed the Galilean moons. Amalthea may have ended up in orbit close to Jupiter rather than get incorporated into a larger moon or Jupiter itself. If this is the case, Amalthea would be the first known example of a 'satellitesimal.'" References: These results were published in the December 24, 2004, edition of the journal Science Vol. 306, 2224 - 2227. |
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in your hands.
6 live babies 1 lb. smoked sausage 4 lemons whole garlic 2 lb. new potatoes 4 ears corn 1 box salt crab boil Bring 3 gallons of water to a boil. Add sausage, salt, crab boil, lemons and garlic. Drop potatoes in, boil for 4 minutes. Corn is added next, boil an additional 11 minutes. Put the live babies into the boiling water and cover. Boil till meat comes off easily with a fork. Oven-Baked Baby-Back Ribs Beef ribs or pork ribs can be used in this recipe, and that is exactly what your dinner guests will assume! An excellent way to expose the uninitiated to this highly misunderstood yet succulent source of protein. 2 human baby rib racks 3 cups barbecue sauce or honey glaze (see index) Salt black pepper white pepper paprika Remove the silverskin by loosening from the edges, then stripping off. Season generously, rubbing the mixture into the baby?s flesh. Place 1 quart water in a baking pan, the meat on a wire rack. Bake uncovered in 250° oven for 1½ hours. When browned, remove and glaze, return to oven and bake 20 minutes more to form a glaze. Cut ribs into individual pieces and serve with extra sauce. Fresh Sausage If it becomes necessary to hide the fact that you are eating human babies, this is the perfect solution. But if you are still paranoid, you can substitute pork butt. 5 lb. lean chuck roast 3 lb. prime baby butt 2 tablespoons each: salt black, white and cayenne peppers celery salt garlic powder parsley flakes brown sugar 1 teaspoon sage 2 onions 6 cloves garlic bunch green onions, chopped Cut the children?s butts and the beef roast into pieces |
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