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Variable Speed of Light in Gravity



 
 
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  #1  
Old June 1st 19, 02:08 AM posted to sci.astro
Pentcho Valev
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Default Variable Speed of Light in Gravity

Lee Smolin: "Special relativity was the result of 10 years of intellectual struggle, yet Einstein had convinced himself it was wrong within two years of publishing it." http://www.logosjournal.com/issue_4.3/smolin.htm

"Within two years" means 1907. What happened in 1907? VoilÃ*:

John Norton: "Already in 1907, a mere two years after the completion of the special theory, he [Einstein] had concluded that the speed of light is variable in the presence of a gravitational field." http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/papers...UP_TimesNR.pdf

Does "variable in the presence of a gravitational field" entail "variable in gravitation-free space"? Yes it does:

Michael Fowler, University of Virginia: "What happens if we shine the pulse of light vertically down inside a freely falling elevator, from a laser in the center of the ceiling to a point in the center of the floor? Let us suppose the flash of light leaves the ceiling at the instant the elevator is released into free fall. If the elevator has height h, it takes time h/c to reach the floor. This means the floor is moving downwards at speed gh/c when the light hits. Question: Will an observer on the floor of the elevator see the light as Doppler shifted? The answer has to be no, because inside the elevator, by the Equivalence Principle, conditions are identical to those in an inertial frame with no fields present. There is nothing to change the frequency of the light. This implies, however, that to an outside observer, stationary in the earth's gravitational field, the frequency of the light will change. This is because he will agree with the elevator observer on what was the initial frequency f of the light as it left the laser in the ceiling (the elevator was at rest relative to the earth at that moment) so if the elevator operator maintains the light had the same frequency f as it hit the elevator floor, which is moving at gh/c relative to the earth at that instant, the earth observer will say the light has frequency f(1 + v/c) = f(1+gh/c^2), using the Doppler formula for very low speeds." http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/cla...elativity.html

Substituting f=c/λ into Fowler's equation gives:

f' = f(1+v/c) = f(1+gh/c^2) = (c+v)/λ = c(1+gh/c^2)/λ = c'/λ

where f' is the frequency measured by both the observer "stationary in the earth's gravitational field" and an equivalent observer who, in gravitation-free space, moves with speed v=gh/c towards the emitter. Accordingly,

c' = c+v = c(1+gh/c^2)

is the speed of light relative to those two observers. Clearly, in both cases the frequency shift is due to a shift in the speed of light.

Conclusion: The speed of light varies with both the gravitational potential and the speed of the observer, just as predicted by Newton's theory and in violation of Einstein's relativity.

Einstein knew that the speed of light varied for the moving observer even before 1905:

John Stachel: "But this seems to be nonsense. How can it happen that the speed of light relative to an observer cannot be increased or decreased if that observer moves towards or away from a light beam? Einstein states that he wrestled with this problem over a lengthy period of time, to the point of despair." http://www.aip.org/history/exhibits/...relativity.htm

Pentcho Valev
  #2  
Old June 1st 19, 12:09 PM posted to sci.astro
Pentcho Valev
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Default Variable Speed of Light in Gravity

"Contrary to intuition, the speed of light (properly defined) DECREASES as the black hole is approached." http://www.physlink.com/Education/AskExperts/ae13.cfm

This prediction of Einstein's general relativity was originally an idiotic fudge factor reconciling the miraculous gravitational time dilation Einstein had fabricated in 1911 and the gravitational redshift predicted by Newton's theory. Gravitational time dilation and gravitational redshift are only compatible if the speed of light falling in gravity absurdly DECREASES (the acceleration of falling photons is NEGATIVE, -2g near Earth's surface):

"...you will find in section 3 of that paper Einstein's derivation of the variable speed of light in a gravitational potential, eqn (3). The result is: c'=c0(1+φ/c^2) where φ is the gravitational potential relative to the point where the speed of light c0 is measured. Simply put: Light appears to travel slower in stronger gravitational fields (near bigger mass).. [...] You can find a more sophisticated derivation later by Einstein (1955) from the full theory of general relativity in the weak field approximation. [...] Namely the 1955 approximation shows a variation in km/sec twice as much as first predicted in 1911." http://www.speed-light.info/speed_of_light_variable.htm

"Thus, as φ becomes increasingly negative (i.e., as the magnitude of the potential increases), the radial "speed of light" c_r defined in terms of the Schwarzschild parameters t and r is reduced to less than the nominal value of c." https://www.mathpages.com/rr/s6-01/6-01.htm

Actually the speed of light falling in gravity INCREASES (near Earth's surface the acceleration of falling photons is g = 9.8 m/s^2) as predicted by Newton's theory and unequivocally confirmed by the Pound-Rebka-Snider experiment:

"To see why a deflection of light would be expected, consider Figure 2-17, which shows a beam of light entering an accelerating compartment. Successive positions of the compartment are shown at equal time intervals. Because the compartment is accelerating, the distance it moves in each time interval increases with time. The path of the beam of light, as observed from inside the compartment, is therefore a parabola. But according to the equivalence principle, there is no way to distinguish between an accelerating compartment and one with uniform velocity in a uniform gravitational field. We conclude, therefore, that A BEAM OF LIGHT WILL ACCELERATE IN A GRAVITATIONAL FIELD AS DO OBJECTS WITH REST MASS. For example, near the surface of Earth light will fall with acceleration 9.8 m/s^2." http://web.pdx.edu/~pmoeck/books/Tipler_Llewellyn.pdf

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: "Consider a falling object. ITS SPEED INCREASES AS IT IS FALLING. Hence, if we were to associate a frequency with that object the frequency should increase accordingly as it falls to earth. Because of the equivalence between gravitational and inertial mass, WE SHOULD OBSERVE THE SAME EFFECT FOR LIGHT. So lets shine a light beam from the top of a very tall building. If we can measure the frequency shift as the light beam descends the building, we should be able to discern how gravity affects a falling light beam. This was done by Pound and Rebka in 1960. They shone a light from the top of the Jefferson tower at Harvard and measured the frequency shift. The frequency shift was tiny but in agreement with the theoretical prediction. Consider a light beam that is travelling away from a gravitational field. Its frequency should shift to lower values. This is known as the gravitational red shift of light." https://courses.physics.illinois.edu...re13/L13r.html

Albert Einstein Institute: "One of the three classical tests for general relativity is the gravitational redshift of light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation. However, in contrast to the other two tests - the gravitational deflection of light and the relativistic perihelion shift -, you do not need general relativity to derive the correct prediction for the gravitational redshift. A combination of Newtonian gravity, a particle theory of light, and the weak equivalence principle (gravitating mass equals inertial mass) suffices. [...] The gravitational redshift was first measured on earth in 1960-65 by Pound, Rebka, and Snider at Harvard University..." http://www.einstein-online.info/spot...te_dwarfs.html

R. V. Pound and J. L. Snider, Effect of Gravity on Gamma Radiation: "It is not our purpose here to enter into the many-sided discussion of the relationship between the effect under study and general relativity or energy conservation. It is to be noted that no strictly relativistic concepts are involved and the description of the effect as an "apparent weight" of photons is suggestive. The velocity difference predicted is identical to that which a material object would acquire in free fall for a time equal to the time of flight." http://virgo.lal.in2p3.fr/NPAC/relat...iers/pound.pdf

Pentcho Valev
  #3  
Old June 1st 19, 06:29 PM posted to sci.astro
Pentcho Valev
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Default Variable Speed of Light in Gravity

Gravitational time dilation is an idiocy Einstein fabricated in 1911 - later he included it in his 1915 "theory", with the help of the equally idiotic fudge factor "Speed of light falling in gravity DECREASES":

Hanoch Gutfreund: "The general theory of relativity predicts that time progresses slower in a stronger gravitational field than in a weaker one." http://www.huffingtonpost.com/hanoch..._7314788..html

Actually the prediction is much more idiotic than that. General relativity predicts that gravitational time dilation occurs even in a HOMOGENEOUS gravitational field:

"the homogeneous gravitational field is the gravitational field which, in every point, has the same gradient of the potential. Such a field is produced by an infinite material plane with the constant surface density of mass." http://cds.cern.ch/record/538836/files/0202058.pdf

In a HOMOGENEOUS gravitational field two clocks at different heights are in EXACTLY THE SAME immediate environment - feel EXACTLY THE SAME gravitational force acting on them - and yet one of them ticks faster than the other, according to general relativity. That is, general relativity says (implicitly) that the effect (gravitational time dilation) has no physical cause.

"Effect without cause" is not a problem in Einstein's schizophrenic world - Einsteinians worship even greater idiocies. Still clever Einsteinians feel uncomfortable and admit that there is no gravitational time dilation:

Banesh Hoffmann: "In an accelerated sky laboratory, and therefore also in the corresponding earth laboratory, the frequence of arrival of light pulses is lower than the ticking rate of the upper clocks even though ALL THE CLOCKS GO AT THE SAME RATE. [...] As a result the experimenter at the ceiling of the sky laboratory will see with his own eyes that the floor clock is going at a slower rate than the ceiling clock - even though, as I have stressed, BOTH ARE GOING AT THE SAME RATE. [...] The gravitational red shift does not arise from changes in the intrinsic rates of clocks. It arises from what befalls light signals as they traverse space and time in the presence of gravitation." http://www.amazon.com/Relativity-Its.../dp/0486406768

Pentcho Valev
 




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