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IS THE SPEED OF LIGHT A CONSTANT IN THE UNIVERSE?
http://juneauempire.com/opinion/2011...einstein-wrong
"If the speed of light is a constant in the universe, as Albert Einstein famously predicted..." Actually he did not predict that. The speed of light varies with the gravitational potential either in accordance with the equation c'=c(1+phi/c^2) given by Newton's emission theory of light or in accordance with the equation c'=c(1+2phi/c^2) given by general relativity: http://www.speed-light.info/speed_of_light_variable.htm "Einstein wrote this paper in 1911 in German. It predated the full formal development of general relativity by about four years. You can find an English translation of this paper in the Dover book 'The Principle of Relativity' beginning on page 99; you will find in section 3 of that paper Einstein's derivation of the variable speed of light in a gravitational potential, eqn (3). The result is: c'=c0(1+phi/c^2) where phi is the gravitational potential relative to the point where the speed of light co is measured......You can find a more sophisticated derivation later by Einstein (1955) from the full theory of general relativity in the weak field approximation....For the 1955 results but not in coordinates see page 93, eqn (6.28): c(r)=[1+2phi(r)/c^2]c. Namely the 1955 approximation shows a variation in km/sec twice as much as first predicted in 1911." http://www.mathpages.com/rr/s6-01/6-01.htm "Around 1911 Einstein proposed to incorporate gravitation into a modified version of special relativity by allowing the speed of light to vary as a scalar from place to place in Euclidean space as a function of the gravitational potential. This "scalar c field" is remarkably similar to a simple refractive medium, in which the speed of light varies as a function of the density. Fermat's principle of least time can then be applied to define the paths of light rays as geodesics in the spacetime manifold (as discussed in Section 8.4). Specifically, Einstein wrote in 1911 that the speed of light at a place with the gravitational potential phi would be c(1+phi/c^2), where c is the nominal speed of light in the absence of gravity. In geometrical units we define c=1, so Einstein's 1911 formula can be written simply as c'=1+phi. However, this formula for the speed of light (not to mention this whole approach to gravity) turned out to be incorrect, as Einstein realized during the years leading up to 1915 and the completion of the general theory. (...) ...we have c_r =1+2phi, which corresponds to Einstein's 1911 equation, except that we have a factor of 2 instead of 1 on the potential term." CONCLUSION: Light leaving the gravitational field of the emitter continues its journey with speed c' lower than c. The lower the speed of light, the higher the redshift. Pentcho Valev |
#2
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IS THE SPEED OF LIGHT A CONSTANT IN THE UNIVERSE?
On Oct 4, 11:08*am, Pentcho Valev wrote:
http://juneauempire.com/opinion/2011...orial-was-eins... "If the speed of light is a constant in the universe, as Albert Einstein famously predicted..." Actually he did not predict that. The speed of light varies with the gravitational potential either in accordance with the equation c'=c(1+phi/c^2) given by Newton's emission theory of light or in accordance with the equation c'=c(1+2phi/c^2) given by general relativity: http://www.speed-light.info/speed_of_light_variable.htm "Einstein wrote this paper in 1911 in German. It predated the full formal development of general relativity by about four years. You can find an English translation of this paper in the Dover book 'The Principle of Relativity' beginning on page 99; you will find in section 3 of that paper Einstein's derivation of the variable speed of light in a gravitational potential, eqn (3). The result is: c'=c0(1+phi/c^2) where phi is the gravitational potential relative to the point where the speed of light co is measured......You can find a more sophisticated derivation later by Einstein (1955) from the full theory of general relativity in the weak field approximation....For the 1955 results but not in coordinates see page 93, eqn (6.28): c(r)=[1+2phi(r)/c^2]c. Namely the 1955 approximation shows a variation in km/sec twice as much as first predicted in 1911." http://www.mathpages.com/rr/s6-01/6-01.htm "Around 1911 Einstein proposed to incorporate gravitation into a modified version of special relativity by allowing the speed of light to vary as a scalar from place to place in Euclidean space as a function of the gravitational potential. This "scalar c field" is remarkably similar to a simple refractive medium, in which the speed of light varies as a function of the density. Fermat's principle of least time can then be applied to define the paths of light rays as geodesics in the spacetime manifold (as discussed in Section 8.4). Specifically, Einstein wrote in 1911 that the speed of light at a place with the gravitational potential phi would be c(1+phi/c^2), where c is the nominal speed of light in the absence of gravity. In geometrical units we define c=1, so Einstein's 1911 formula can be written simply as c'=1+phi. However, this formula for the speed of light (not to mention this whole approach to gravity) turned out to be incorrect, as Einstein realized during the years leading up to 1915 and the completion of the general theory. (...) ...we have c_r =1+2phi, which corresponds to Einstein's 1911 equation, except that we have a factor of 2 instead of 1 on the potential term." CONCLUSION: Light leaving the gravitational field of the emitter continues its journey with speed c' lower than c. The lower the speed of light, the higher the redshift. Pentcho Valev Hasn't this shift of color to do with the frequensy (wavelength) of the observed ligt rather than speed? When Einstein spoke about constant speed of light, he talked about speed in vacuum. In materia with density, the speed varies? KON |
#3
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IS THE SPEED OF LIGHT A CONSTANT IN THE UNIVERSE?
http://www.physique.usherbrooke.ca/t...relativite.pdf
Jean Eisenstaedt: "Le renouveau n'est pourtant pas loin et on peut le dater asssez précisément. C'est sans doute, en 1960, le succès de l'expérience de Robert Pound et Glen Rebka qui le marque scientifiquement. Pour la première fois, une expérience terrestre confirme la relativité générale, en vérifiant avec précision que les fréquences d'émission des atomes sont modifiées par le champ de gravitation de la terre." Pas exact, Jean Eisenstaedt. L'expérience de Pound-Rebka confirme la relativité générale GLORIEUSEMENT. Il ne faut pas omettre ce "GLORIEUSEMENT" parce que l'expérience confirme aussi la théorie de l'émission de Newton mais d'une façon plutôt minable. Cette théorie (de l'émission) dit que le décalage mesuré des fréquences est dû au fait que le champ gravitationnel accélère les signaux lumineux mais c'est faux, Jean Eisenstaedt, c'est très très faux. Les fréquences d'émission des atomes sont modifiées parce que ces atomes sont des petites horloges dont le rythme intrinsèque varie avec le potentiel gravitationnel. C'est la vérité absolue, Jean Eisenstaedt. Banesh Hoffmann raconte des bêtises mais c'est pour mieux vendre son liv http://www.decitre.fr/livres/La-rela.../9782842450199 Banesh Hoffmann, "La relativité, histoire d'une grande idée", Pour la Science, Paris, 1999, pp. 166-169: "L'observateur au plafond constatera que l'horloge du plancher fonctionne plus lentement que celle du plafond. Et pourtant les deux horloges continuent à fonctionner au même rythme. (.....) Le décalage gravitationnel des fréquences n'est pas la conséquence d'un changement du rythme intrinseque des horloges. Ce décalage resulte de L'EFFET DU CHAMP GRAVITATIONNEL SUR LES SIGNAUX LUMINEUX qui se propagent dans l'espace- temps." Michell, Laplace, Soldner, même Einstein en 1911 - ils tous ne racontaient que des bêtises: http://www.arte.tv/fr/La-relativite-...ve/856858.html Jean Eisenstaedt: "Michell est persuadé de l'universalité de la gravitation et que la lumière doit, comme tout autre corpuscule, y être soumise. Il en déduit, en cette fin du XVIIIe siècle, qu'un corpuscule lumineux, émis par une étoile animée d'une vitesse constante, va être petit à petit freiné et sa vitesse diminuée. À tel point que, si l'étoile est très massive, le corpuscule, telle une pierre jetée en l'air, peut s'arrêter dans sa course et retomber sur l'étoile. Aussi invente-t-il ces objets étranges que Pierre-Simon Laplace nommera «corps obscurs» (car leur lumière ne peut nous en parvenir) et qui s'apparentent aux trous noirs. En 1801, s'appuyant sur ces résultats vulgarisés par Laplace, l'astronome allemand Georg von Soldner en déduira qu'un rayon lumineux peut être dévié de sa course s'il passe près d'un corps pesant. Ses résultats ne sont aucunement différents de ceux d'Einstein, qui calculera le même effet en 1911." Et maintenant, Jean Eisenstaedt, la plus grande bêtise: http://membres.multimania.fr/juvastr...s/einstein.pdf "Le principe d'équivalence, un des fondements de base de la relativité générale prédit que dans un champ gravitationnel, la lumière tombe comme tout corps matériel selon l'acceleration de la pesanteur." La bêtise equivalente, dans le monde de Big Brother, est "deux et deux font quatre": http://www.ebooksgratuits.com/pdf/orwell_1984.pdf George Orwell: "Le Parti finirait par annoncer que deux et deux font cinq et il faudrait le croire. Il était inéluctable que, tôt ou tard, il fasse cette déclaration. La logique de sa position l'exigeait. Ce n'était pas seulement la validité de l'expérience, mais l'existence même d'une réalité extérieure qui était tacitement niée par sa philosophie. L'hérésie des hérésies était le sens commun. Et le terrible n'était pas que le Parti tuait ceux qui pensaient autrement, mais qu'il se pourrait qu'il eût raison. Après tout, comment pouvons- nous savoir que deux et deux font quatre? Ou que la gravitation exerce une force? Ou que le passé est immuable? Si le passé et le monde extérieur n'existent que dans l'esprit et si l'esprit est susceptible de recevoir des directives? Alors quoi?" Pentcho Valev |
#4
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IS THE SPEED OF LIGHT A CONSTANT IN THE UNIVERSE?
The speed of light is *not* constant, it slows down as it passes
through different mediums, that's what causes refraction. Didn't you do physics at school? JGH |
#5
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IS THE SPEED OF LIGHT A CONSTANT IN THE UNIVERSE?
http://www.phys.uconn.edu/~gibson/No...6_3/Sec6_3.htm
Professor George N. Gibson, University of Connecticut: "However, if either the source or the observer is moving, things change. This is called the Doppler effect. (...) To understand the moving observer, imagine you are in a motorboat on the ocean. If you are not moving, the boat will bob up and down with a certain frequency determined by the ocean waves coming in. However, imagine that you are moving into the waves fairly quickly. You will find that you bob up and down more rapidly, because you hit the crests of the waves sooner than if you were not moving. So, the frequency of the waves appears to be higher to you than if you were not moving. Notice, THE WAVES THEMSELVES HAVE NOT CHANGED, only your experience of them. Nevertheless, you would say that the frequency has increased. Now imagine that you are returning to shore, and so you are traveling in the same direction as the waves. In this case, the waves may still overtake you, but AT A MUCH SLOWER RATE - you will bob up and down more slowly. In fact, if you travel with exactly the same speed as the waves, you will not bob up and down at all. The same thing is true for sound waves, or ANY OTHER WAVES. If you are moving into a wave, its frequency will appear to you to be higher, while if you are traveling in the same direction as the waves, their frequency will appear to be lower. The formula for the frequency that the observer will detect depends on the speed of the observer - the larger the speed the greater the effect. If we call the speed of the observer, Vo, the frequency the observer detects will be: f'=f(1+Vo/Vwave). Here, f is the original frequency and Vwave is the speed of the wave." Einsteinians, as you are traveling in the same direction as the waves, do the waves overtake you AT A SLOWER RATE? No? Gibson is confused? No matter how fast you are traveling, the waves always overtake you AT THE SAME RATE? Yes we all believe in relativity, relativity, relativity? Pentcho Valev |
#6
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IS THE SPEED OF LIGHT A CONSTANT IN THE UNIVERSE?
Common sense refutation of special relativity (if you move faster
against the wavecrests, wavecrests move faster against you): http://a-levelphysicstutor.com/wav-doppler.php "vO is the velocity of an observer moving towards the source. This velocity is independent of the motion of the source. Hence, the velocity of waves relative to the observer is c + vO. (...) The motion of an observer does not alter the wavelength. The increase in frequency is a result of the observer encountering more wavelengths in a given time." http://www.hep.man.ac.uk/u/roger/PHY.../lecture18.pdf Roger Barlow: "Now suppose the source is fixed but the observer is moving towards the source, with speed v. In time t, ct/(lambda) waves pass a fixed point. A moving point adds another vt/(lambda). So f'=(c +v)/(lambda)." http://www.expo-db.be/ExposPrecedent...%20Doppler.pdf "La variation de la fréquence observée lorsqu'il y a mouvement relatif entre la source et l'observateur est appelée effet Doppler. (...) 6. Source immobile - Observateur en mouvement: La distance entre les crêtes, la longueur d'onde lambda ne change pas. Mais la vitesse des crêtes par rapport à l'observateur change !" http://www.astrosurf.com/quasar95/exposes/redshift.pdf "Appliqué à la lumière, cet effet Doppler-Fizeau engendre un décalage des fréquences émises par une source en mouvement par rapport à un observateur. Comment expliquer ce phénomène ? Par un exemple simple : Une personne est debout sur le rivage d'un bord de la mer. Des vagues lui arrivent sur les pieds toutes les dix secondes. La personne marche, puis court en direction du large (là où se forment les vagues). Elle va à la rencontre des vagues, celles-ci l'atteignent avec une fréquence plus élevée (par exemple toutes les huit secondes, puis toutes les cinq secondes). La personne fait alors demi-tour et marche puis court en direction de la plage. Les vagues l'atteignent avec une fréquence moins élevée, par exemple toutes les douze, puis quinze secondes. Cette petite démonstration s'applique à une onde physique, comme un son, ou ici les vagues sur l'océan pour une meilleure compréhension. Elle peut être extrapolée à une onde lumineuse, en considérant que le sommet d'une vague est le point d'amplitude maximale de l'onde lumineuse." http://www.eng.uwi.tt/depts/elec/sta...relativity.pdf The Invalidation of a Sacred Principle of Modern Physics Stephan J.G. Gift "For a stationary observer O, the stationary light source S emits light at speed c, wavelength Lo, and frequency Fo given by Fo=c/Lo. If the observer moves toward S at speed v, then again based on classical analysis, the speed of light relative to the moving observer is (c + v) and not c as required by Einstein's law of light propagation. Hence the observer intercepts wave-fronts of light at a frequency fA, which is higher than Fo, as is observed, and is given by fA = (c+v)/Lo Fo. (...) In light of this elementary result invalidating STR, it is difficult to understand why this invalid theory has been (and continues to be) accepted for the past 100 years." However common sense is "the heresy of heresies" in Einsteiniana's schizophrenic world: in this particular world, if you move faster against the wavecrests, the wavecrests don't move faster against you. Their speed relative to you remains the same so that believers can fiercely sing "Divine Einstein" and "Yes we all believe in relativity, relativity, relativity": http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teachi...ang/index.html John Norton: "Here's a light wave and an observer. If the observer were to hurry towards the source of the light, the observer would now pass wavecrests more frequently than the resting observer. That would mean that moving observer would find the frequency of the light to have increased (AND CORRESPONDINGLY FOR THE WAVELENGTH - THE DISTANCE BETWEEN CRESTS - TO HAVE DECREASED)." Pentcho Valev |
#7
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IS THE SPEED OF LIGHT A CONSTANT IN THE UNIVERSE?
The looming specter of Walther Ritz (no wormholes to hide,
Einsteinians): http://www.sps.ch/fr/artikel/geschic...physicist_ 2/ Jan Lacki: "Ritz had no time to make his theory more elaborate. He died complaining that no one, even in Göttingen, was granting his views sufficient care. His emissionist views were submitted to heavy criticism and experimental tests were later realized to show their inanity. Today, with considerable hindsight, we know the end of the story and how Einstein and Planck's views shaped our contemporary physics. While few would today contest the reality of quanta or turn their back on field theory of elementary processes, it is interesting to know that the criticisms against Ritz's conceptions were shown, since then, often wanting, if not simply incorrect. It is fair to say that if Ritz's emission theory is false, it cannot be as easily dismissed as it was thought in Ritz's times. Be it as it may, Ritz remains in the history of physics as an admirable figure, with a highly original theoretical turn of mind and an impressive command of mathematical methods, making him one of the emblematic theoreticians of his time. In retrospect, if he refused to adhere to the ongoing physics revolutions, he was highly aware of what kind of fundamental problems were at stake, and already this lucidity ranks him among the best." http://www.datasync.com/~rsf1/crit/1908l.htm Walther Ritz (1908): "The only conclusion which, from then on, seems possible to me, is that (...) the motion of light is a relative motion like all the others, that only relative velocities play a role in the laws of nature; and finally that we should renounce use of (...) the notion of field..." The divine plagiarist also abandoned the notion of field at the end of his life: http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/pdf...09145525ca.pdf Albert Einstein (1954): "I consider it entirely possible that physics cannot be based upon the field concept, that is on continuous structures. Then nothing will remain of my whole castle in the air, including the theory of gravitation, but also nothing of the rest of contemporary physics." Clues: http://arxiv.org/ftp/physics/papers/0101/0101109.pdf "The two first articles (January and March) establish clearly a discontinuous structure of matter and light. The standard look of Einstein's SR is, on the contrary, essentially based on the continuous conception of the field." http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/einstein/genius/ "And then, in June, Einstein completes special relativity, which adds a twist to the story: Einstein's March paper treated light as particles, but special relativity sees light as a continuous field of waves." http://www.amazon.com/Relativity-Its.../dp/0486406768 "Relativity and Its Roots" By Banesh Hoffmann "Moreover, if light consists of particles, as Einstein had suggested in his paper submitted just thirteen weeks before this one, the second principle seems absurd: A stone thrown from a speeding train can do far more damage than one thrown from a train at rest; the speed of the particle is not independent of the motion of the object emitting it. And if we take light to consist of particles and assume that these particles obey Newton's laws, they will conform to Newtonian relativity and thus automatically account for the null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment without recourse to contracting lengths, local time, or Lorentz transformations. Yet, as we have seen, Einstein resisted the temptation to account for the null result in terms of particles of light and simple, familiar Newtonian ideas, and introduced as his second postulate something that was more or less obvious when thought of in terms of waves in an ether." Pentcho Valev |
#8
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IS THE SPEED OF LIGHT A CONSTANT IN THE UNIVERSE?
Divine Albert's logic:
http://bartleby.net/173/22.html Albert Einstein: "In the second place our result shows that, according to the general theory of relativity, the law of the constancy of the velocity of light in vacuo, which constitutes one of the two fundamental assumptions in the special theory of relativity and to which we have already frequently referred, cannot claim any unlimited validity. A curvature of rays of light can only take place when the velocity of propagation of light varies with position. Now we might think that as a consequence of this, the special theory of relativity and with it the whole theory of relativity would be laid in the dust. But in reality this is not the case. We can only conclude that the special theory of relativity cannot claim an unlimited domain of validity; its result hold only so long as we are able to disregard the influences of gravitational fields on the phenomena (e.g. of light)." Divine Albert's logic in the above text: In a gravitational field, the speed of light "varies with position", that is, with the gravitational potential. Therefore, if the gravitational potential does not vary with position (if the field is zero), then the speed of light is constant. This can only mean that Divine Albert's 1905 constant-speed- of-light postulate is true, absolutely true. The antithesis, the equation c'=c+v given by Newton's emission theory of light and showing how the speed of light varies with v, the speed of the emitter relative to the observer, is false, absolutely false. Initially, Divine Albert's logic makes believers fiercely sing "Divine Einstein" and "Yes we all believe in relativity, relativity, relativity" but in the end the ecstasy gets uncontrollable - believers tumble to the floor, start tearing their clothes and go into convulsions. Pentcho Valev |
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