U.Washington scientists join hunt for 'God' particle to complete'theory of everything' (Forwarded)

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May 21, 2008

UW scientists join hunt for 'God' particle to complete 'theory of
everything'

When the world's most powerful subatomic particle collider begins
gathering data this summer, it will be a major milestone for a number of
University of Washington scientists.

The UW, led by professors Henry Lubatti in physics and Colin Daly in
mechanical engineering, played a central role in designing and fabricating
nearly 90,000 tubes that are key to the workings of the Atlas detector.
Atlas is one of six particle physics experiments that are part of the
Large Hadron Collider at the European Organization for Nuclear Research,
known as CERN, near Geneva, Switzerland.

Physicists the world over are hoping that Atlas will help unlock some deep
scientific mysteries and perhaps even lead to discovery of the Higgs
boson, sometimes called "the God particle" because it is believed its
discovery will refine the understanding of exactly how the universe came
to be and how it functions, and how mass came to be in the first place.

UW researchers are primarily involved with an Atlas subsystem that detects
subatomic particles called muons. These particles have little interaction
with each other or with other matter and are formed as a byproduct of the
collisions between protons, the nuclei of hydrogen atoms. The collider
will provide far too much data for scientists to log all of it, so the
first appearance of muons can be a signal that scientists need to record
information on collisions taking place at that time.

"They are like little messengers that tell us a potentially interesting
event may have occurred, a signal that we should look more closely at that
event," Lubatti said.

Potentially that could lead to direct evidence of the elusive Higgs boson.

"That's just one example of the detector's value," Lubatti added. "There
are many other interactions that produce high-energy muons, so it is very
important to be able to observe these."

The scientists are looking for other information that will help them to
fill gaps in what they call the Standard Model of particle physics, a
framework that explains the fundamental forces of nature. The Standard
Model explains the way particle interactions create the strong nuclear
force, the electroweak force and electromagnetism, and how those forces
work with each other, but aspects of those interactions still are not well
understood. The Large Hadron Collider also could lead to better
understanding of the fourth fundamental force -- gravity -- in terms of
particle interactions, and help solve the puzzle of why gravity, while
perhaps most recognizable to a lay observer, is the weakest of the
fundamental forces.

The collider is a successor of sorts to the Superconducting Supercollider,
a high-energy collider that was to have been built in Texas. The
supercollider was first proposed in 1983 and construction began in 1991,
but escalating cost estimates and other factors created controversy and
Congress cancelled the project in 1993, after about $2 billion had been
spent.

UW scientists including Lubatti, who initially worked on the
Superconducting Supercollider, began working on aspects of the Large
Hadron Collider in the mid 1990s. The collider, which is to begin test
operations in late May or early June, will send hydrogen protons racing at
nearly the speed of light in opposite directions through parallel
underground cylinders that form a large circle about 16.5 miles in
circumference straddling the Swiss-French border. The cylinders intersect
at various points, allowing proton collisions that produce subatomic
particles that can be observed by one of the six detectors, each
positioned at one of the intersections.

The Atlas detector contains more than 430 chambers filled with aluminum
tubes that range in length from about 5 feet to 10 feet, each resembling a
fluorescent light tube. From the early 2000s to 2007, some 30,000 of the
tubes were made at the UW and fitted into 80 chambers that were then
packed into cargo containers and shipped to Geneva. It cost about $50,000
to ship each chamber, and all arrived undamaged. Another 60,000 tubes made
with UW methods and specifications were packed into chambers at two other
U.S. sites.

Once in Geneva, the chambers were mounted into 32 sections shaped like
giant pie wedges, which fit together into two rings at either end of the
main detector. The last segment of the world's largest general-purpose
particle detector was lowered into place on leap day this year.

The tubes, critical to the detector's work, have a skin just 1/64th of an
inch thick. Each has a gold-plated tungsten wire just half the width of a
human hair strung tautly through the center that will detect what happens
when subatomic particles collide at nearly the speed of light.

The manufacture required great precision, in some cases with tolerances of
less than one-thousandth of an inch, a tall order for instrument makers
and machinists in the UW Physics Department. A major part of their success
was designing and making the equipment that could replicate such
precision. Threading the tiny wires was another great challenge.

"Maintaining that kind of precision can be very difficult when you're
working on scales of more than 9 feet, but we were able to do it," Daly
said. "We found that students with good eyes were able to thread the wires
very easily. If I tried to do it, I couldn't even see the wire."

The other institutions that worked on the manufacture of tubes for Atlas
using techniques and specifications developed at the UW are the University
of Michigan; the University of California, Irvine; Brookhaven National
Laboratory; and the Boston Muon Consortium, which includes Harvard
University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Tufts, Boston
and Brandeis universities.

In addition to Lubatti, other UW physics participants include professors
Tianchi Zhou and Paul Mockett, who retired in 2005, and staff members
David Forbush, Joshua Wang and Matt Twomey. Participants from mechanical
engineering are Daly and lab engineer William Kuykendall.

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Contact: Lubatti at (206) 962-1602, or Daly at (206) 818-6751.

REPORTERS NOTE: Images available at
http://atlas.ch/press.html