Chapt22 Classical-layered ages of the Cosmos, like an onion or treerings #391 Atom Totality 4th ed

Chapter 22
PLUTONIUM ATOM TOTALITY Universe theory: 
Â*physics characteristics;
age of the Universe is a 
Â*layered nested ages of recent galaxies of
the 
Â*Plutonium Atom Universe approx 6.5 billion years old 
Â*and the
older galaxies of the Uranium Atom Universe 
Â*approx 20.2 billion
years old
On 10 Jan 1996 01:27:47 GMT 
Â*In article
) 
Â*"Todd K.
Pedlar" ) writes:

Not really - the figures which you have quoted are

Â*first of all the
Â* probabilities at N half-lives that the atom has not
Â*yet decayed.
Â* Secondly, all you've done is shown an approximation
Â*to the MAXIMUM life
Â* of an atom, not really its "full life."
Technically, the maximum lifetime

for a given atom would be infinite. Â*What is the

meaning of "full life",

anyway? Â*If you were to choose a single atom to

observe until it decays, you

might find that it "lives" 30 seconds or 30 billion

Â*years. Â*Is its full
Â* life 30 seconds or 30 billion years? Â*In my opinion,
Â*the most meaningful
Â* statistic for a single atom is probably the "mean
life", which is simply

the average lifetime of a given atom. Â*This is equal

Â*to the half-life
Â* divided by log(2), or 0.693. Â*There is a simple
derivation of this, which

can be found in any nuclear physics text, such as

Introductory Nuclear

Physics ...

Â* Todd
Â* It is nice to review old gem books.


NUCLEAR 
PHYSICS W. Heisenberg 1953 pp45-46
--- quoting NUCLEAR PHYSICS W. Heisenberg 1953 pp45-46 
Â*---
Â* Â*The various radioactive substances show great 
Â*differences 
Â*in
their respective speeds of transmutation. Some of 
Â*these 
Â*substances
are very short-lived, whilst others last 
Â*very 
Â*long and show no
noticeable lessening in radioactivity 
Â*over 
Â*long periods of time.
Obviously, for the atoms of 
Â*every 
Â*radioactive substance there
exists a probability, 
Â*capable of 
Â*being expressed numerically, of
their radioactive 
Â*decay. The 
Â*reciprocal of this probability is the
average life of 
Â*the 
Â*substance. The decay probability, and hence
also the 
Â*average 
Â*life, is independent of the number of atoms
already 
Â*decayed. 
Â*This means that the same percentage of the number
of 
Â*atoms 
Â*still intact will decay per unit time. This law is
Â*expressed 
Â*by the following equation:
Â* Â* Â* Â* Â* Â* Â*dN = -A N dt
with the following solution for N:
Â* Â* Â* Â* Â* Â* Â* N = N_0 e^(-At)
where N_0 is the number of the intact atoms present at 
Â*the 
Â*time
t=0, N is their number at the time t, e is the 
Â*base of 
Â*natural
logarithms, and A is the decay probability, 
Â*and 
Â*hence 1/A is the
average life. Instead of the latter, 
Â*the half-life period, T (that
period of time during 
Â*which exactly one-half of the original number
of atoms 
decays) is frequently used. The half-life is slightly
Â*less 
Â*than the average life; it differs from the latter by 
Â*the
Â*factor log nat 2, the natural logarithm of 2. (If we 
Â*write 
Â*t = 1/
A x (Log nat 2), then N = N_0 x e 
Â*^(-log nat 2) = 1/2 N_0). This law
applies to both 
Â*alpha and beta radiation. 
Â*Â* Â*Thus the radioactive
properties of a homogeneous 
Â*substance are determined principally by
two factors: 
Â*the nature of the emitted particles and the average
Â*life Â*or half-life of the substance. 
Â*Â* Â*The gamma rays play a
somewhat different part. 
Â*Â* Â*We must point out, first of all, that in
natural 
Â*radioactivity gamma rays do not appear alone, but only 
in
combination with one of the other two types of 
Â*radiation. 
Â*--- end
quoting NUCLEAR PHYSICS W. Heisenberg 1953 
Â*pp45-46 ---


All the elements after bismuth are radioactive and the 
longest half-
life to alpha decay modes of the 
Â*radioactive element isotopes after
bismuth is thorium 
Â*232@90 with a half-life of 1.4 x10^10 years.
The longest lived half-life for uranium is 238@92 Â*which has a half-
life of 4.5 x10^9 years.
The longest lived half-life for plutonium in the mode 
of alpha and
negative beta decay is the isotope 244@94 at 
8.2 x10^7 years.

Â* Â*Astro ages :
Â* Â* Â* Â* Â* Â* Â* Â* Â* 89th + 90th electrons
Â* Â*Oldest group of stars (probably quasars) these are so old that
their age is a measure of their red shift and one only needs check the
difference in radius of thorium compared to U and Pu to Â*correlate red
shift with atom radius and age
Â* Â* Â* Â* Â* Â* Â* Â* Â* 91st + 92nd electrons
Â* Â*Old stars as what Sandage et al are measuring 
as 1.4 x10^10 years/.
693 = 20.2 bill yrs old. 
This is the age of our Sun and inner
planets
Â* Â* Â* Â* Â* Â* Â* Â* Â* 93rd + 94th electrons
Â* Â*This is our current big bang of a alpha particle space and our
Jupiter and gas giants outward were 
started as Schroedinger seed dots
and grew. 
This is the age Freedman et al is measuring in their big
bang expansion of 4.5 x10^9 / .693 years which is equal to 6.5 billion
years

The old mindset that the universe can have only one age is 
a mindset
of the fake Big Bang theory. It is a hang-over of the 
fake physics
theory of Big Bang, to think that the Cosmos 
is of one age, when in
fact the Cosmos of an Atom Totality 
is a steadily growing ages of old
ages and new ages together 
like a onion or tree rings.

Archimedes Plutonium
http://www.iw.net/~a_plutonium
whole entire Universe is just one big atom
where dots of the electron-dot-cloud are galaxies