Directed-Energy Weapon (DEW)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed-energy_weapon

Directed-energy weapon

A directed-energy weapon (DEW) is a type of weapon that emits energy in an
aimed direction without the means of a projectile. It transfers energy to a
target for a desired effect. Some of these weapons are real or in
development; others are at present only science fiction.

The energy can come in various forms:

a.. Electromagnetic radiation (typically lasers or masers).
b.. Particles with mass (particle beam weapons).
c.. Sound (sonic weaponry)
In science fiction, these weapons are sometimes known as death rays or
rayguns and are usually portrayed as projecting energy at a person or object
to kill or destroy.

Some lethal directed-energy weapons are under active research and
development, but most examples appear in science fiction (non-functional
toys, film props or animation).

[edit] Tactical considerations and problems
Lasers have several main advantages over conventional weaponry:

a.. Laser beams travel at the speed of light, unlike projectile weapons,
so there is no need in terrestrial applications to aim ahead to allow for
the target moving while the shot travels as the transit time over such
distances is virtually zero.
b.. The speed of delivery means that the target has no chance to detect or
evade (in contrast with enemy aircraft targeted with anti-aircraft
missiles), and that some third object does not have the time to accidentally
move into the trajectory while the energy is delivered.
c.. Light's short transit time also nearly eliminates the influence of
gravity, so long range projection does not require compensation for such.
Other aspects such as wind speed can be ignored.
d.. Lasers can provide a level of pin-point accuracy that cannot be
matched by a projectile.
e.. Some lasers run on electricity which can be cheaply generated,
reducing the need for expensive and finite ammunition, possibly replacing it
with smaller batteries that would hold many more shots. However, building
portable electric power sources of sufficient energy capacity is a problem.
f.. Because light has a practically nil ratio (exactly 1 / c) of momentum
to energy, lasers produce negligible recoil.
g.. Laser beams do not "betray" themselves when emitted, either by
eyesight or by sound. Unlike missiles (e.g. ICBMs) there is no system to
track and contain them.
h.. Design of laser weapons does not have to consider forces that the
classic ammunition causes during firing.
i.. The laser could have much longer range than firearms without need of a
long barrel or rifling
Under radar control, lasers have shot artillery shells in flight, including
mortar rounds. This suggests that a primary application of lasers might be
as part of a defensive system.

The main difficulty with currently practical lasers is the high expense and
fragility of their mirrors and mirror-pointing systems.

Some believe that mirrors or other countermeasures can reduce the
effectiveness of high energy lasers. This has not been demonstrated. Small
defects in mirrors absorb energy, and the defects rapidly expand across the
surface. Protective mirroring on the outside of a target could easily be
made less effective by incidental damage and by dust and dirt on its
surface. However protective measures have been considered that would
evaporate off the surface and reduce the intensity of the beam, such as
ablative armor.

[edit] Blooming
Laser beams begin to cause plasma breakdown in the air at energy densities
of around a megajoule per cubic centimeter. This effect, called "blooming,"
causes the laser to defocus and disperse energy into the atmosphere. It can
be more severe if there is fog, smoke, or dust in the air.

There are several ways to stop or reduce blooming:

a.. The beam can be distributed over a large mirror that focuses the power
on the target, to keep energy density in the air too low for blooming to
happen. This requires a large, very precise, fragile mirror, mounted
somewhat like a searchlight, requiring bulky machinery to slew the mirror to
aim the laser.
b.. A phased array. For the usual laser wavelengths this method would need
billions of micrometre-size antennae, and no way to make these is known.
Phased arrays could theoretically also perform phase-conjugate amplification
(see below). Another advantage is that phased arrays do not require mirrors
or lenses, can be made flat and thus do not require a turret-like system (as
in the first approach) to be aimed, though range will suffer at extreme
angles (that is, the angle the beam forms to the surface of the phased
array).[1]
c.. A phase-conjugate laser system. Here, a "finder" or "guide" laser
illuminates the target. Any mirror-like ("specular") points on the target
reflect light that is sensed by the weapon's primary amplifier. The
weapon-power amplifier then amplifies inverted waves in a positive feedback
loop, destroying the target with shockwaves as the specular regions
evaporate. This avoids the blooming problem because the waves from the
target passed through the blooming, and therefore show the most conductive
optical path; this automatically corrects for the distortions caused by
blooming. Experimental systems using this method usually use special
chemicals to form a "phase conjugate mirror." In most systems, the mirror
overheats dramatically at weaponized power levels.
d.. A very short pulse that finishes before blooming interferes.
[edit] Evaporated target material shading the target
Another problem with weaponized lasers is that the evaporated material from
the surface of the target begins to shade the surface. There are several
approaches to this problem:

a.. One is to induce a standing shockwave in the ablation cloud. The
shockwave then continues to perform damage.
b.. Another scheme is to scan the target faster than the shockwave.
c.. Another theoretical possibility is to induce plasmic optical mixing at
the target. In this scheme, the transparency of the target's ablation cloud
to one laser is modulated by another laser, perhaps by tuning the laser to
the absorption spectra of the ablation cloud, and inducing population
inversion in the cloud. The other laser then induces local lasing in the
ablation cloud. The beat frequency that results can induce frequencies that
penetrate the ablation cloud.
[edit] High power consumption
One major problem with laser weapons (and directed-energy weapons in
general) is their high energy requirements. Existing methods of storing,
conducting, transforming, and directing energy are inadequate to produce a
convenient hand-held weapon. Existing lasers are inefficient and waste much
energy as heat, and thus need much power and bulky cooling equipment to
avoid damage by overheating. Simple air cooling could leave an impractical
amount of time between shot cycles. These problems, which severely limit
laser weapon practicality at present, might be offset by:

1.. Cheap high-temperature superconductors to make the weapon more
efficient.
2.. A new method of conveniently storing and/or generating large amounts
of electricity needed to power the weapon.
If only #2 is available, part of the energy could be used to cool the
device.

This problem of storing and/or supplying electrical energy is offset in
chemical lasers by using energy released in a suitable chemical reaction
instead. Chemical oxygen iodine laser (hydrogen peroxide with iodine) and
deuterium fluoride laser (atomic fluorine reacting with deuterium) are two
examples of laser types capable of megawatt-range output of a continuous
beam. Storing and transporting the chemical fuel presents its own problems
with these lasers, and the problems of cooling and overall inefficiency
remain.

This problem could also be lessened if the weapon were mounted either as at
defensive position near a power plant, or on board a large, possibly nuclear
powered, water-going ship or space ship. A water-going ship would also have
the advantage of an unlimited water supply for cooling, although at sea salt
could cause issues with the systems.

[edit] Beam absorbed by obscuration in the air
A laser beam or particle beam passing through air can be absorbed or
scattered by rain, snow, dust, fog, smoke, or similar visual obstructions
that a bullet would easily brush aside. This effect adds to blooming and
worsens the efficiency of the weapon by wasting more energy into the
atmosphere.

The energy that is wasted can cause significant disruption to cloud
development since the impact wave creates a "tunnelling effect". Engineers
from MIT and the U.S. Army are looking into ways that this weapon can be
used against weather.

[edit] Lack of indirect fire capabilities
Indirect fire, as used in artillery warfare to allow the shelling of a
target behind a hill, is not feasible with line-of-sight laser weapons.
Possible alternatives are to mount the lasers (or perhaps just reflectors)
on airborne or space-based platforms or unmanned aerial vehicles.

[edit] Lasers
Lasers are very well known in science fiction as a type of raygun. In the
real world, lasers are often used for sighting, ranging and targeting for
guns; but the laser beam is not the source of the weapon's firepower.

Laser weapons usually generate brief high-energy pulses. A million joules
delivered as a laser pulse is roughly the same energy as 200g of high
explosive, and has the same basic effect on a target. The primary damage
mechanism is mechanical shear, caused by reaction (like a rocket) when the
surface of the target is explosively evaporated.[citation needed]

Most existing weaponized lasers are gas dynamic lasers. Fuel, or a powerful
turbine, pushes the lasing media through a circuit or series of orifices.
The high-pressures and heating cause the medium to form a plasma and lase. A
major difficulty with these systems is preserving the high-precision mirrors
and windows of the laser resonating cavity. Most systems use a low-powered
"oscillator" laser to generate a coherent wave, and then amplify it. Some
experimental laser amplifiers do not use windows or mirrors, but have open
orifices, which cannot be destroyed by high energies.[citation needed]

Some lasers are used as less-lethal weapons, such as dazzlers which are
designed to temporarily blind or distract.

Specific examples include:

a.. The Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser (MIRACL) is an experimental
U.S. Navy deuterium fluoride laser and was tested against an Air Force
satellite in 1997.
b.. Personnel Halting and Stimulation Response, or PHaSR, is a non-lethal
hand-held weapon developed by the United States Air Force [2] Its purpose is
to "dazzle" or stun a target. It was developed by Air Force Directed Energy
Directorate.
c.. Tactical High Energy Laser (THEL) is a weaponized deuterium fluoride
laser developed in a joint research project of Israel and the U.S. It is
designed to shoot down aircraft and missiles. See also National missile
defense.
d.. The U.S. Air Force's Airborne Laser, or Advanced Tactical Laser, is a
plan to mount a CO2 gas laser or COIL chemical laser on a modified Boeing
747 and use it to shoot down missiles.[3][4]
e.. Northrop Grumman has announced the availability of a high-energy
solid-state laser weapon system that they call FIRESTRIKE. The system is
modular, using 15KW modules that can be combined to provide various levels
of power.
f.. Portable Efficient Laser Testbed (PELT) [6]
g.. Laser AirCraft CounterMeasures (ACCM)
Further information: Laser applications
[edit] Electrolaser
Main article: Electrolaser
An electrolaser lets blooming occur, and then sends a powerful electric
current down the conducting ionized track of plasma so formed, somewhat like
lightning. It functions as a giant high energy long-distance version of the
Taser or stun gun.

[edit] Other EM weapons
Main article: Electromagnetic weapon
[edit] Radio frequency
HERF cannons (high-energy radio-frequency weapons), which work on the same
principles as microwave ovens, have also shown potential.

On January 25, 2007 the US Military unveiled a device mountable on a small
armored vehicle (HMMWV). It resembles a planar array. It can make people
feel as if the air temperature is around 130 °F (54 °C) from around 500
yards (460 m) away. Full scale production of such a weapon is not expected
until at least 2010. It is probably most usefully deployed as an Active
Denial System.

[edit] Microwaves
Microwave guns powerful enough to injure humans are possible.

a.. Active Denial System is a millimeter wave source, to heat the water in
the target's skin and thus cause incapacitating pain. It is being developed
by the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory in New Mexico by researchers
working with Raytheon for riot-control duty in Iraq. Though intended to
cause severe pain while leaving no lasting damage, some concern has been
voiced as to whether the system could cause irreversible damage to the eyes.
There has yet to be testing for long-term side effects of exposure to the
microwave beam. It can destroy unshielded electronics. CBS broadcast a "60
Minutes" piece on the technology in 2008. [5]
The device comes in various sizes including attached to a humvee.

a.. Vigilant Eagle is an airport defense system that works by directing
electromagnetic radiation; specifically, a set of high-frequency microwave
waves towards any projectiles that is fired toward either an approaching or
landing aircraft. [6] The system consists of three major components: a
missile detecting and tracking subsystem (MDT), a command and control
system, and a scanning array. The MDT is a fixed grid of passive infrared
(IR) cameras. The command and control system determines where the launch of
the terrorist is taking place. Then by using the scanning array, it
interferes with the surface-to-air missile's guidance system and deflect it
away from the aircraft. [7]
Microwave weapons also have considerable anti-material applications, as they
are capable of disabling or destroying unhardened electronics. The
components of a microwave weapon-a power source, microwave generator and an
antenna-are all readily available, and civilians have successfully built and
tested simple devices in this category.

a.. The United States, in cooperation with the Canadian Government, built
and successfully tested a microwave gun. It was shown working on a willing
soldier on American and Canadian television.[citation needed]
[edit] Pulsed Energy Projectile
Main article: Pulsed Energy Projectile
Pulsed Energy Projectile or PEP systems emit an infrared laser pulse which
creates rapidly expanding plasma when meeting the target. The resulting
sound, shock and electromagnetic waves stun the target and cause pain and
temporary paralysis. The weapon is under development and is intended to be
used as a non-lethal weapon in crowd control.

[edit] Particle beam weapons
Particle beam weapons can use charged or neutral particles, and can be
either endoatmospheric or exoatmospheric. Particle beams as beam weapons are
theoretically possible, but practical weapons have not been demonstrated.
Certain types of particle beams have the advantage of being self-focusing in
the atmosphere.

Blooming is not limited to lasers, but is also a problem in particle beam
weapons. Energy that would otherwise be focused on the target spreads out;
the beam becomes less effective.

a.. Thermal blooming occurs in both charged and neutral particle beams,
and occurs when particles bump into one another under the effects of thermal
vibration, or bump into air molecules.
b.. Electrical blooming occurs only in charged particle beams, as ions of
like charge repel one another.
[edit] Plasma weapons
Plasma weapons fire a beam, bolt, or stream of plasma, which is an excited
state of matter consisting of atomic electrons & nuclei and free electrons
if ionized, or other particles if pinched, not to be confused with plasma
stealth. Examples a

a.. The MARAUDER (Magnetically Accelerated Ring to Achieve Ultra-high
Directed Energy and Radiation). See this link for more details; the
antiaircraft potential of such a system is mentioned.
b.. This article explains theories about ball lightning, which may be a
type of plasma, which if weaponized could produce beam weapons guided in the
same sense as an Anti-tank guided missile
c.. The plasma rifle is a staple of science fiction. There may have been
influence from the real plasma torch used to cut metal.
d.. The discontinued Shiva Star project was to be a system for shooting
down incoming missiles with projectiles of plasma traveling at speeds from
3,000 kilometers per second to 10,000 kilometers per second.
[edit] Electric beam in a vacuum
In a vacuum (e.g. in space), an electric discharge can travel a potentially
unlimited distance at a velocity slightly slower than the speed of light.
This is because there is no significant electric resistance to the flow of
electric current in a vacuum. This would make such devices useful to destroy
the electrical and electronic parts of satellites and spacecraft. However,
in a vacuum the electric current cannot ride a laser beam, and some other
means must be used to keep the electron beam on track and to prevent it from
dispersing: see particle beam.

[edit] Speed of the weapon
The speed of the energy weapon is determined by the density of the beam or
laser. If it is very dense then it is very powerful, but a particle beam is
much slower than the speed of light, its speed being determined by mass,
power, density, or particle or energy density.

[edit] Sonic weapons
Main article: Sonic weaponry
Cavitation, which affects gas nuclei in human tissue, and heating can result
from exposure to ultrasound and can cause damage to tissue and organs.
Studies have found that exposure to high intensity ultrasound at frequencies
from 700 kHz to 3.6 MHz can cause lung and intestinal damage in mice. Heart
rate patterns following vibroacoustic stimulation has resulted in serious
negative consequences such as arterial flutter and bradycardia. Researchers
have concluded that generating pain through the auditory system using high
intensity sound resulted in a high risk of permanent hearing damage.
Organizations in a research program which included several institutions[8]
involved high intensity audible sound experiments on human subjects. The
extra-aural (unrelated to hearing) bioeffects on various internal organs and
the central nervous system included auditory shifts, vibrotactile
sensitivity change, muscle contraction, cardiovascular function change,
central nervous system effects, vestibular (inner ear) effects, and chest
wall/lung tissue effects. Researchers found that low frequency sonar
exposure could result in significant cavitations, hypothermia, and tissue
shearing. No follow on experiments were recommended. Tests performed on mice
show the threshold for both lung and liver damage occurs at about 184 dB.
Damage increases rapidly as intensity is increased. Noise-induced neurologic
disturbances in humans exposed to continuous low frequency tones for
durations longer than 15 minutes involved development of immediate and long
term problems affecting brain tissue. The symptoms resembled those of
individuals who had suffered minor head injuries. One theory for a causal
mechanism is that the prolonged sound exposure resulted in enough mechanical
strain to brain tissue to induce an encephalopathy.[9]

[edit] History
[edit] Mythology
Before modern technology developed, many mythologies described gods or
demons using weapons that make lightning, such as Zeus's/Jupiter's
thunderbolts, Thor's hammer Mjöllnir, and the Hindu god Indra's spear (the
vajra).

[edit] Ancient inventors
According to legend, the concept of the "burning mirror" or death ray began
with Archimedes who created a mirror with an adjustable focal length (or
more likely, a series of mirrors focused on a common point) to focus
sunlight on ships of the Roman fleet as they invaded Syracuse, setting them
on fire. Historians point out that the earliest accounts of the battle did
not mention a "burning mirror", but merely stated that Archimedes's
ingenuity combined with a way to hurl fire were relevant to the victory. A
Byzantine writer hundreds of years later is suggested to have imagined this
2200-year-old death ray, which is attributed to Archimedes. Some attempts to
replicate this feat have had some success (though not the attempt by the
MythBusters television program). In particular, an experiment by students at
MIT showed that a mirror-based weapon was at least possible, if not
necessarily practical.[10]

Many alleged ancient reports of Indian flying technology and energy weapons
derive from the Vaimanika Shastra, which is a forgery and was composed after
1900AD.

[edit] Grindell-Matthews
After the astonishing technological advancement during World War I, many
such schemes began to appear credible. Harry Grindell Matthews tried to sell
such a ray to the British Air Ministry after that war. He failed to appear
to demonstrate his apparatus, however. It was apparently taken to France but
has not resurfaced, leading to various conspiracy theory ideas about what
might have happened to it, or who might have developed it later.

[edit] Robert Watson-Watt
In 1935 the British Air Ministry asked Robert Watson-Watt of the Radio
Research Station whether a "death ray" was possible. He and colleague Arnold
Wilkins quickly concluded that it was not feasible, but as a consequence
suggested using radio for the detection of aircraft and this started the
development of radar in Britain. See: History of radar#Robert Watson-Watt.

[edit] Engine-stopping rays, urban legend made real
Engine-stopping rays are a variant that occurs in fiction and myth. Such
stories were circulating in Britain around 1938. The tales varied but in
general terms told of tourists whose car engine suddenly died and were then
approached by a German soldier who told them that they had to wait. The
soldier returned a short time later to say that the engine would now work
and the tourists drove off. A possible origin of some of these stories
arises from the testing of the television transmitter in Feldberg, Germany.
Because electrical noise from car engines would interfere with field
strength measurements, sentries would stop all traffic in the vicinity for
the twenty minutes or so needed for a test. A distorted retelling of the
events might give rise to the idea that a transmission killed the engine
[11]

A shoulder-mounted engine-stopping weapon was a central plot element in
episode 303 of BBC espionage drama serial Spooks, in which it was referred
to as an "engine killer".

See electromagnetic pulse, which is known for its engine-stopping effect,
but is an undirected energy weapon.

[edit] Tesla
Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) was a noted inventor, scientist and electrical
engineer. He invented Tesla coils, transformers, alternating current
electrical generators and was the first early pioneer of radio technology.
Tesla worked on plans for a directed-energy weapon from the early 1900s
until his death. In 1937, Tesla composed a treatise entitled The Art of
Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media
concerning charged particle beams.[12]

Tesla was noted for making a claim that he had developed what he called a
"teleforce" weapon, or death ray. This death ray would "send concentrated
beams of particles through the free air, of such tremendous energy that they
will bring down a fleet of 10,000 enemy airplanes at a distance of 250 miles
(400 km) from a defending nation's border and will cause armies of millions
to drop dead in their tracks", as said in an article at the time. He offered
this invention to the U.S. War Department and to several European countries
without success. Various conspiracy theories persist regarding the nature of
this device and the whereabouts of Tesla's model or schematics[13] for it.
Tesla's 1917 proposal for Directed Energy submarine warfare [14] is eerily
similar to a 2008 US Department of Defense proposal.

[edit] H.G. Wells
For the first time in science fiction, H. G. Wells, in his The War of the
Worlds novel, described a "death ray"-like laser, in the form of the
Martians' "Heat-Ray," which used a heat beam with many properties of the
modern laser as a weapon. The weapon used a parabolic mirror to focus and
direct a beam of pure heat that had many of the properties of light-this
ultimately made 'death ray' like weapons popular in science fiction, which
may have stimulated interest in developing real-life directed-energy
weapons.

[edit] Nazis
In the later phases of World War II, Nazi Germany increasingly put its hopes
on research into technologically revolutionary secret weapons, the
Wunderwaffen.

Among the directed-energy weapons the Nazis investigated were sonic
weaponry, using parabolic reflectors to project sound waves of destructive
force.

[edit] SDI
In the 1980s, U.S. President Ronald Reagan proposed the Strategic Defense
Initiative (SDI) program, which was nicknamed Star Wars. It suggested that
lasers, perhaps space-based X-ray lasers, could destroy ICBMs in flight.
Though the strategic missile defense concept has continued to the present
under the Missile Defense Agency, most of the directed-energy weapon
concepts were shelved.

[edit] New claims
In 1998 to provide independent assessment on human effects, data, and models
for the use of 'non-lethal weapons' on the general population,[15] the TECOM
Technology Symposium in 1997 concluded on non-lethal weapons, "Determining
the target effects on personnel is the greatest challenge to the testing
community," primarily because "the potential of injury and death severely
limits human tests." However, "directed energy weapons that target the
central nervous system and cause neurophysiological disorders may violate
the Certain Conventional Weapons Convention of 1980. And weapons that go
beyond non-lethal intentions and cause "superfluous injury or unnecessary
suffering" could violate the Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of
1977."[16]

Some common bio-effects of electromagnetic or non-lethal weapons include:

a.. Effects to the human central nervous system resulting in physical pain
b.. Difficulty breathing
c.. Vertigo
d.. Nausea
e.. Disorientation
f.. Other systemic discomfort.
Interference with breathing poses the most significant, potentially lethal
results.

Light and repetitive visual signals can induce epileptic seizures. Vection
and motion sickness can also occur.

Cavitation, which affects gas nuclei in human tissue, and heating, can
result from exposure to ultrasound and can cause damage to tissue and
organs.

Studies have found that exposure to high intensity ultrasound at frequencies
from 700 kHz to 3.6 MHz can cause lung and intestinal damage in mice. Heart
rate patterns following vibroacoustic stimulation has resulted in serious
negative consequences such as arterial flutter and bradycardia. Researchers
have concluded that generating pain through the auditory system using high
intensity sound resulted in a high risk of permanent hearing damage.
Organizations in a research program which included:

a.. Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory (Groton, Connecticut)
b.. Navy Experimental Diving Unit (Panama City, Florida)
c.. SCC San Diego
d.. Navy Medical Research and Development Command (Bethesda, Maryland)
e.. Underwater Sound Reference Detachment of Naval Undersea Warfare Center
(Orlando, Florida)
f.. Applied Research Laboratories: University of Texas at Austin
g.. Applied Physics Laboratory: University of Washington
h.. Institute for Sensory Research: Syracuse University
i.. Georgia Institute of Technology
j.. Emory University
k.. Boston University
l.. The University of Vermont
m.. Applied Physics Laboratory
n.. Johns Hopkins University
o.. Jet Propulsion Laboratory
p.. University of Rochester
q.. University of Minnesota
r.. University of Illinois system
s.. Loyola University
t.. State University of New York at Buffalo
involved high intensity audible sound experiments on human subjects. The
extra-aural (unrelated to hearing) bioeffects on various internal organs and
the central nervous system included auditory shifts, vibrotactile
sensitivity change, muscle contraction, cardiovascular function change,
central nervous system effects, vestibular (inner ear) effects, and chest
wall/lung tissue effects. Researchers found that low frequency sonar
exposure could result in significant cavitations, hypothermia, and tissue
shearing. No follow on experiments were recommended. Tests performed on mice
show the threshold for both lung and liver damage occurs at about 184 dB.
Damage increases rapidly as intensity is increased. Noise-induced neurologic
disturbances in humans exposed to continuous low frequency tones for
durations longer than 15 minutes has involved in some cases development of
immediate and long term problems affecting brain tissue. The symptoms
resembled those of individuals who had suffered minor head injuries.

One theory for a causal mechanism is that the prolonged sound exposure
resulted in enough mechanical strain to brain tissue to induce an
injury.[17] "Project Pandora" conducted by the Walter Reed Army Institute of
Research, WRAIR, included externally induced auditory input from pulsed
microwave audiograms of words or oral sounds which create the effect of
hearing voices that are not a part of the recipients own thought processes.
Microwave pulses can also affect the epidermis (skin) and dermis, the thick
sensitive layer of skin and connective tissue beneath the epidermis that
contains blood, lymph vessels, sweat glands, and nerve endings, generating a
burn from as far as 700 yards.[18] Directed energy weapons such as Boeing's
Airborne Laser which can be mounted on a 747 jet is able to burn the skin
off enemy missiles.[19]

During the Gulf War, electromagnetic weapons, including high power
microwaves were used to disrupt and destroy the enemy's electronic systems
and may have been used for other effects. Types and magnitudes of exposure
to electromagnetic fields is unknown.[20]






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On Nov 16, 3:16*pm, "NSA TORTURE TECHNOLOGY, NEWS and RESEARCH"
wrote:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed-energy_weapon

Directed-energy weapon

A directed-energy weapon (DEW) is a type of weapon that emits energy in an
aimed direction without the means of a projectile. It transfers energy to a
target for a desired effect. Some of these weapons are real or in
development; others are at present only science fiction.

The energy can come in various forms:

* a.. Electromagnetic radiation (typically lasers or masers).
* b.. Particles with mass (particle beam weapons).
* c.. Sound (sonic weaponry)
In science fiction, these weapons are sometimes known as death rays or
rayguns and are usually portrayed as projecting energy at a person or object
to kill or destroy.

Some lethal directed-energy weapons are under active research and
development, but most examples appear in science fiction (non-functional
toys, film props or animation).

There's always public funding for war and ethnic cleansing, usually
cloaked as something for the greater good. It's almost as though evil
ETs are in charge.

~ BG

"BradGuth" wrote in message
...
On Nov 16, 3:16 pm, "NSA TORTURE TECHNOLOGY, NEWS and RESEARCH"
wrote:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed-energy_weapon

Directed-energy weapon

A directed-energy weapon (DEW) is a type of weapon that emits energy in an
aimed direction without the means of a projectile. It transfers energy to
a
target for a desired effect. Some of these weapons are real or in
development; others are at present only science fiction.

The energy can come in various forms:

a.. Electromagnetic radiation (typically lasers or masers).
b.. Particles with mass (particle beam weapons).
c.. Sound (sonic weaponry)
In science fiction, these weapons are sometimes known as death rays or
rayguns and are usually portrayed as projecting energy at a person or
object
to kill or destroy.

Some lethal directed-energy weapons are under active research and
development, but most examples appear in science fiction (non-functional
toys, film props or animation).

There's always public funding for war and ethnic cleansing, usually
cloaked as something for the greater good. It's almost as though evil
ETs are in charge.

~ BG


ETs can never be as blood thirsty, sadistic and perverted as the psychopaths
at FBI, CIA and NSA.

Everything in this document is "real"
http://www.mindcontrolforums.com/pro...uk/cov_us.html






.................................................. ...............
Posted via TITANnews - Uncensored Newsgroups Access
at http://www.TitanNews.com
-=Every Newsgroup - Anonymous, UNCENSORED, BROADBAND Downloads=-

On Nov 16, 11:41*pm, "NSA TORTURE TECHNOLOGY, NEWS and RESEARCH"
wrote:
"BradGuth" wrote in message

...
On Nov 16, 3:16 pm, "NSA TORTURE TECHNOLOGY, *NEWS and RESEARCH"



wrote:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed-energy_weapon

Directed-energy weapon

A directed-energy weapon (DEW) is a type of weapon that emits energy in an
aimed direction without the means of a projectile. It transfers energy to
a
target for a desired effect. Some of these weapons are real or in
development; others are at present only science fiction.

The energy can come in various forms:

a.. Electromagnetic radiation (typically lasers or masers).
b.. Particles with mass (particle beam weapons).
c.. Sound (sonic weaponry)
In science fiction, these weapons are sometimes known as death rays or
rayguns and are usually portrayed as projecting energy at a person or
object
to kill or destroy.

Some lethal directed-energy weapons are under active research and
development, but most examples appear in science fiction (non-functional
toys, film props or animation).
There's always public funding for war and ethnic cleansing, usually
cloaked as something for the greater good. *It's almost as though evil
ETs are in charge.
~ BG

ETs can never be as blood thirsty, sadistic and perverted as the psychopaths
at FBI, CIA and NSA.

Everything in this document is "real"http://www.mindcontrolforums.com/pro-freedom.co.uk/cov_us.html

.................................................. ..............
* * * * Posted via TITANnews - Uncensored Newsgroups Access
* * * * * * * * * athttp://www.TitanNews.com
-=Every Newsgroup - Anonymous, UNCENSORED, BROADBAND Downloads=-

I too can't imagine ETs as unsavory or satanic as those in charge of
our FBI, CIA, NSA, DHS and even DARPA.

I can imagine ETs using a faith-based cloak such as pretending to be a
Zionist/Jew, which would actially provide an ideal cover, at the same
time never policing their own kind means that such ETs would be next
to invisible while in plain sight.

~ BG

On Nov 16, 3:16*pm, "NSA TORTURE TECHNOLOGY, NEWS and RESEARCH"
wrote:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed-energy_weapon

Directed-energy weapon

A directed-energy weapon (DEW) is a type of weapon that emits energy in an
aimed direction without the means of a projectile. It transfers energy to a
target for a desired effect. Some of these weapons are real or in
development; others are at present only science fiction.

The energy can come in various forms:

* a.. Electromagnetic radiation (typically lasers or masers).
* b.. Particles with mass (particle beam weapons).
* c.. Sound (sonic weaponry)
In science fiction, these weapons are sometimes known as death rays or
rayguns and are usually portrayed as projecting energy at a person or object
to kill or destroy.

Some lethal directed-energy weapons are under active research and
development, but most examples appear in science fiction (non-functional
toys, film props or animation).

[edit] Tactical considerations and problems
Lasers have several main advantages over conventional weaponry:

* a.. Laser beams travel at the speed of light, unlike projectile weapons,
so there is no need in terrestrial applications to aim ahead to allow for
the target moving while the shot travels as the transit time over such
distances is virtually zero.
* b.. The speed of delivery means that the target has no chance to detect or
evade (in contrast with enemy aircraft targeted with anti-aircraft
missiles), and that some third object does not have the time to accidentally
move into the trajectory while the energy is delivered.
* c.. Light's short transit time also nearly eliminates the influence of
gravity, so long range projection does not require compensation for such.
Other aspects such as wind speed can be ignored.
* d.. Lasers can provide a level of pin-point accuracy that cannot be
matched by a projectile.
* e.. Some lasers run on electricity which can be cheaply generated,
reducing the need for expensive and finite ammunition, possibly replacing it
with smaller batteries that would hold many more shots. However, building
portable electric power sources of sufficient energy capacity is a problem.
* f.. Because light has a practically nil ratio (exactly 1 / c) of momentum
to energy, lasers produce negligible recoil.
* g.. Laser beams do not "betray" themselves when emitted, either by
eyesight or by sound. Unlike missiles (e.g. ICBMs) there is no system to
track and contain them.
* h.. Design of laser weapons does not have to consider forces that the
classic ammunition causes during firing.
* i.. The laser could have much longer range than firearms without need of a
long barrel or rifling
Under radar control, lasers have shot artillery shells in flight, including
mortar rounds. This suggests that a primary application of lasers might be
as part of a defensive system.

The main difficulty with currently practical lasers is the high expense and
fragility of their mirrors and mirror-pointing systems.

Some believe that mirrors or other countermeasures can reduce the
effectiveness of high energy lasers. This has not been demonstrated. Small
defects in mirrors absorb energy, and the defects rapidly expand across the
surface. Protective mirroring on the outside of a target could easily be
made less effective by incidental damage and by dust and dirt on its
surface. However protective measures have been considered that would
evaporate off the surface and reduce the intensity of the beam, such as
ablative armor.

[edit] Blooming
Laser beams begin to cause plasma breakdown in the air at energy densities
of around a megajoule per cubic centimeter. This effect, called "blooming,"
causes the laser to defocus and disperse energy into the atmosphere. It can
be more severe if there is fog, smoke, or dust in the air.

There are several ways to stop or reduce blooming:

* a.. The beam can be distributed over a large mirror that focuses the power
on the target, to keep energy density in the air too low for blooming to
happen. This requires a large, very precise, fragile mirror, mounted
somewhat like a searchlight, requiring bulky machinery to slew the mirror to
aim the laser.
* b.. A phased array. For the usual laser wavelengths this method would need
billions of micrometre-size antennae, and no way to make these is known.
Phased arrays could theoretically also perform phase-conjugate amplification
(see below). Another advantage is that phased arrays do not require mirrors
or lenses, can be made flat and thus do not require a turret-like system (as
in the first approach) to be aimed, though range will suffer at extreme
angles (that is, the angle the beam forms to the surface of the phased
array).[1]
* c.. A phase-conjugate laser system. Here, a "finder" or "guide" laser
illuminates the target. Any mirror-like ("specular") points on the target
reflect light that is sensed by the weapon's primary amplifier. The
weapon-power amplifier then amplifies inverted waves in a positive feedback
loop, destroying the target with shockwaves as the specular regions
evaporate. This avoids the blooming problem because the waves from the
target passed through the blooming, and therefore show the most conductive
optical path; this automatically corrects for the distortions caused by
blooming. Experimental systems using this method usually use special
chemicals to form a "phase conjugate mirror." In most systems, the mirror
overheats dramatically at weaponized power levels.
* d.. A very short pulse that finishes before blooming interferes.
[edit] Evaporated target material shading the target
Another problem with weaponized lasers is that the evaporated material from
the surface of the target begins to shade the surface. There are several
approaches to this problem:

* a.. One is to induce a standing shockwave in the ablation cloud. The
shockwave then continues to perform damage.
* b.. Another scheme is to scan the target faster than the shockwave.
* c.. Another theoretical possibility is to induce plasmic optical mixing at
the target. In this scheme, the transparency of the target's ablation cloud
to one laser is modulated by another laser, perhaps by tuning the laser to
the absorption spectra of the ablation cloud, and inducing population
inversion in the cloud. The other laser then induces local lasing in the
ablation cloud. The beat frequency that results can induce frequencies that
penetrate the ablation cloud.
[edit] High power consumption
One major problem with laser weapons (and directed-energy weapons in
general) is their high energy requirements. Existing methods of storing,
conducting, transforming, and directing energy are inadequate to produce a
convenient hand-held weapon. Existing lasers are inefficient and waste much
energy as heat, and thus need much power and bulky cooling equipment to
avoid damage by overheating. Simple air cooling could leave an impractical
amount of time between shot cycles. These problems, which severely limit
laser weapon practicality at present, might be offset by:

* 1.. Cheap high-temperature superconductors to make the weapon more
efficient.
* 2.. A new method of conveniently storing and/or generating large amounts
of electricity needed to power the weapon.
If only #2 is available, part of the energy could be used to cool the
device.

This problem of storing and/or supplying electrical energy is offset in
chemical lasers by using energy released in a suitable chemical reaction
instead. Chemical oxygen iodine laser (hydrogen peroxide with iodine) and
deuterium fluoride laser (atomic fluorine reacting with deuterium) are two
examples of laser types capable of megawatt-range output of a continuous
beam. Storing and transporting the chemical fuel presents its own problems
with these lasers, and the problems of cooling and overall inefficiency
remain.

This problem could also be lessened if the weapon were mounted either as at
defensive position near a power plant, or on board a large, possibly nuclear
powered, water-going ship or space ship. A water-going ship would also have
the advantage of an unlimited water supply for cooling, although at sea salt
could cause issues with the systems.

[edit] Beam absorbed by obscuration in the air
A laser beam or particle beam passing through air can be absorbed or
scattered by rain, snow, dust, fog, smoke, or similar visual obstructions
that a bullet would easily brush aside. This effect adds to blooming and
worsens the efficiency of the weapon by wasting more energy into the
atmosphere.

The energy that is wasted can cause significant disruption to cloud
development since the impact wave creates a "tunnelling effect". Engineers
from MIT and the U.S. Army are looking into ways that this weapon can be
used against weather.

[edit] Lack of indirect fire capabilities
Indirect fire, as used in artillery warfare to allow the shelling of a
target behind a hill, is not feasible with line-of-sight laser weapons.
Possible alternatives are to mount the lasers (or perhaps just reflectors)
on airborne or space-based platforms or unmanned aerial vehicles.

[edit] Lasers
Lasers are very well known in science fiction as a type of raygun. In the
real world, lasers are often used for sighting, ranging and targeting for
guns; but the laser beam is not the source of the weapon's firepower.

Laser weapons usually generate brief high-energy pulses. A million joules
delivered as a laser pulse is roughly the same energy as 200g of high
explosive, and has the same basic effect on a target. The primary damage
mechanism is mechanical shear, caused by reaction (like a rocket) when the
surface of the target is explosively evaporated.[citation needed]

Most existing weaponized lasers are gas dynamic lasers. Fuel, or a powerful
turbine, pushes the lasing media through a circuit or series of orifices.
The high-pressures and heating cause the medium to form a plasma and lase.. A
major difficulty with these systems is preserving the

read more »...

The science our government has developed with sound weapons can be set
to various levels of sound power and intensitives to shatter any organ
selected by them into a non-functioonal mass of jello - with the flick
of a switch and a tuning of a dial.

On Nov 18, 12:52*am, Saint Isadore Patron Saint of the Internet
wrote:

The science our government has developed with sound weapons can be set
to various levels of sound power and intensitives to shatter any organ
selected by them into a non-functioonal mass of jello - with the flick
of a switch and a tuning of a dial.

And yet there's never a word of warning, caution or anything negative
contributed or otherwise published by any Jew or devout Zionist.

~ BG

On Tue, 17 Nov 2009 18:46:55 -0800 (PST), BradGuth wrote:

I can imagine ETs using a faith-based cloak such as pretending to be a
Zionist/Jew, which would actially provide an ideal cover, at the same
time never policing their own kind means that such ETs would be next
to invisible while in plain sight.

Just look for the big noses, you st00pid ****.
--
http://tr.im/1fa6

On Wed, 18 Nov 2009 12:36:11 -0800 (PST), BradGuth wrote:

On Nov 18, 12:52*am, Saint Isadore Patron Saint of the Internet
wrote:

The science our government has developed with sound weapons can be set
to various levels of sound power and intensitives to shatter any organ
selected by them into a non-functioonal mass of jello - with the flick
of a switch and a tuning of a dial.

And yet there's never a word of warning, caution or anything negative
contributed or otherwise published by any Jew or devout Zionist.

~ BG

I phucked your mother and she was a terrible POAss. There, negative,
from Jew, shoots the **** out of your theory.
--
http://tr.im/1fa6