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The Steady State Theory vs The Big Bang Theory
RUFUS'S GALAXY WEB PAGE
The Steady State Galaxy Theory An Alternative To The Big Bang Theory Go to Text only version. INDEX Introduction Basic Operation of Galaxies Mass and Energy Shape of Galaxies Red Shift Microwave Background Radiation Entropy Hydrogen-Helium Ratio Quasars Summary Introduction The purpose of this Web Page is to show that the Steady State Galaxy Theory can provide an alternative to the Big Bang Theory in explaining the universe around us. It covers the operation of Galaxies and shows that they recycle both Matter and Energy and are able to carry on indefinitely. It also explains the Shape of Galaxies, Red Shift, Microwave Background Radiation, Entropy and the Hydrogen-Helium Ratio. If the reader takes an open-minded approach and looks at all aspects of the material presented here before reaching any conclusions, it will, at least, provide them with some food for thought. Basic Operation of Galaxies At the center of each galaxy is a neutroid which acts to constantly recycle all the matter and energy in the galaxy. This neutroid is similar to a neutron star but is very much larger and has reached a size where the pressure and temperature at its surface are great enough to generate a nuclear fusion process. In the areas of the neutroid's magnetic poles, the products of fusion are trapped by the magnetic field and are pushed out along the magnetic field by the pressure of the nuclear fusion process going on below. This results in a column of material composed of hydrogen, helium and other light elements being ejected at each of the neutroid's two magnetic poles. This material moves out from the neutroid at essentially constant velocity until it reaches a point where the magnetic field is no longer strong enough to control it. Once free of the magnetic field the material then continues under it's own momentum to travel to the outer edge of the galaxy before starting to fall back toward the neutroid. This process enables the neutroid to eject matter from itself and results in jets of hydrogen and helium ions being produced at each of the neutroid's two magnetic poles. The larger the neutroid becomes, the greater the size and velocity of its jets. This becomes a stable and self-limiting process where the amount of material attracted to the neutroid will be equal to the amount of material expelled at its magnetic poles. Eventually if too much material is added to the system, the velocity of the material being ejected from the magnetic poles will be sufficient for it to escape from the system altogether, thus limiting the total mass the system can accumulate. This process forms the basis of operation of all galaxies. The size and shape of galaxies are determined by the size of the neutroid at their center and its rate and plane of rotation. In the case of our own galaxy (The Milky Way) these jets have sufficient momentum to carry the material out to 100,000 light years distance from the center. As the jets of gas stream out from the Neutroid, large clouds of it condense and form the stars which are predominately located in the spiral arms of the Galaxies. These stars eventually burn up their Hydrogen fuel and in the process create the other heavier elements we find in the universe, all the while continuing to travel to the outer edge of the galaxy. It has probably been at least 10 Billion years since the material of which our solar system is composed was initially ejected from the neutroid. It is now located about 2/3rds the distance to the edge of the galaxy, but since it is constantly decelerating it will take it another 20 billion years to reach its maximun distance from the neutroid. The total transit time from when material is ejected from the neutroid at the center of the Milky Way to when it returns to the neutroid will be about 60 Billion years. Although the material ejected by the neutroid appears to travel in a spiral arc, in actual fact it is travelling in a straight radial line out from the neutroid and will eventually travel back along the same radial path to the neutroid. To help visualize this process, imagine setting up two super cannons, each on opposite sides of the earth at the equator and each pointing straight up and each capable of firing a projectile with sufficient velocity that it will take 12 hours to reach the top of its projectory. Now, fire a projectile from each cannon every hour for 12 hours and plot the position of each projectile at the end of the 12 hours. The result, as shown in figure 1, will be two spiral arms much like the Galactic arms are shaped. IF we continue the experiment for another 3 hours and draw a new plot, figure 2, we find that the first projectiles that were fired have now passed the peak of their altitude and have started to fall back to earth and the whole spiral pattern appears to have rotated counterclockwise 45 degrees. However, the only changes in the positions of projectiles No.1 have been to move slightly closer to the earth along a radial line and they will continue falling back to earth along the same radial path and will impact the earth 24 hours after being fired. They do not themselves travel in a spiral path around the earth although the loci of their instantaneous positions forms a spiral which appears to be rotating. Figure 3 represents a typical small galaxy which is composed of 3 parts, (a) a Central Core (Area 1), (b) 2 Jets of material being ejected from the core (Areas 1 to 2), and (c) Spiral Arms (Areas 2 to 3). The Central Core consists of a neutroid at the center and an obscuring mass of material trapped in the Neutroid's magnetic field. The areas from 1 to 2 are gigantic jets of gas which are being ejected by the Neutroid and are contained within its magnetic field. Star formation occurs in these areas. At point 2 the magnetic field of the Neutroid weakens to the extent that it no longer constrains the material within it and as the material continues to move outward it will now trace a spiral arc as per the previous illustrations in Figs. 1 & 2. At point 3 the hydrogen fuel has been consumed and although the remains of the burned out stars are still there they become invisible dark matter as they continue to travel to the top of their projectory and then fall back to the Neutroid. Thus, the galaxies form huge recycling systems which will carry on indefinitely. Hydrogen, helium and other light elements are ejected ejected from the Neutroid. Clouds of this material condense to forms stars which emit energy and in the process form heavier elements. These stars eventually exhaust their fuel and die. In the process many of these stars will explode as supernovas. The heavier elements which we find in our solar system are the remnants from these dead stars. All this material will travel to the outer edge of the galaxy and will then start falling back in toward the neutroid. Upon hitting the neutroid, the force of the impact will be great enough that the atoms of heavier elements will be split apart and the temperature and pressure will be great enough that this incoming matter will be converted to neutrons. In the areas of the neutroid's magnetic poles, a nuclear fusion reaction will take place that forces a streams of material to be expelled thus completing the cycle. (return to index) Mass and Energy Einstein showed that mass and energy are related by the formula E=MC^2. What this famous formula says is that what we call the mass of a particle is really nothing more than a measure of the sum total of all forms of energy associated with that particle. The various forms of energy include potential energy, kinetic energy, chemical energy, nuclear binding energy, etc. Of these various forms of energy, potential energy is the most important and accounts for the largest part of the mass of particles which constitute our immediate enviroment. When a particle is in a deep gravational well, such as in the case of particles that make up the neutroid at the center of galaxies, they have very little potential energy,and hence, very little rest mass. As they are pushed out from the neutroid their potential energy and hence their rest mass is increased dramatically. When these particles eventually fall back into the neutroid, this potential energy is converted to kinetic energy and results in the particles making up the neutroid having very little rest mass but a tremendous amount of kinetic energy. This combination of low rest mass and high kinetic energy prevent the neutroid from collapsing into a black hole as has been speculated by many scientists. This combination also makes it relatively easy for a nuclear fussion process to push material out from the neutroid in the area of the neutroid's magnetic poles. (return to index) Shape of Galaxies The Concept of the Steady State Galaxy as put forth above can account for the shape of all galaxies we see in the universe. As explained above, the spiral is the basic shape of galaxies. The exact shape will be determined by the size of the neutroid, the tilt of its magnetic axis with respect to its axis of rotation and its rate of rotation . Our Milky-Way is typical of large mature galaxies in which it takes many billions of years for the magnetic poles to make one revolution. As well, the hydrogen ejected at the magnetic poles has sufficient velocity to reach a distance of 100,000 light-years from the Neutroid and it takes it tens of billions of years to reach that distance. If the rate of rotation of the magnetic poles of the Neutroid were much greater in relation to the velocity of the hydrogen jets, the spiral arms would overlap and become nondistinct thus forming an ELIPICAL Galaxy. If the magnetic axis were slightly less than 90 degrees with respect to the axis of rotation, a thicker galaxy would result. BAR Galaxies are small galaxies in which the hydrogen fueling the Stars is all consumed before the Stars can escape the magnetic field of the Neutroid's magnetic poles. Many galaxies such as M104(NGC4594) exhibit a very prominent dust lane about their edge. This is a feature that is difficult to explain using presently accepted theories but is to be expected in some types of galaxies under the steady state galaxy theory. (return to index) Red Shift The Big Bang Theory was originally proposed in order to explain the 'RED Shift' of light received by us from distant galaxies. Light received from distant stars can be broken down and analyzed as to its spectral content. It has been found that stars of a similar size and age produce identical spectral patterns which are related to their atomic composition. However, it was also found that the wavelength of the light from distant galaxies was increased in proportion to their distance from us. Scientists have interpreted the cause of this effect to be due to a doppler shift, meaning that it is caused by the distant galaxies moving away from us,-i.e. the expanding universe. This doppler shift is the same as one gets standing near a railway track when a train passes blowing its whistle, as the train passes by, the sound of its whistle appears to drop in frequency. In reality the universe we live in is not expanding and is in a steady state where its matter and energy are being constantly recycled. The so called Red Shift is caused by other factors. We know from a branch of Physics known as Quantum Mechanics that the Energy of a photon of light is defined by the equation E=hv where E is the energy of the photon, h is plancks' constant and v is its frequency. If for any reason energy is lost from a photon, its frequency will decrease in accordance with this equation. Scientists do not as yet have a good understanding of the nature of a photon as to whether it is a particle or a wave, or some combination of both. Although experiments done by Michhelson and Morley and others have been interpreted to rule out the existence of an universal aether, this is by no means certain. Scientists can't measure what happens to a photon over a period of a minute, let alone what happens to to it over a period of a billion years. Based on current knowledge, there is no way scientists can state with absolute certainty that photons do not lose energy over time. The mechanism for the lose of energy by photons over time is still unclear. It could be by interaction of the photon with the stray atoms of hydrogen which are dispersed throughout intergalactic space. It is well known that photons do exert 'radiation pressure' on particles they encounter and if pressure is exerted, then energy must be transferred. Another possibility is that there is indeed an aether which absorbs some energy over time and reradiates it as a black body radiator having a temperature of 2.8 degrees K. One thing that is clear is that the radiation density of the starlight photons which leave own galaxy is equal to the radiation density of the Microwave Background radiation which is received by our galaxy. This fact is probably more than a coincidence and is an indication that the starlight radiation is being converted by some unknown process to the Microwave Background radiation. It is every bit as reasonable to assume that the Red Shift is caused by loss of energy of the photon over time as it is to assume that it is caused by a doppler effect. Because of the downshifting in the frequency of light for whatever reason, there is a limit to how far it is possible to image distant galaxies. The actual universe will be far larger than we can imagine or detect and will probably be infinite in size. (return to index) MicroWave Background Radiation A second argument which has been made to support the Big Bang Theory is the microwave background radiation. COBE has shown that the spectrum of the Microwave Background Radiation (MBR) is that of an ideal Black Body Radiator having a temperature of about 2.8 degrees K. It has also shown that this radiation has a Redshift/Blueshift to it, indicating that the earth is moving about 300Km/s relative to the shell of matter that emitted the radiation. Since this speed is too great for the earth's movement within the milky-way galaxy, it indicates that the source is outside our galaxy and that our galaxy is moving in relation to that source. As indicated in the previous section dealing with redshift, the starlight photons radiated by galaxies gradually lose energy through some unknown process which then reradiates this energy as the Microwave Background Radiation. The wavelength of the photons of the MBR, at the peak of the spectrum radiation curve, will be about 1mm. Since the rate of loss of energy by photons will be inversely proportional to the wavelength of those photons, and since the MBR photons have a wavelength of more than a thousand times that of visible light, the percentage loss of energy by the MBR photons will be at a rate of over one thousand times less than that of a visible photon. (If it takes a visible photon 15 billion years to lose 3/4's of it's energy, then it would take a MBR photon 15,000 billion years to lose 3/4's of it's energy). It follows that since MBR photons have a range of travel of more than one thousand times that of visible light photons, they are also a thousand times more likely to encounter a galaxy and be absorbed by the matter of that galaxy then a visible light photon would. Thus, energy is radiated by galaxies in the form of starlight photons. Energy from these photons is gradually converted to MBR photons. These MBR photons are eventually absorbed by some other galaxy. Since the intensity of the microwave background radiation will be relatively constant throughout the universe (assuming an infinite steady state universe), the amount of energy a galaxy will absorb from it will be proportional to the size of that galaxy. The amount of energy a galaxy radiates is also proportional to it's size, thus an equilibrium will be reached where a galaxy will receive as much energy in the form of MBR photons as it itself radiates in the form of starlight photons. (return to index) Entropy A third argument that has been put forward in support of the Big Bang Theory is entropy, in that, it is argued that the universe must eventually run down into a state of thermal equilibrium. Energy exists in various forms such as atomic binding energies, thermal energy, potential and kinetic energy, etc., all of which are associated with matter, or it exists in photons which have been radiated by matter and will eventually be reabsorbed by matter. Under the Steady State Galaxy Theory as put forth above, since all matter in a Galaxy is recycled through the Neutroid on a regular basis, all energy contained by that matter is also recycled at the same time and, thus, the universe does not run down into a state of thermal equilibrium. There is a perception that energy only flows from hot bodies to cooler ones. This is not true for radiant energy. The MBR photons which exhibit the characteristics of a 2.8 degree black body radiator do get absorbed by the much hotter material which makes up the galaxies. The critical factor which determines the direction of net flow of radiant energy is not the relative temperatures of the bodies but the energy densities they produce. In the case of our universe, the MBR radiation has an energy density equal to the starlight radiation energy density emitted by the galaxies. Thus, there is an equilibrium condition where galaxies receive as much energy in the form of MBR Radiation as they radiate in the form of Starlight Radiation and there will be no net flow of energy from the galaxies to the material in intergalactic space. (return to index) Hydrogen-Helium A fourth arguement which has been used to support the Big Bang theory is that it would account for the abundance of helium we find in the universe. The amount of helium present (24%) cannot be accounted for by star production and according to Gamow it was generated by the Big Bang. Under the Steady State Galaxy theory, the nuclear fusion process which is expelling the material from the neutroid would generate large amounts of helium as well as other light elements and is the source of the excess helium found in the universe. (return to index) Quasars The latest Hubble pictures of quasars show that they are associated with galaxies and in most cases there is evidence that these galaxies have recently collided with other galaxies. In normal galaxies, the neutroid at their center is obscured by a halo of material trapped in the neutroid's magnetic field. In the case of quasars, this halo of material has been temporarily destroyed by the collision with another galaxy and we are seeing the bare neutroid which is, as expected, extremely energetic. (return to index) Summary The Steady State Galaxy Theory as put forth above can provide the basis for the operation of the Universe as it is seen to exist. It can not only account for the shape of all galaxies we see in the universe which is something no other theory as proposed so far can accomplish but it can also explain the existence of quasars. As more data is gathered by the Hubble Space Telescope and other sources, it is becoming increasingly clear that the Big Bang theory cannot account for the universe around us. I believe the the Steady State Galaxy Theory as presented here can provide the basis of an alternative to the Big Bang Theory. (return to index) (return to top of page) Other Interesting Papers For a historical perspective of the Big Bang Theory see Keith Stein's Essay "The Big Bang Myth" "Endless, Boundless, Stable Universe" by Grote Reber -a pioneer in the field of Radio Astronomy. "Dark Matter" and "Hubble's Constant in Terms of the Compton Effect" by John Kierein Please E-mail me your comments and suggestions. Last revised Dec 30,1996. Copyright R.Rufus Young 1996 all rights reserved. You are Visitor Number -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Below is a theory I developed To Science Mag Aug 2 2004 When did motion first start ? Science knows the formation of matter in our universe was caused by the forces of the universe. These forces a (1) The Force of Gravity (2) The Force of Electro Magnetism (3) The Strong Nuclear Force (4) The Weak Nuclear Force At some point in time, motion within the universe, had to begin. The paradox would be, what force could cause motion to begin, without moving in its present space-time ? The Gravitational Cosmological Theory of the formation of the Universe is a theory I developed that is rooted in theEinstein and the Bondi-Gold-Hoyle Steady State theories , wherein the Steady State theory the universe contains more protons than electrons that create dust particles and galaxies formed in their current locations and the cosmic matter is recycled therein at the center of the galaxy furnace. When the Universe started to fall: The Gravitational Instability Cosmological Theory on the Formation of the Universe. The Theory: (1) The expansion of the universe is a result of the " heat ' contained therein; (2) The source of the " heat " is the cosmic microwave radiation backround at 3 kelvin, wherein; (3) The microwave electro magnetic-nuclear energy was formed as a result of the interaction of two different static gravitational vacuum fields, causing gravitational instability and the motion, void of matter, at this time, wherein; static gravitational field (1) began to go into "motion". Therefore; only (2) static gravitational vacuum fields alone, being void of E=MC^2 could create E=MC^2; and the matter of the Universe. Q: When did this motion start? A: If a neutral particle is able to resist the universal motion, in theory, that particle would go back in time. Going back in time the neutral particle would then enter into (1) of the (2) motionless-static gravity vacuum fields void of motion, and cause an unbalance and gravitational instability and this interaction would create motion and energy particles. Q: What causes a gravitational static vacuum field in the first place ? A: Pressure force is used to create a vacuum on Earth, perhaps an exotic something 100,000 weaker than the force of gravity decays causing a static gravity vacuum field. Theory by Br Dan Izzo Cosmic magnetic force & God Bless us. PS I think God a thinking creative force like man is real and therefore can be measured, is it cosmic magnetism ? |
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Br Dan Izzo wrote:
RUFUS'S GALAXY WEB PAGE The Steady State Galaxy Theory An Alternative To The Big Bang Theory Go to Text only version. INDEX Introduction Basic Operation of Galaxies Mass and Energy Shape of Galaxies Red Shift Microwave Background Radiation Entropy Hydrogen-Helium Ratio Quasars Summary Introduction The purpose of this Web Page is to show that the Steady State Galaxy Theory can provide an alternative to the Big Bang Theory in explaining the universe around us. It covers the operation of Galaxies and shows that they recycle both Matter and Energy and are able to carry on indefinitely. It also explains the Shape of Galaxies, Red Shift, Microwave Background Radiation, Entropy and the Hydrogen-Helium Ratio. Can it explain the power spectrum of the CMBR (e.g. the acoustic peak), the change of its temperature with time, the fact that the oldest stars we see are about 13 billion years old in our galaxy, although (small) stars can live much longer, that we see only stars which are about 2 billion years old in galaxies whose light needed to travel for about 11 billion years in order to reach us, the fact that galaxies which are far away from us look totally different from galaxies nearby (see the Hubble Ultra Deep Field), the fact that starburst activity and the amount of quasars was much higher in the past, the change in the redshift law at large distances, the time dilation in supernova light curves, the large scale structure of the universe, etc.? If the reader takes an open-minded approach and looks at all aspects of the material presented here before reaching any conclusions, it will, at least, provide them with some food for thought. Basic Operation of Galaxies At the center of each galaxy is a neutroid which acts to constantly recycle all the matter and energy in the galaxy. This neutroid is similar to a neutron star but is very much larger A neutron star which would be "very much larger" can not exist, according to General Relativity - it would collapse to a Black Hole immediately. Your argument below against does not work. Do you dispute General Relativity? Apparently yes, since it also makes a static universe essentially impossible. Well, already Newtonian physics made a static universe essentially impossible... and has reached a size where the pressure and temperature at its surface are great enough to generate a nuclear fusion process. Err, the pressure at the *surface* is always zero. Do you mean somewhere close to the surface, but still inside the star? In the areas of the neutroid's magnetic poles, the products of fusion are trapped by the magnetic field and are pushed out along the magnetic field by the pressure of the nuclear fusion process going on below. I am not sure if this is possible, but I'll grant you this. This results in a column of material composed of hydrogen, helium and other light elements Other light elements? So the pressure and temperature is not only high enough for hydrogen fusion, but even for other reactions? being ejected at each of the neutroid's two magnetic poles. This material moves out from the neutroid at essentially constant velocity until it reaches a point where the magnetic field is no longer strong enough to control it. Once free of the magnetic field the material then continues under it's own momentum to travel to the outer edge of the galaxy before starting to fall back toward the neutroid. Err, then most of the material should travel in two jets away from the neutroid, as you yourself admit below. Then how is the stuff able to reach all of the galaxy? This process enables the neutroid to eject matter from itself and results in jets of hydrogen and helium ions being produced at each of the neutroid's two magnetic poles. The larger the neutroid becomes, the greater the size and velocity of its jets. This becomes a stable and self-limiting process where the amount of material attracted to the neutroid will be equal to the amount of material expelled at its magnetic poles. Can you prove this by a calculation? I.e. can you prove that an equilibrium will be reached, instead of other possible outcomes like a violent explosion of the neutroid when it attracts too much material? Eventually if too much material is added to the system, the velocity of the material being ejected from the magnetic poles will be sufficient for it to escape from the system altogether, thus limiting the total mass the system can accumulate. This process forms the basis of operation of all galaxies. Any evidence for all of that? For starters, we have examined the center of our own galaxy closely in the last decade. I don't remember that two jets were seen there... The size and shape of galaxies are determined by the size of the neutroid at their center and its rate and plane of rotation. Where did the neutroid come from? In the case of our own galaxy (The Milky Way) these jets have sufficient momentum to carry the material out to 100,000 light years distance from the center. Then why do we not see them? As the jets of gas stream out from the Neutroid, large clouds of it condense and form the stars which are predominately located in the spiral arms of the Galaxies. These stars eventually burn up their Hydrogen fuel and in the process create the other heavier elements we find in the universe, all the while continuing to travel to the outer edge of the galaxy. Huh? You claim that stars are continuously travelling to the outer edge of the galaxies? That *strongly* contradicts the actual observations! Or did you only mean that the heavy elements which are produced in the stars travel to the outer edge? It has probably been at least 10 Billion years since the material of which our solar system is composed was initially ejected from the neutroid. Where did you get this number from? It is now located about 2/3rds the distance to the edge of the galaxy, but since it is constantly decelerating it will take it another 20 billion years to reach its maximun distance from the neutroid. And this? The total transit time from when material is ejected from the neutroid at the center of the Milky Way to when it returns to the neutroid will be about 60 Billion years. And this? Although the material ejected by the neutroid appears to travel in a spiral arc, in actual fact it is travelling in a straight radial line out from the neutroid and will eventually travel back along the same radial path to the neutroid. To help visualize this process, imagine setting up two super cannons, each on opposite sides of the earth at the equator and each pointing straight up and each capable of firing a projectile with sufficient velocity that it will take 12 hours to reach the top of its projectory. Now, fire a projectile from each cannon every hour for 12 hours and plot the position of each projectile at the end of the 12 hours. The result, as shown in figure 1, will be two spiral arms much like the Galactic arms are shaped. IF we continue the experiment for another 3 hours and draw a new plot, figure 2, we find that the first projectiles that were fired have now passed the peak of their altitude and have started to fall back to earth and the whole spiral pattern appears to have rotated counterclockwise 45 degrees. However, the only changes in the positions of projectiles No.1 have been to move slightly closer to the earth along a radial line and they will continue falling back to earth along the same radial path and will impact the earth 24 hours after being fired. They do not themselves travel in a spiral path around the earth although the loci of their instantaneous positions forms a spiral which appears to be rotating. Figure 3 represents a typical small galaxy which is composed of 3 parts, (a) a Central Core (Area 1), (b) 2 Jets of material being ejected from the core (Areas 1 to 2), and (c) Spiral Arms (Areas 2 to 3). The Central Core consists of a neutroid at the center and an obscuring mass of material trapped in the Neutroid's magnetic field. The areas from 1 to 2 are gigantic jets of gas which are being ejected by the Neutroid and are contained within its magnetic field. Star formation occurs in these areas. At point 2 the magnetic field of the Neutroid weakens to the extent that it no longer constrains the material within it and as the material continues to move outward it will now trace a spiral arc as per the previous illustrations in Figs. 1 & 2. At point 3 the hydrogen fuel has been consumed and although the remains of the burned out stars are still there they become invisible dark matter as they continue to travel to the top of their projectory and then fall back to the Neutroid. Nice. But is this idea *quantitatively* consistent with the observations? And where can we find these figures? Thus, the galaxies form huge recycling systems which will carry on indefinitely. Hydrogen, helium and other light elements are ejected ejected from the Neutroid. Clouds of this material condense to forms stars which emit energy and in the process form heavier elements. These stars eventually exhaust their fuel and die. In the process many of these stars will explode as supernovas. The heavier elements which we find in our solar system are the remnants from these dead stars. All this material will travel to the outer edge of the galaxy and will then start falling back in toward the neutroid. Upon hitting the neutroid, the force of the impact will be great enough that the atoms of heavier elements will be split apart Oh my goodness. Do you have any clue what energies are needed for splitting apart nuclei? How on earth should the kinetic energy obtained from falling on the nuclei be sufficient to achieve that? Have you ever done an actual calculation on this? and the temperature and pressure will be great enough that this incoming matter will be converted to neutrons. Again, the pressure on the surface is zero. In the areas of the neutroid's magnetic poles, a nuclear fusion reaction will take place that forces a streams of material to be expelled thus completing the cycle. (return to index) Mass and Energy Einstein showed that mass and energy are related by the formula E=MC^2. What this famous formula says is that what we call the mass of a particle is really nothing more than a measure of the sum total of all forms of energy associated with that particle. The various forms of energy include potential energy, kinetic energy, chemical energy, nuclear binding energy, etc. You *do* know that this formula is valid only for particles at rest, or if you mean the *relativistic* mass of a particle, whereas the common usage in physics today is that one means the *rest* mass of a particle when one says "mass", don't you? Of these various forms of energy, potential energy is the most important and accounts for the largest part of the mass of particles which constitute our immediate enviroment. When a particle is in a deep gravational well, such as in the case of particles that make up the neutroid at the center of galaxies, they have very little potential energy,and hence, very little rest mass. Actually, in a deep gravitational well, the *magnitude* of the potential energy is *large*, not small - but *negative*. If the well is deep enough, the masses of the particles should be *negative*. Looks like a problem for your idea, don't you think? The error that you make here is that *gravitational* potential energy is a concept from Newtonians physics and has no place in General Relativity. I.e. gravitational potential energy has *nothing* to do with the rest mass of a particle! As they are pushed out from the neutroid their potential energy and hence their rest mass is increased dramatically. When these particles eventually fall back into the neutroid, this potential energy is converted to kinetic energy and results in the particles making up the neutroid having very little rest mass but a tremendous amount of kinetic energy. Err, when the particles hit the neutroid, their kinetic energy is dispersed. This combination of low rest mass and high kinetic energy prevent the neutroid from collapsing into a black hole as has been speculated by many scientists. This simply is not possible. A neutron star exceeding a certain size will inevitable collapse to a black hole, no matter how much kinetic energy the particles in it have. After all, there is a speed limit for the particles in the neutron star! If you think that this *can* prevent a collapse, show your calculation, please. This combination also makes it relatively easy for a nuclear fussion process to push material out from the neutroid in the area of the neutroid's magnetic poles. (return to index) Shape of Galaxies The Concept of the Steady State Galaxy as put forth above can account for the shape of all galaxies we see in the universe. As explained above, the spiral is the basic shape of galaxies. Err, have you ever heard of irregular galaxies? The exact shape will be determined by the size of the neutroid, the tilt of its magnetic axis with respect to its axis of rotation and its rate of rotation . Our Milky-Way is typical of large mature galaxies in which it takes many billions of years for the magnetic poles to make one revolution. What has that to do with the Milky Way being mature? As well, the hydrogen ejected at the magnetic poles has sufficient velocity to reach a distance of 100,000 light-years from the Neutroid and it takes it tens of billions of years to reach that distance. Please present an actual calculation showing that for a mass of the neutroid which would enable it to produce fusion on its surface, the motion of matter ejected from it would indeed be on such timescales. If the rate of rotation of the magnetic poles of the Neutroid were much greater in relation to the velocity of the hydrogen jets, the spiral arms would overlap and become nondistinct thus forming an ELIPICAL Galaxy. An elliptical galaxy looks in no way like a spiral galaxy with overlapping arms!!! If the magnetic axis were slightly less than 90 degrees with respect to the axis of rotation, a thicker galaxy would result. A thicker galaxy, right, but not a spherical one! BAR Galaxies are small galaxies in which the hydrogen fueling the Stars is all consumed before the Stars can escape the magnetic field of the Neutroid's magnetic poles. How on earth does that explain the bar? Many galaxies such as M104(NGC4594) exhibit a very prominent dust lane about their edge. This is a feature that is difficult to explain using presently accepted theories How do you know? Have you read all the relevant articles? but is to be expected in some types of galaxies under the steady state galaxy theory. Why? (return to index) Red Shift The Big Bang Theory was originally proposed in order to explain the 'RED Shift' of light received by us from distant galaxies. Only partly right. Theories about a dynamic universe were developed already before the redshift relationship was known. Light received from distant stars can be broken down and analyzed as to its spectral content. It has been found that stars of a similar size and age produce identical spectral patterns which are related to their atomic composition. However, it was also found that the wavelength of the light from distant galaxies was increased in proportion to their distance from us. Scientists have interpreted the cause of this effect to be due to a doppler shift, Again, only partly right. One *could* interpret this as a Doppler shift. But the modern interpretation in cosmology is more along the lines that the wavelength increased because the universe expanded since the light was emitted. meaning that it is caused by the distant galaxies moving away from us,-i.e. the expanding universe. This doppler shift is the same as one gets standing near a railway track when a train passes blowing its whistle, as the train passes by, the sound of its whistle appears to drop in frequency. In reality the universe we live in is not expanding and is in a steady state where its matter and energy are being constantly recycled. The so called Red Shift is caused by other factors. We know from a branch of Physics known as Quantum Mechanics that the Energy of a photon of light is defined by the equation E=hv where E is the energy of the photon, h is plancks' constant and v is its frequency. If for any reason energy is lost from a photon, its frequency will decrease in accordance with this equation. Scientists do not as yet have a good understanding of the nature of a photon as to whether it is a particle or a wave, Totally wrong. We have known how to describe a photon accurately for about 60 years now. The relevant theory is called "Quantum Electrodynamics". Ever heard of it? or some combination of both. Although experiments done by Michhelson and Morley and others have been interpreted to rule out the existence of an universal aether, this is by no means certain. Why not? Scientists can't measure what happens to a photon over a period of a minute, let alone what happens to to it over a period of a billion years. Based on current knowledge, there is no way scientists can state with absolute certainty that photons do not lose energy over time. Where should the energy go to? Ever heard of conservation of energy? The mechanism for the lose of energy by photons over time is still unclear. But you simply postulate that this happens, because otherwise your "theory" does not work, right? BTW, this is called "tired light". Hint: it can neither explain the time dilation in supernova light curves, nor the dependence of surface brightness of galaxies on redshift. See e.g. Peeble's book on cosmology. It could be by interaction of the photon with the stray atoms of hydrogen which are dispersed throughout intergalactic space. It is well known that photons do exert 'radiation pressure' on particles they encounter and if pressure is exerted, then energy must be transferred. If the photons were scattered, they would not only change their energy, but also their direction of travel. Care to present a calculation by how much this would spread the images of stars to disks? Also, why should this effect be the same for all wavelengths? Scattering in general *depends* on the wavelength! Another possibility is that there is indeed an aether which absorbs some energy over time and reradiates it as a black body radiator having a temperature of 2.8 degrees K. Why on earth should the aether keep this temperature if it constantly absorbs light? Also, again, why should this be the same for all wavelengths? One thing that is clear is that the radiation density of the starlight photons which leave own galaxy is equal to the radiation density of the Microwave Background radiation which is received by our galaxy. One thing that is also clear is that the spectra are totally different. http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/Eddington-T0.html This fact is probably more than a coincidence and is an indication that the starlight radiation is being converted by some unknown process to the Microwave Background radiation. Nice. So your "explanation" for the CMBR is that there is an undetected aether and an unknown process which converts the photons from star light to blackbody radiation to that aether. And *that* you consider to be a satisfactory explanation? It is every bit as reasonable to assume that the Red Shift is caused by loss of energy of the photon over time as it is to assume that it is caused by a doppler effect. Hint for you: actually, cosmology *does* assume exactly such an energy loss. It is caused by the expansion of the universe. See the section "Expansion of the universe leading to cosmological redshift" he http://www.physics.adelaide.edu.au/~dkoks/Faq/Relativity/GR/energy_gr.html Because of the downshifting in the frequency of light for whatever reason, there is a limit to how far it is possible to image distant galaxies. The actual universe will be far larger than we can imagine or detect Finally something I can agree on! and will probably be infinite in size. Probably? (return to index) MicroWave Background Radiation A second argument which has been made to support the Big Bang Theory is the microwave background radiation. COBE has shown that the spectrum of the Microwave Background Radiation (MBR) is that of an ideal Black Body Radiator having a temperature of about 2.8 degrees K. 2.73 K, to be more precise. You are not up to date. Ever heard of the WMAP satellite? It has also shown that this radiation has a Redshift/Blueshift to it, indicating that the earth is moving about 300Km/s relative to the shell of matter that emitted the radiation. Since this speed is too great for the earth's movement within the milky-way galaxy, it indicates that the source is outside our galaxy and that our galaxy is moving in relation to that source. As indicated in the previous section dealing with redshift, the starlight photons radiated by galaxies gradually lose energy through some unknown process which then reradiates this energy as the Microwave Background Radiation. The wavelength of the photons of the MBR, at the peak of the spectrum radiation curve, will be about 1mm. Since the rate of loss of energy by photons will be inversely proportional to the wavelength of those photons, Why should it be? and since the MBR photons have a wavelength of more than a thousand times that of visible light, the percentage loss of energy by the MBR photons will be at a rate of over one thousand times less than that of a visible photon. (If it takes a visible photon 15 billion years to lose 3/4's of it's energy, then it would take a MBR photon 15,000 billion years to lose 3/4's of it's energy). It follows that since MBR photons have a range of travel of more than one thousand times that of visible light photons, they are also a thousand times more likely to encounter a galaxy and be absorbed by the matter of that galaxy then a visible light photon would. Thus, energy is radiated by galaxies in the form of starlight photons. Energy from these photons is gradually converted to MBR photons. These MBR photons are eventually absorbed by some other galaxy. Nice. Now you only have to present evidence for the existence of the aether which makes this possible, and explain how exactly it makes this possible. Oh, BTW, you could also explain why, if one takes the fluctuations in the CMBR as being due to density fluctuations, and studies how these grow with time due to gravity, one gets the observed large scale structure of the universe (voids, galaxy clusters, filaments etc.) Since the intensity of the microwave background radiation will be relatively constant throughout the universe (assuming an infinite steady state universe), the amount of energy a galaxy will absorb from it will be proportional to the size of that galaxy. The amount of energy a galaxy radiates is also proportional to it's size, thus an equilibrium will be reached where a galaxy will receive as much energy in the form of MBR photons as it itself radiates in the form of starlight photons. (return to index) Entropy A third argument that has been put forward in support of the Big Bang Theory is entropy, in that, it is argued that the universe must eventually run down into a state of thermal equilibrium. Energy exists in various forms such as atomic binding energies, thermal energy, potential and kinetic energy, etc., all of which are associated with matter, or it exists in photons which have been radiated by matter and will eventually be reabsorbed by matter. Under the Steady State Galaxy Theory as put forth above, since all matter in a Galaxy is recycled through the Neutroid on a regular basis, all energy contained by that matter is also recycled at the same time and, thus, the universe does not run down into a state of thermal equilibrium. So your recycling process contradicts the second law of thermodynamics? Oh uh - bad for your "theory"... There is a perception that energy only flows from hot bodies to cooler ones. This is not true for radiant energy. The MBR photons which exhibit the characteristics of a 2.8 degree black body radiator do get absorbed by the much hotter material which makes up the galaxies. Err, in turn, the photons of the CMBR get quite a lot of energy from the hot matter in the galaxies, e.g. by inverse Compton scattering. In the mean, the energy *still* flows from the hot to the cold "bodies". You *do* know that the formulation of the 2nd law of thermodynamics about energy flowing from hot to cold bodies is only true in the mean, don't you? The critical factor which determines the direction of net flow of radiant energy is not the relative temperatures of the bodies but the energy densities they produce. So you indeed think that the second law of thermodynamics is wrong. *Really* bad for you... In the case of our universe, the MBR radiation has an energy density equal to the starlight radiation energy density emitted by the galaxies. Thus, there is an equilibrium condition where galaxies receive as much energy in the form of MBR Radiation as they radiate in the form of Starlight Radiation and there will be no net flow of energy from the galaxies to the material in intergalactic space. (return to index) Hydrogen-Helium A fourth arguement which has been used to support the Big Bang theory is that it would account for the abundance of helium we find in the universe. The amount of helium present (24%) cannot be accounted for by star production and according to Gamow it was generated by the Big Bang. Under the Steady State Galaxy theory, the nuclear fusion process which is expelling the material from the neutroid would generate large amounts of helium as well as other light elements and is the source of the excess helium found in the universe. Err, then why don't we see an excess of the other elements, too? But only an excess of helium? (return to index) Quasars The latest Hubble pictures of quasars show that they are associated with galaxies and in most cases there is evidence that these galaxies have recently collided with other galaxies. That about the collisions is news to me. Reference, please. In normal galaxies, the neutroid at their center is obscured by a halo of material trapped in the neutroid's magnetic field. In the case of quasars, this halo of material has been temporarily destroyed by the collision with another galaxy and we are seeing the bare neutroid which is, as expected, extremely energetic. You are making no sense. Even if the neutroid is obscured by such a halo, the energy emitted by it must nevertheless go somewhere (i.e. in heating that halo), and thus despite the halo, we nevertheless should see that something very energetic is there in the center of galaxies. We don't, in general. Also, please explain how exactly the collision is able to destroy the halo. Why should such a collision produce forces which are so great that they can overcome the forces of the neutroid on the halo? (return to index) Summary The Steady State Galaxy Theory as put forth above can provide the basis for the operation of the Universe as it is seen to exist. Well, if one ignores most of the evidence and is satisfied by handwavy argumentations instead of actual quantitative calculations... It can not only account for the shape of all galaxies we see in the universe which is something no other theory as proposed so far can accomplish Wrong. The shapes of galaxies are rather well understood nowadays. but it can also explain the existence of quasars. And standard physics can do that also. Standard physics can also explain the wide range of other types of active galaxy nuclei, which you conveniently ignored. As more data is gathered by the Hubble Space Telescope and other sources, it is becoming increasingly clear that the Big Bang theory cannot account for the universe around us. Utterly wrong. As more data is gathered, it becomes increasingly clear that the BBT fits the evidence quite well, and accounts for much more of the evidence than your stuff above - and does do so *quantitatively*. I believe the the Steady State Galaxy Theory as presented here can provide the basis of an alternative to the Big Bang Theory. Your belief is based on ignorace. Please go to the literature and look up the heap of evidence for the BBT. You could start with the things I mentioned above, at the beginning of this post. (return to index) (return to top of page) Other Interesting Papers For a historical perspective of the Big Bang Theory see Keith Stein's Essay "The Big Bang Myth" Keith Stein? The one who posts to sci.physics, and demonstrates time and time again that he does not understand a bit of Relativity? "Endless, Boundless, Stable Universe" by Grote Reber -a pioneer in the field of Radio Astronomy. And that makes him qualified for discussing cosmology how? "Dark Matter" and "Hubble's Constant in Terms of the Compton Effect" by John Kierein And who is that? Please E-mail me your comments and suggestions. Why don't you look at the posts in sci.astro? Last revised Dec 30,1996. Copyright R.Rufus Young 1996 all rights reserved. Time to revise your ideas again in light of the new evidence of the last eight years, don't you think? You are Visitor Number -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Below is a theory I developed To Science Mag Aug 2 2004 When did motion first start ? Science knows the formation of matter in our universe was caused by the forces of the universe. Huh? Rather strange wording. These forces a (1) The Force of Gravity (2) The Force of Electro Magnetism (3) The Strong Nuclear Force Wrong. This force is only a residual effect of the strong (colour) force between the quarks, not a fundamental force on its own. (4) The Weak Nuclear Force Please notice that (2) and (4) had been unified in the 70ties. At some point in time, motion within the universe, had to begin. The paradox would be, what force could cause motion to begin, without moving in its present space-time ? Huh? Sorry, I do not understand the problem. The Gravitational Cosmological Theory of the formation of the Universe is a theory I developed that is rooted in the Einstein and the Bondi-Gold-Hoyle Steady State theories , Hoyle's theory had been soundly disproven. Even he himself admitted that and developed a new "Quasi-steady state" theory. wherein the Steady State theory the universe contains more protons than electrons that create dust particles and galaxies formed in their current locations and the cosmic matter is recycled therein at the center of the galaxy furnace. When the Universe started to fall: The Gravitational Instability Cosmological Theory on the Formation of the Universe. The Theory: (1) The expansion of the universe is a result of the " heat ' contained therein; (2) The source of the " heat " is the cosmic microwave radiation backround at 3 kelvin, Please present an actual calculation demonstrating that that "heat" can explain the observed expansion. Also, didn't you say above that you assume a static universe??? wherein; (3) The microwave electro magnetic-nuclear energy was formed as a result of the interaction of two different static gravitational vacuum fields, causing gravitational instability and the motion, void of matter, at this time, wherein; static gravitational field (1) began to go into "motion". Microwave energy has nothing to do with nuclear energy. And how, precisely, was the interaction of thise two gravitational fields able to produce this microwave energy? Therefore; only (2) static gravitational vacuum fields alone, being void of E=MC^2 could create E=MC^2; and the matter of the Universe. Huh??? Q: When did this motion start? A: If a neutral particle is able to resist the universal motion, What universal motion, and why should a neutral particle be able to resist it? in theory, that particle would go back in time. Huh??? Why??? Going back in time the neutral particle would then enter into (1) of the (2) motionless-static gravity vacuum fields void of motion, and cause an unbalance and gravitational instability and this interaction would create motion and energy particles. Does the word "gibberish" say anything to you? Q: What causes a gravitational static vacuum field in the first place ? A: Pressure force is used to create a vacuum on Earth, perhaps an exotic something 100,000 weaker than the force of gravity decays causing a static gravity vacuum field. Gibberish yet again. Theory by Br Dan Izzo Cosmic magnetic force & God Bless us. PS I think God a thinking creative force like man is real and therefore can be measured, is it cosmic magnetism ? If you say so. Bye, Bjoern |
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. 6.84: (Br Dan Izzo) wrote in sci.astro: PS I think God a thinking creative force like man is real and therefore can be measured, is it cosmic magnetism ? How about cosmic bunkum, like the rest of your post? It's cosmic moronism. |
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"Mr. 4X" wrote in message ...
CeeBee wrote in message . 6.84: (Br Dan Izzo) wrote in sci.astro: PS I think God a thinking creative force like man is real and therefore can be measured, is it cosmic magnetism ? How about cosmic bunkum, like the rest of your post? It's cosmic moronism. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- my reply My post was that I thought the creative force we call God in the universe was cosmic magnetism , possibly a monopole one , your modivativation is not knowledge, everything you think of you title good or bad and then think others deserving of death God did visit me in june 2001, the throne looks like revelations chapter 4 verses 1-6 and was in my livingroom , it appeared the moment I told God that I couldn't go to heave for a million years because I'd fight with God atleast once...then this machine throne image suddenly appeared...I asked God how long that it had been here...meaning the whole world...it said " THE WHOLE TIME " and left.....God is affraid of men because you will try to kill God like you wanted to kill me for your evil arousal Br Izzo The Decay of the False Vacuum Written by Sten Odenwald Copyright (C) 1983 Kalmbach Publishing. Reprinted by permission -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In the recently developed theory by Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam, that unifies the electromagnetic and weak forces, the vacuum is not empty. This peculiar situation comes about because of the existence of a new type of field, called the Higgs field. The Higgs field has an important physical consequence since its interaction with the W, W and Z particles (the carriers of the weak force) causes them to gain mass at energies below 100 billion electron volts (100 Gev). Above this energy they are quite massless just like the photon and it is this characteristic that makes the weak and electromagnetic forces so similar at high energy. On a somewhat more abstract level, consider Figures 1 and 2 representing the average energy of the vacuum state. If the universe were based on the vacuum state in Figure 1, it is predicted that the symmetry between the electromagnetic and weak interactions would be quite obvious. The particles mediating the forces would all be massless and behave in the same way. The corresponding forces would be indistinguishable. This would be the situation if the universe had an average temperature of 1 trillion degrees so that the existing particles collided at energies of 100 Gev. In Figure 2, representing the vacuum state energy for collision energies below 100 Gev, the vacuum state now contains the Higgs field and the symmetry between the forces is suddenly lost or 'broken'. Although at low energy the way in which the forces behave is asymmetric, the fundamental laws governing the electromagnetic and weak interactions remain inherently symmetric. This is a very remarkable and profound prediction since it implies that certain symmetries in Nature can be hidden from us but are there nonetheless. During the last 10 years physicists have developed even more powerful theories that attempt to unify not only the electromagnetic and weak forces but the strong nuclear force as well. These are called the Grand Unification Theories (GUTs) and the simplist one known was developed by Howard Georgi, Helen Quinn,and Steven Weinberg and is called SU(5), (pronounced 'ess you five'). This theory predicts that the nuclear and 'electroweak' forces will eventually have the same strength but only when particles collide at energies above 1 thousand trillion GeV corresponding to the unimaginable temperature of 10 thousand trillion trillion degrees! SU(5) requires exactly 24 particles to mediate forces of which the 8 massless gluons of the nuclear force, the 3 massless intermediate vector bosons of the weak force and the single massless photon of the electromagnetic force are 12. The remaining 12 represent a totally new class of particles called Leptoquark bosons that have the remarkable property that they can transform quarks into electrons. SU(5) therefore predicts the existence of a 'hyperweak' interaction; a new fifth force in the universe! Currently, this force is 10 thousand trillion trillion times weaker than the weak force but is nevertheless 100 million times stronger than gravity. What would this new force do? Since protons are constructed from 3 quarks and since quarks can now decay into electrons, through the Hyperweak interaction, SU(5) predicts that protons are no longer the stable particles we have always imagined them to be. Crude calculations suggest that they may have half-lives between 10(29) to 10(33) years. An immediate consequence of this is that even if the universe were destined to expand for all eternity, after 'only' 10(32) years or so, all of the matter present would catastrophically decay into electrons, neutrinos and photons. The Era of Matter, with its living organisms, stars and galaxies, would be swept away forever, having represented but a fleeting episode in the history of the universe. In addition to proton decay, SU(5) predicts that at the energy characteristic of the GUT transition, we will see the affects of a new family of particles called supermassive Higgs bosons whose masses are expected to be approximately 1 thousand trillion GeV! These particles interact with the 12 Leptoquarks and make them massive just as the Higgs bosons at 100 GeV made the W, W and Z particles heavy. Armed with this knowledge, let's explore some of the remarkable cosmological consequences of these exciting theories. The GUT Era To see how these theories relate to the history of the universe, imagine if you can a time when the average temperature of the universe was not the frigid 3 K that it is today but an incredable 10 thousand trillion trillion degrees (10(15) GeV). The 'Standard Model' of the Big Bang, tells us this happened about 10(-37) seconds after Creation. The protons and neutrons that we are familiar with today hadn't yet formed since their constituent quarks interacted much too weakly to permit them to bind together into 'packages' like neutrons and protons. The remaining constituents of matter, electrons, muons and tau leptons, were also massless and traveled about at essentially light-speed; They were literally a new form of radiation, much like light is today! The 12 supermassive Leptoquarks as well as the supermassivs Higgs bosons existed side-by-side with their anti-particles. Every particle-anti particle pair that was annihilated was balanced by the resurrection of a new pair somewhere else in the universe. During this period, the particles that mediated the strong, weak and electromagnetic forces were completely massless so that these forces were no longer distinguishable. An inhabitant of that age would not have had to theorize about the existence of a symmetry between the strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions, this symmetry would have been directly observable and furthermore, fewer types of particles would exist for the inhabitants to keep track of. The universe would actually have beed much simpler then! As the universe continued to expand, the temperature continued to plummet. It has been suggested by Demetres Nanopoulis and Steven Weinberg in 1979 that one of the supermassive Higgs particles may have decayed in such a way that slightly more matter was produced than anti-matter. The remaining evenly matched pairs of particles and anti-particles then annihilated to produce the radiation that we now see as the 'cosmic fireball'. Exactly what happened to the universe as it underwent the transitions at 10(15) and 100 GeV when the forces of Nature suddenly became distinguishable is still under investigation, but certain tantalizing descriptions have recently been offered by various groups of theoriticians working on this problem. According to studies by Alan Guth, Steven Weinberg and Frank Wilczyk between 1979 and 1981, when the GUT transition occured, it occured in a way not unlike the formation of vapor bubbles in a pot of boiling water. In this analogy, the interior of the bubbles represent the vacuum state in the new phase, where the forces are distinguishable, embedded in the old symmetric phase where the nuclear, weak and electromagnetic forces are indistinguishable. Inside these bubbles, the vacuum energy is of the type illustrated by Figure 2 while outside it is represented by Figure 1. Since we are living within the new phase with its four distinguishable forces, this has been called the 'true' vacuum state. In the false vacuum state, the forces remain indistinguishable which is certainly not the situation that we find ourselves in today! Cosmic Inflation An exciting prediction of Guth's model is that the universe may have gone through at least one period in its history when the expansion was far more rapid than predicted by the 'standard' Big Bang model. The reason for this is that the vacuum itself also contributes to the energy content of the universe just as matter and radiation do however, the contribution is in the opposite sense. Although gravity is an attractive force, the vacuum of space produces a force that is repulsive. As Figures 1 and 2 show, the minimum energy state of the false vacuum at 'A' before the GUT transition is at a higher energy than in the true vacuum state in 'B' after the transition. This energy difference is what contributes to the vacuum energy. During the GUT transition period, the positive pressure due to the vacuum energy would have been enormously greater than the restraining pressure produced by the gravitational influence of matter and radiation. The universe would have inflated at a tremendous rate, the inflation driven by the pressure of the vacuum! In this picture of the universe, Einstein's cosmological constant takes on a whole new meaning since it now represents a definite physical concept ; It is simply a measure of the energy difference between the true and false vacuum states ('B' and 'A' in Figures 1 and 2.) at a particular time in the history of the universe. It also tells us that, just as in de Sitter's model, a universe where the vacuum contributes in this way must expand exponentially in time and not linearly as predicted by the Big Bang model. Guth's scenario for the expansion of the universe is generally called the 'inflationary universe' due to the rapidity of the expansion and represents a phase that will end only after the true vacuum has supplanted the false vacuum of the old, symmetric phase. A major problem with Guth's original model was that the inflationary phase would have lasted for a very long time because the false vacuum state is such a stable one. The universe becomes trapped in the cul-de-sac of the false vacuum state and the exponential expansion never ceases. This would be somewhat analogous to water refusing to freeze even though its temperature has dropped well below 0 Centigrade. Recent modifications to the original 'inflationary universe' model have resulted in what is now called the 'new' inflationary universe model. In this model, the universe does manage to escape from the false vacuum state and evolves in a short time to the familiar true vacuum state. We don't really know how exactly long the inflationary phase may have lasted but the time required for the universe to double its size may have been only 10(-34) seconds. Conceivably, this inflationary period could have continued for as 'long' as 10(-24) seconds during which time the universe would have undergone 10 billion doublings of its size! This is a number that is truely beyond comprehension. As a comparison, only 120 doublings are required to inflate a hydrogen atom to the size of the entire visible universe! According to the inflationary model, the bubbles of the true vacuum phase expanded at the speed of light. Many of these had to collide when the universe was very young in order that the visible universe appear so uniform today. A single bubble would not have grown large enough to encompass our entire visible universe at this time; A radius of some 15-20 billion light years. On the other hand, the new inflationary model states that even the bubbles expanded in size exponentially just as their separations did. The bubbles themselves grew to enormous sizes much greater than the size of our observable universe. According to Albrecht and Steinhardt of the University of Pennsylvania, each bubble may now be 10(3000) cm in size. We should not be too concerned about these bubbles expanding at many times the speed of light since their boundaries do not represent a physical entity. There are no electrons or quarks riding some expandind shock wave. Instead, it is the non-material vacuum of space that is expanding. The expansion velocity of the bubbles is not limited by any physical speed limit like the velocity of light. GUMs in GUTs A potential problem for cosmologies that have phase transitions during the GUT Era is that a curious zoo of objects could be spawned if frequent bubble mergers occured as required by Guth's inflationary model. First of all, each bubble of the true vacuum phase contains its own Higgs field having a unique orientation in space. It seems likely that no two bubbles will have their Higgs fields oriented in quite the same way so that when bubbles merge, knots will form. According to Gerhard t'Hooft and Alexander Polyakov, these knots in the Higgs field are the magnetic monopoles originally proposed 40 years ago by Paul Dirac and there ought to be about as many of these as there were bubble mergers during the transition period. Upper limits to their abundance can be set by requiring that they do not contribute to 'closing' the universe which means that for particles of their predicted mass (about 10(16) GeV), they must be 1 trillion trillion times less abundant than the photons in the 3 K cosmic background. Calculations based on the old inflationary model suggest that the these GUMs (Grand Unification Monopoles) may easily have been as much as 100 trillion times more abundant than the upper limit! Such a universe would definitly be 'closed' and moreover would have run through its entire history between expansion and recollapse within a few thousand years. The new inflationary universe model solves this 'GUM' overproduction problem since we are living within only one of these bubbles, now almost infinitly larger than our visible universe. Since bubble collisions are no longer required to homogenize the matter and radiation in the universe, very few, if any, monopoles would exist within our visible universe. Horizons A prolonged period of inflation would have had an important influence on the cosmic fireball radiation. One long-standing problem in modern cosmology has been that all directions in the sky have the same temperature to an astonishing 1 part in 10,000. When we consider that regions separated by only a few degrees in the sky have only recently been in communication with one another, it is hard to understand how regions farther apart than this could be so similar in temperature. The radiation from one of these regions, traveling at the velocity of light, has not yet made it across the intervening distance to the other, even though the radiation may have started on its way since the universe first came into existence. This 'communication gap' would prevent these regions from ironing-out their temperature differences. With the standard, Big Bang model, as we look back to earlier epochs from the present time, the separations between particles decrease more slowly than their horizons are shrinking. Neighboring regions of space at the present time, become disconnected so temperature differences are free to develope. Eventually, as we look back to very ancient times, the horizons are so small that every particle existing then literally fills the entire volume of its own, observable universe. Imagine a universe where you occupy all of the available space! Prior to the development of the inflationary models, cosmologists were forced to imagine an incredably well-ordered initial state where each of these disconnected domains (some 10(86) in number) had nearly identical properties such as temperature. Any departure from this situation at that time would have grown to sizable temperature differences in widely separated parts of the sky at the present time. Unfortunately, some agency would have to set-up these finely-tuned initial conditions by violating causality. The contradiction is that no force may operate by transmitting its influence faster than the speed of light. In the inflationary models, this contradiction is eliminated because the separation between widely scattered points in space becomes almost infinitly small compared to the size of the horizons as we look back to the epoc of inflation. Since these points are now within each others light horizons, any temperature difference would have been eliminated immediatly since hotter regions would now be in radiative contact with colder ones. With this exponentially-growing, de Sitter phase in the universe's early history we now have a means for resolving the horizon problem. Instant Flat Space Because of the exponential growth of the universe during the GUT Era, its size may well be essentially infinite for all 'practical' purposes .. Estimates by Albrecht and Steinhardt suggest that each bubble region may have grown to a size of 10(3000) cm by the end of the inflationary period. Consequently, the new inflationary model predicts that the content of the universe must be almost exactly the 'critical mass' since the sizes of each of these bubble regions are almost infinite in extent. The universe is, for all conceivable observations, exactly Euclidean (infinite and flat in geometry) and destined to expand for all eternity to come. Since we have only detected at most 10 percent of the critical mass in the form of luminous matter, this suggests that 10 times as much matter exists in our universe than is currently detectable. Of course, if the universe is essentially infinite this raises the ghastly spectre of the eventual annihilation of all organic and inorganic matter some 10(32) years from now because of proton decay. In spite of its many apparent successes, even the new inflationary universe model is not without its problems. Although it does seem to provide explainations for several cosmological enigmas, it does not provide a convincing way to create galaxies. Those fluctuations in the density of matter that do survive the inflationary period are so dense that they eventually collapse into galaxy-sized blackholes! Neither the precise way in which the transition to ordinary Hubbel expansion occurs nor the duration of the inflationary period are well determined. If the inflationary cosmologies can be made to answer each of these issues satisfactorily we may have, as J. Richard Gott III has suggested, a most remarkable model of the universe where an almost infinite number of 'bubble universes' each having nearly infinite size, coexist in the same 4-dimensional spacetime; all of these bubble universes having been brought into existence at the same instant of creation. This is less troublesome than one might suspect since, if our universe is actually infinite as the available data suggests, so too was it infinite even at its moment of birth! It is even conceivable that the universe is 'percolating' with new bubble universes continually coming into existence. Our entire visible universe, out to the most distant quasar, would be but one infinitessimal patch within one of these bubble regions. Do these other universes have galaxies, stars, planets and living creatures statistically similar to those in our universe? We may never know. These other universes, born of the same paroxicism of Creation as our own, are forever beyond our scrutiny but obviously not our imaginations! Beyond The Beginning... Finally, what of the period before Grand Unification? We may surmise that at higher temperatures than the GUT Era, even the supermassive Higgs and Leptoquark bosons become massless and at long last we arrive at a time when the gravitational interaction is united with the weak, electromagnetic and strong forces. Yet, our quest for an understanding of the origins of the universe remains incomplete since gravity has yet to be brought into unity with the remaining forces on a theoretical basis. This last step promises to be not only the most difficult one to take on the long road to unification but also appears to hold the greatest promise for shedding light on some of the most profound mysteries of the physical world. Even now, a handful of theorists around the world are hard at work on a theory called Supergravity which unites the force carriers (photons, gluons, gravitons and the weak interaction bosons) with the particles that they act on (quarks, electrons etc). Supergravity theory also predicts the existence of new particles called photinos and gravitinos. There is even some speculation that the photinos may fill the entire universe and account for the unseen 'missing' matter that is necessary to give the universe the critical mass required to make it exactly Euclidean. The gravitinos, on the other hand, prevent calculations involving the exchange of gravitons from giving infinite answers for problems where the answers are known to be perfectly finite. Hitherto, these calculations did not include the affects of the gravitinos. Perhaps during the next decade, more of the details of the last stage of Unification will be hammered out at which time the entire story of the birth of our universe can be told. This is, indeed, an exciting time to be living through in human history. Will future generations forever envy us our good fortune, to have witnessed in our lifetimes the unfolding of the first comprehensive theory of Existence? |
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Br Dan Izzo wrote:
"Mr. 4X" wrote in message ... CeeBee wrote in message 1.6.84: (Br Dan Izzo) wrote in sci.astro: PS I think God a thinking creative force like man is real and therefore can be measured, is it cosmic magnetism ? How about cosmic bunkum, like the rest of your post? It's cosmic moronism. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- my reply My post was that I thought the creative force we call God in the universe was cosmic magnetism , possibly a monopole one , your modivativation is not knowledge, everything you think of you title good or bad and then think others deserving of death God did visit me in june 2001, the throne looks like revelations chapter 4 verses 1-6 and was in my livingroom , it appeared the moment I told God that I couldn't go to heave for a million years because I'd fight with God atleast once...then this machine throne image suddenly appeared...I asked God how long that it had been here...meaning the whole world...it said " THE WHOLE TIME " and left.....God is affraid of men because you will try to kill God like you wanted to kill me for your evil arousal Get professional help. Quickly. [snip insane rants] Bye, Bjoern |
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Bjoern Feuerbacher wrote in message ...
Br Dan Izzo wrote: "Mr. 4X" wrote in message ... CeeBee wrote in message 1.6.84: (Br Dan Izzo) wrote in sci.astro: PS I think God a thinking creative force like man is real and therefore can be measured, is it cosmic magnetism ? How about cosmic bunkum, like the rest of your post? It's cosmic moronism. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- my reply My post was that I thought the creative force we call God in the universe was cosmic magnetism , possibly a monopole one , your modivativation is not knowledge, everything you think of you title good or bad and then think others deserving of death God did visit me in june 2001, the throne looks like revelations chapter 4 verses 1-6 and was in my livingroom , it appeared the moment I told God that I couldn't go to heave for a million years because I'd fight with God atleast once...then this machine throne image suddenly appeared...I asked God how long that it had been here...meaning the whole world...it said " THE WHOLE TIME " and left.....God is affraid of men because you will try to kill God like you wanted to kill me for your evil arousal Get professional help. Quickly. [snip insane rants] Bye, Bjoern I just stated your thinking as is, re Cain and Able odepus complex just the power of science as is re read post God is affraid of men because you will try to kill God like you wanted to kill me for your evil arousal aka hunter savage drive...you didn't pick on my posts neutriid , instead you picked on cosmic magnetic force being able to go through absolute zero kelvin, a creative motivating force that I think is what people are refering to as God If God is real God can be measured that is science as is Br Izzo |
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Br Dan Izzo wrote:
Bjoern Feuerbacher wrote in message ... Br Dan Izzo wrote: "Mr. 4X" wrote in message ... CeeBee wrote in message news:Xns9557C70921F38ceebeechesterstartco@195. 121.6.84: (Br Dan Izzo) wrote in sci.astro: PS I think God a thinking creative force like man is real and therefore can be measured, is it cosmic magnetism ? How about cosmic bunkum, like the rest of your post? It's cosmic moronism. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- my reply My post was that I thought the creative force we call God in the universe was cosmic magnetism , possibly a monopole one , your modivativation is not knowledge, everything you think of you title good or bad and then think others deserving of death God did visit me in june 2001, the throne looks like revelations chapter 4 verses 1-6 and was in my livingroom , it appeared the moment I told God that I couldn't go to heave for a million years because I'd fight with God atleast once...then this machine throne image suddenly appeared...I asked God how long that it had been here...meaning the whole world...it said " THE WHOLE TIME " and left.....God is affraid of men because you will try to kill God like you wanted to kill me for your evil arousal Get professional help. Quickly. [snip insane rants] Bye, Bjoern I just stated your thinking as is, re Cain and Able odepus complex just the power of science as is re read post God is affraid of men because you will try to kill God like you wanted to kill me for your evil arousal aka hunter savage drive...you didn't pick on my posts neutriid , instead you picked on cosmic magnetic force being able to go through absolute zero kelvin, a creative motivating force that I think is what people are refering to as God If God is real God can be measured that is science as is Br Izzo I see that you have not yet sought professional help. A pity. Bye, Bjoern |
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"Mr. 4X" wrote in message ...
CeeBee wrote in message . 6.84: (Br Dan Izzo) wrote in sci.astro: PS I think God a thinking creative force like man is real and therefore can be measured, is it cosmic magnetism ? How about cosmic bunkum, like the rest of your post? It's cosmic moronism. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- If you don't like my gravitational instability cosmological theory you don't have to express your superiority inferiority complex with me Br Izzo |
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