Stephen Hawking's Interstellar Spaceship Proposal (And More!)

On 5/22/2016 3:48 PM, Robert Clark wrote:

Suppose we made the probes at the virus or bacteria scale then used
self-assembly to form a macroscale spacecraft say size of Mars
Pathfinder. Then we might only need a ground laser of currently existing
size, say a few hundred kilowatts, to send multiple nanoscale components
to relativistic speeds.

Know of references for doing self-assembly with components at the
nanoscale?



go ahead and suppose that you do.

On May/22/2016 at 4:48 PM, Robert Clark wrote :

Suppose we made the probes at the virus or bacteria scale then used
self-assembly to form a macroscale spacecraft say size of Mars
Pathfinder. Then we might only need a ground laser of currently existing
size, say a few hundred kilowatts, to send multiple nanoscale components
to relativistic speeds.

Know of references for doing self-assembly with components at the
nanoscale?


As others have mentioned, this kind of self-assembly is rather far-out
in the sci-fi zone. But even if you did have such self assembly,
focusing your laser on something far away that is of nanometric size is
yet another challenge far-out in the sci-fi zone.


Alain Fournier

Robert Forward proposed a practical interstellar system in 1984

http://www.lunarsail.com/LightSail/rit-1.pdf

This was improved on with the photonic thruster, by one of his students, in 2012

http://ykbcorp.com/downloads/Bae_pho...ulation..pd f

I made my own contributions in 2015

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/indus...s-william-mook

Positronium is unstable, but when embedded as a Bose Einstein Condensate within a smart crystal, it can remain stable indefinitely. The crystalline lattice has the density of aerogel, whilst the positronium has the density of iron, providing a 10,000 to 1 mass ratio.

The positronium spin angular momentum and linear momentum can be controlled as well as the speed of light in the lattice, to provide an efficient means to extract energy and cause it to be collimated as desired at any frequency or range of frequencies desired from any surface on the crystal. Light may be efficiently absorbed, slowed, and BEC Ps extracted from the resulting vacuum fluctuations. The process may be reversed to produce any wavelength of light emitted in any direction from the crystalline surface.

http://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/h...f?s equence=1

A spacecraft consisting of a spherical or oblate spheroid shell made of smart crystalline material capable of absorbing or emitting intense shortwave radiation, forms the basis of an interstellar spacecraft. This shell sits atop a meter or so of T-Flex radiation sheilding. Inside that submarine like pressure vessel, is the habitable volume of the vehicle.

http://www.space.com/21353-space-rad...on-threat.html

http://www.eichrom.com/PDF/gamma-ray...d.m.-rev-4.pdf

The ability to absorb and emit intense beams and efficiently convert them to and from Ps molecules, means that these surfaces process energy at many times the energy levels of most stars, including the sun. So tiny machines that self replicate from metals in the solar atmosphere, can be deposited on the solar surface, or any stellar surface, and capture efficiently any amount of Ps.

Basically, the Sun emits 4 million tons per second of radiant energy and 1 million tons per second of solar wind. The solar wind consists of about 10,000 tons per second of metals.

http://solar-center.stanford.edu/FAQ/Qsolwindcomp.html

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10...6195/fulltext/

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10...6195/fulltext/

So, the ratio is 400 to 1. 400 tons of Ps for every 1 ton of raw material. So, with a 10,000 to 1 mass ratio, we can store 10,000 tons of Ps in 1 ton of photonic/positronic crystal, and produce 24 tons of other useful materials.

Cabin densities are in the range of 185 kg/m3.

http://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/S...K_10-08-31.pdf

An oblate spheroid with 20 meter height and a 60 meter width and breadth, has a volume of 113,097 cubic meters. This has 29,093,007 kg payload weight, 11,400 sq m of usable floor area. The oblate spheroid surface is 6829.6 sq m. A 2 meter thick layer of T-Flex sheilding masses 17,878,424 kg. A total payload of 46,971,431 kg. At 11.4 square meters per person, 1000 persons can be on board at one time. A cabin 5 ft x 11 ft in area, with a 2.4 m ceiling height, allocates 50% of the space to personal cabins. 5,700 sq meters - the size of shopping mall, is the common area.

Encased in a shell 35 meter thick at the top and bottom, and ballooning to 110 meters thick at the sides, the system carries 469,667,338,629 kg of Ps. Equivalent of the entire solar output for two minutes!

Dimming the Sun by covering the surface of the sun with smart absorbers and absorbing all photons not directed to objects visible from the solar surface, allows absorbing nearly all light from the sun without impacting the Sun's appearance in the sky to anything visible from the solar surface. The same can be done around any star.

This is done with self replicating machines.

Let's take a square millimeter of material that is a few molecules thick, and doubles every minute. The sun 695,700 km in radius so consists of 6.082x10^24 square millimeters in surface area. Thus it takes 82.33 minutes to cover the entire solar surface with solar collectors of this type. It takes another 2 minutes to collect all the materials required - and all the materials dissolve into a Ps powered utiity fog, leave the Sun, and self assemble into a finished spacecraft. A planetary cruiser, that consists of a Ps shell only a few centimeters thick, that blasts across the solar system at one gee - is only 3% by weight Ps. The interstellar cruiser stays out past Sedna and joins up with the planetary cruiser when signalled to do so.

This is purely a safety measure, since accumulation of the amount of Ps called for in this system could cause a nova type explosion. In fact, the utility fog dispatches to the outer solar system where it self assembles into the interstellar stage.

So, what does a 10,000 to 1 mass ratio achieve?

Well, since we can refuel in about 90 minutes anywhere in the cosmos, we an expend all our Ps in two boosts. One to leave the solar system, another to slow to arrive at our destination.

Rindler's 1970 adjustment of Tsiolkovski's equation for Ps powered rockets is;

Vf = Ve * LN(1/(1-u)) - Tsiolkovski --- u = 1 - 1 / EXP( Vf/Ve )

Vf = c * TANH( LN(1/(1-u)) ) - Rindler --- u = 1 - 1 / EXP( ATANH( Vf/c ) )

m0/mf = 1 / (1- u) --- u = 1 - 1/ (m0/mf)

So, a 10,000 to 1 mass ratio permits a Ps powered photon rocket to achieve 0.99999998 c. Time dilation for a vehicle moving this fast is 5,000 to 1..

Of course two bosts require taking the square root of this mass ratio - or 100 to 1 mass ratio per boost. This is 0.9998 c. Time dilation for this vehicle at top speed is 50 to 1. So, each year aboard ship allows the ship to travel 50 light years. It takes

t = c/a * ATANH( Vf/c ) =140880437 seconds = 4.464 years

at one gee boost to achieve this speed. Another 4.464 years to slow down. It takes 50 light years to speed up and another 50 light years to slow down. It takes 50.95 years Earth time to speed up and another 50.95 years to slow down.

Any star within 100 light years of Earth is reached by a constant one gee boost. Any star beyond 100 light years is reached in 101.9 years + (distance-100)/.9998 years earth time and 9.9128 + (distance-100)/50 years ship time.

So, Rigel, 913 light years away, takes 26.17 years each way ship time and 915 years Earth time.


Suspended animation is being experimented with today by Dr. Mark Roth. He is doing human trials to extend the period of time people can survive following severe accidents or other trauma. This is being looked at as a means to send people more easily to Mars and the other planets in the solar system with chemical rockets. Developed for this purpose, this is easily adapted to interstellar travel. Since all cellular activity stops when in stasis, aging stops as well. So, stasis could extend indefinitely. With a 30 year upper bound for stasis, and with 10 years at boost, we're limited to about 1,000 light year range with this technology. The ease with which people can enter and leave stasis appears to be quite simple. Injecting a small quantity of hydrogen sulfide compounds, while inhaling a sall quantity of hydrogen sulfide gas at the 80 ppm level, means people could spend a month active, and then sleep for years, to be awakened for another month's duty. So, a 30 year trip divided among 33 crews of 30 each, would take less than a year of biological time for each party. So each crew spends 11 days per year awake. Crews overlap time, spending an additional 3 days - to transfer duties - and so two weeks on duty - the remainder of the year off - and any amount of personal time out of stasis for personal development or study.

3D food printers that use cell cultures that are fed by algae illuminated by LED lamps powered by Ps, provide food on demand and recycle 100% of the waste products in a totally closed cycle system. 1,000 watts/m2 and 20% overall efficiency of conversion with an average of 12.5 MJ/kg of food and 12.5 MJ/day - requires 1 kg per day of food. This requires 400 watts of power each day to create the food, and another 600 watts for other uses, water and air recycling, etc. A kilowatt of power per person. This is 1 MW of power aboard ship for 1000 persons when active.

Once the ship enters the target star system, self replicating drone spacecraft are deployed, and a refueling drone is deployed as well, to restore and refurbish the interstellar stage. Additional materials are extracted from the target star to build a large Bishop ring style colony remote from the target star's inner system, and illuminated by a Ps driven artificial sun at its center.

A 2000 km diameter by 6000 km long cylinder, covering 37.7 million sq km require an average 250 W/m2 to replicate conditions on Earth - with intense beams following a cosine of intensity from 0 at 0 degrees to 1000 W/m2 at 90 degrees and 0 watts at 180 degrees - and zero from 180 to 360 degrees - where the cycle repeats. The spread of artificial sunlight rotates around the cylinder in 24 hours - replicating the day night cycle on Earth. The sunlamp at the center of this cylinder consumes 3,305 metric tons of Ps each year. A miniscule amount to extract from the target star. When extracted with the materials from the stellar atmosphere to build the cylinder, the colony has sufficient resources to last 1,000 years or more, using less than a few percent of fuel needed for the interstellar hop. Along with building dozens of starships with fuel to dispatch them to regions beyond the target star, the travellers have sufficient resources to live quite well anywhere they find themselves.

The Hawking proposals would use 100 gigawatt lasers to propel a thousand of
the small craft weighing a few grams and centimeters in size to relativistic
speeds in only 10 minutes:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakthrough_Starshot

Since they reach the desired speed in only minutes I assume the distance at
which they are being accelerated isn't very far. This will make it easier to
focus the laser over a small area. But another consideration is the sail
doesn't have to be the same small size as the spacecraft. For instance
according to the wiki article, though the spacecraft in the Hawking proposal
are only centimeters across, the sails are meters across, made of
ultralightweight materials such as graphene. Also since a much smaller laser
would be required we can envision placing it in space to avoid the
distortion of the beam due to passing through the atmosphere.

About the self-assembly much research is going for that at the macroscale:

Fluid Assembly: Chair.
https://vimeo.com/112761863

Aerial Assemblies.
https://vimeo.com/109708208

Programmable self-assembly in a thousand-robot swarm.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xK54Bu9HFRw

SELF RE-ASSEMBLY AFTER EXPLOSION.
http://modlabupenn.org/self-re-assem...ter-explosion/

Considering the research also at producing synthetic versions of
biomolecules even up to the level of viruses, it should already be doable to
get self-assembly at the nanoscale.


Bob Clark






----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Finally, nanotechnology can now fulfill its potential to revolutionize
21st-century technology, from the space elevator, to private, orbital
launchers, to 'flying cars'.
This crowdfunding campaign is to prove it:

Nanotech: from air to space.
https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/n...ce/x/13319568/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Alain Fournier" wrote in message ...

On May/22/2016 at 4:48 PM, Robert Clark wrote :

Suppose we made the probes at the virus or bacteria scale then used
self-assembly to form a macroscale spacecraft say size of Mars
Pathfinder. Then we might only need a ground laser of currently existing
size, say a few hundred kilowatts, to send multiple nanoscale components
to relativistic speeds.

Know of references for doing self-assembly with components at the
nanoscale?


As others have mentioned, this kind of self-assembly is rather far-out
in the sci-fi zone. But even if you did have such self assembly,
focusing your laser on something far away that is of nanometric size is
yet another challenge far-out in the sci-fi zone.


Alain Fournier


---
This email has been checked for viruses by Avast antivirus software.
https://www.avast.com/antivirus

In sci.physics Robert Clark wrote:
The Hawking proposals would use 100 gigawatt lasers to propel a thousand of
the small craft weighing a few grams and centimeters in size to relativistic
speeds in only 10 minutes:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakthrough_Starshot

Since they reach the desired speed in only minutes I assume the distance at
which they are being accelerated isn't very far. This will make it easier to
focus the laser over a small area. But another consideration is the sail
doesn't have to be the same small size as the spacecraft. For instance
according to the wiki article, though the spacecraft in the Hawking proposal
are only centimeters across, the sails are meters across, made of
ultralightweight materials such as graphene. Also since a much smaller laser
would be required we can envision placing it in space to avoid the
distortion of the beam due to passing through the atmosphere.

About the self-assembly much research is going for that at the macroscale:

If you launch them all at once they may as well be assembled to start with.

If you lauch them independently they will be strung out and have dispersion.

Where do they get the energy to come together?


--
Jim Pennino

This is a rehash of Robert Forward's 'starwisp' idea, and my idea from 36 years ago, to do the same thing with MEMS

Here's my friend, Bob Forward's original idea

http://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=3816

http://www.niac.usra.edu/files/studi...rt/4Landis.pdf

MEMs devices can contain small quantities of Positronium and therefore slow down at their destinations.

Instead of a laser pushing inert bugs that have little capacity to modify their trajectory, it makes more sense to make nano-scale machinery that are more capable.

Light slows down in media below that of its speed in vacuum. This changes the wavelength of the light. It also changes the energy - increasing amplitude as photon lengths are squeezed.

Photonic crystals can slow light down to walking speeds! Ths hortening the wavelength - and the energy showing up as amplitude - which efficiently creates positron-electron pairs. These pairs if they contain the proper relationship and relative energy, can form a bound state called Positronium. Unfortunately their life span is extremely short. Fortunately, it is long enough for smart crystals to mediate their interaction so that they can remain stable through the exchange of momentum in an appropriately configured arrangement. How dense can this be? They can exceed the density of iron. How dense is the intervening 'smart crystal'? This can be less dense than aerogel. This is a mass ratio of about 10,000 to 1 with average density around 8,000 kg per cubic meter.

Now, silicon is rather abundant on Earth and other rocky planets and is quite flexible in its molecular structure. It can be used to build a variety of things on the atomic scale that have all the properties we need to make any mechanical or electrical device.

http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/....2014.325.html

Silicon is also relatively abundant in the solar atmosphere

http://mnras.oxfordjournals.org/cont.../2979.full.pdf

Making solar collectors out of silicon makes sense. Building them on Earth, and causing them to form photonic crystals that absorb sunlight efficiently and produce and store Ps molecules efficiently, is the first step toward interstellar cellular automata.

A sphere 100 microns in diameter is 100x larger than a bacterium, 1,000,000x the volume and made of iron, 8,000,000x the weight.

So, a sphere 100 microns in diameter with a layer of 1000 silicene layers forming the sphere - with 0.543 nm spacing - this is a layer 543 nanometers thick. It masses 5 picograms. In full sunlight on Earth's surface it intercepts 7.85 microwatts. At 40 MJ/kg processing cost for organising this silicene cell it takes 25.3 seconds for the cell to replicate. It takes 127,323,955 cells to cover one square meter. It takes 200 trillion cells to equal one gram of Silicon. This many cells cover 1.57 sq km.

Starting with one cell built in an atomic force microscope, on a wafer of silicon, it takes about 20 minutes to grow from one cell to 200 trillion cells!

Each cell holds 50 nanograms of Ps. 4.5 MJ is required to produce this much Ps from sunlight. A square meter intercepts 1000 Watts on Earth's surface for about 3.7 hours per day on average. That's 3 cells filled for each square meter per day. 1081 cells filled over the course of a year for each square meter. A total of 1.7 trillion cells filled with Ps from 1 kg of cells operating on Earth for one year. The cells mass 8.5 grams of silicon and contain 85 kg of Ps. This is enough for them to blast off Earth accelerate to

V/c = TANH(LN(100)) = 0.999800019998 ~99.98% c.

This burns through 84.15 kg of Ps, and 841.5 grams of Ps Remain. At 1,000 gees this machine accelerates to 99.98% c in 3,170 AU distance over a period of two weeks. It takes about 4 weeks to get to alpha centauri (ship time) and another two weeks to slow down, at 1,000 gees.

The cells land on a suitable body at a distant star, and does the same trick to return carrying information about the remote location. That information is then distributed and replicated through the internet.

This can be done in the solar system, far more efficiently since only 122x the cell weight is needed to project and return objects to 30 AU at 1000 gees - achieving 7.1% light speed twice over that distance and slowing down each time without collecting Ps at the destination.

We can send things out and retrieve information in a few hours. Getting detailed information about our solar system, and testing the systems out before dispatching them further afield.

Utility fog of this nature sititng on the surface of the Sun, is 40,000x more productive than on Earth. So, 68 quadrillion cells across 1.57 km2 on the solar surface project, 340 kg per year of cells to the planets and the stars beyond, all to return to us with detailed information.
On Wednesday, May 25, 2016 at 3:00:03 AM UTC+12, Robert Clark wrote:
The Hawking proposals would use 100 gigawatt lasers to propel a thousand of
the small craft weighing a few grams and centimeters in size to relativistic
speeds in only 10 minutes:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakthrough_Starshot

Since they reach the desired speed in only minutes I assume the distance at
which they are being accelerated isn't very far. This will make it easier to
focus the laser over a small area. But another consideration is the sail
doesn't have to be the same small size as the spacecraft. For instance
according to the wiki article, though the spacecraft in the Hawking proposal
are only centimeters across, the sails are meters across, made of
ultralightweight materials such as graphene. Also since a much smaller laser
would be required we can envision placing it in space to avoid the
distortion of the beam due to passing through the atmosphere.

About the self-assembly much research is going for that at the macroscale:

Fluid Assembly: Chair.
https://vimeo.com/112761863

Aerial Assemblies.
https://vimeo.com/109708208

Programmable self-assembly in a thousand-robot swarm.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xK54Bu9HFRw

SELF RE-ASSEMBLY AFTER EXPLOSION.
http://modlabupenn.org/self-re-assem...ter-explosion/

Considering the research also at producing synthetic versions of
biomolecules even up to the level of viruses, it should already be doable to
get self-assembly at the nanoscale.


Bob Clark






----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Finally, nanotechnology can now fulfill its potential to revolutionize
21st-century technology, from the space elevator, to private, orbital
launchers, to 'flying cars'.
This crowdfunding campaign is to prove it:

Nanotech: from air to space.
https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/n...ce/x/13319568/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Alain Fournier" wrote in message ...

On May/22/2016 at 4:48 PM, Robert Clark wrote :

Suppose we made the probes at the virus or bacteria scale then used
self-assembly to form a macroscale spacecraft say size of Mars
Pathfinder. Then we might only need a ground laser of currently existing
size, say a few hundred kilowatts, to send multiple nanoscale components
to relativistic speeds.

Know of references for doing self-assembly with components at the
nanoscale?


As others have mentioned, this kind of self-assembly is rather far-out
in the sci-fi zone. But even if you did have such self assembly,
focusing your laser on something far away that is of nanometric size is
yet another challenge far-out in the sci-fi zone.


Alain Fournier


---
This email has been checked for viruses by Avast antivirus software.
https://www.avast.com/antivirus

On Monday, April 18, 2016 at 1:40:20 AM UTC+12, Robert Clark wrote:
I've been thinking of ways we can get such nanocraft to link up through
self-assembly and form larger structures that can do more detailed
observations and experiments. This could work even for visits to far off
destinations still in the Solar System such as Kuiper belt objects like
Pluto or the Oort cloud.

The main problem is getting the many objects flying independently and
getting further apart the further out they go to gradually be drawn to each
other and link up. Once they link up, I don't it would be to difficult to
then get them to do self-assembly.

But it's that drawing together step that is the sticking point.

Bob Clark



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Finally, nanotechnology can now fulfill its potential to revolutionize
21st-century technology, from the space elevator, to private, orbital
launchers, to 'flying cars'.
This crowdfunding campaign is to prove it:

Nanotech: from air to space.
https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/n...ce/x/13319568/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Rick Jones" wrote in message ...

wrote:
See:

http://gizmodo.com/a-russian-billion...ild-1770467186

Indeed, the hurdles range from how to create the laser array
capable of accelerating a small payload off Earth to how to
transmit data back to us over interstellar distances. These will
be huge accomplishments, with reverberations throughout many
fields of science and technology.

I was wondering how they were going to get comms back from such a
small package. I guess the answer is they haven't exactly figured
that out yet.

rick jones
--


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G1t4M2XnIhI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4q0_0dKiKg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_6p-1J551Y

http://video.mit.edu/watch/small-cub...ssemble-25913/

http://www.ganino.com/games/Science/...64/3076162.pdf

http://video.mit.edu/watch/small-cub...ssemble-25913/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5F_SRwrCF6Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9tVR4IzE30s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRdcZSuCpNo


A self replicating machine cell that extracts silicon from Earth's surface, and makes positronium (Ps) molecules from sunlight, and stores it within itself efficiently and efficiently retrieves it. The system self replicates every 23.7 seconds. It covers 1.57 sq km of surface in two hours. Two hours after that it sends a square millimeter of machine cells to the sun, accelerating at 1000 gees. This requires 0.2865 propellant fraction of Ps to achieve 38,289 km/sec top speed, and slow to zero speed on the solar surface, using photonic thrust, reaching the surface 2.16915 hours after launch.. It takes 47 minutes after arrival, to encase the Sun, and capture 4 million tons per second of Ps, and 10,000 tons per second of any material desired, whilst maintaining normal solar image to any body visible or detectable from the solar surface. Virtually unlimited computing power is available.. We are a Kardashev class II civilization.

There are two ways to fly to the stars.

(1) As a body;
(a) enter stasis,
(b) inhabit a portable biosphere,
(c) encase that biosphere in tungsten, plastic, iron, sheild meters thick,
(d) encase that shield in a photonic crystal dozens of meters thick,
(e) risk the loss of vehicle during transit.
(f) limited to 310 million persons per year using solar output
(g) 30 years to depopulate Earth.

(2) As a virtual pattern;
(a) machine cells enter your body,
(b) machine cells record quantum state as body is dissolved,
(c) multiple copies of your quantum state dispatched to stars at 1000 gee
(d) arrival and replication assured at chosen destinations
(e) backup copies stored until experiences retrieved
(f) multiple copies sent to multiple destinations simultaneously.
(g) quantum state retrieved from multiple destinations,
(h) back up personality updated with experiences
(i) home personality integrates experiences, plans others
(j) repeat exploration cycle at (b)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bTMS9y8OVuY

Thanks for the links on self-assembly. But in regards to propulsion using
positronium, i.e., antimatter, how do you store it in a small craft? It
would have to be held within a vacuum since any contact with matter would
cause it to turn into pure energy. Moreover it would have to be held in
stasis within that vacuum, less any contact with the walls would also cause
it to turn into pure energy.

Bob Clark

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Finally, nanotechnology can now fulfill its potential to revolutionize
21st-century technology, from the space elevator, to private, orbital
launchers, to 'flying cars'.
This crowdfunding campaign is to prove it:

Nanotech: from air to space.
https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/n...ce/x/13319568/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"William Mook" wrote in message
...

On Monday, April 18, 2016 at 1:40:20 AM UTC+12, Robert Clark wrote:
I've been thinking of ways we can get such nanocraft to link up through
self-assembly and form larger structures that can do more detailed
observations and experiments. This could work even for visits to far off
destinations still in the Solar System such as Kuiper belt objects like
Pluto or the Oort cloud.

The main problem is getting the many objects flying independently and
getting further apart the further out they go to gradually be drawn to
each
other and link up. Once they link up, I don't it would be to difficult to
then get them to do self-assembly.

But it's that drawing together step that is the sticking point.

Bob Clark



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Finally, nanotechnology can now fulfill its potential to revolutionize
21st-century technology, from the space elevator, to private, orbital
launchers, to 'flying cars'.
This crowdfunding campaign is to prove it:

Nanotech: from air to space.
https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/n...ce/x/13319568/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Rick Jones" wrote in message ...

wrote:
See:

http://gizmodo.com/a-russian-billion...ild-1770467186

Indeed, the hurdles range from how to create the laser array
capable of accelerating a small payload off Earth to how to
transmit data back to us over interstellar distances. These will
be huge accomplishments, with reverberations throughout many
fields of science and technology.

I was wondering how they were going to get comms back from such a
small package. I guess the answer is they haven't exactly figured
that out yet.

rick jones
--


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G1t4M2XnIhI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4q0_0dKiKg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_6p-1J551Y

http://video.mit.edu/watch/small-cub...ssemble-25913/

http://www.ganino.com/games/Science/...64/3076162.pdf

http://video.mit.edu/watch/small-cub...ssemble-25913/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5F_SRwrCF6Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9tVR4IzE30s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRdcZSuCpNo


A self replicating machine cell that extracts silicon from Earth's surface,
and makes positronium (Ps) molecules from sunlight, and stores it within
itself efficiently and efficiently retrieves it. The system self replicates
every 23.7 seconds. It covers 1.57 sq km of surface in two hours. Two
hours after that it sends a square millimeter of machine cells to the sun,
accelerating at 1000 gees. This requires 0.2865 propellant fraction of Ps
to achieve 38,289 km/sec top speed, and slow to zero speed on the solar
surface, using photonic thrust, reaching the surface 2.16915 hours after
launch. It takes 47 minutes after arrival, to encase the Sun, and capture
4 million tons per second of Ps, and 10,000 tons per second of any material
desired, whilst maintaining normal solar image to any body visible or
detectable from the solar surface. Virtually unlimited computing power is
available. We are a Kardashev class II civilization.

There are two ways to fly to the stars.

(1) As a body;
(a) enter stasis,
(b) inhabit a portable biosphere,
(c) encase that biosphere in tungsten, plastic, iron, sheild meters
thick,
(d) encase that shield in a photonic crystal dozens of meters thick,
(e) risk the loss of vehicle during transit.
(f) limited to 310 million persons per year using solar output
(g) 30 years to depopulate Earth.

(2) As a virtual pattern;
(a) machine cells enter your body,
(b) machine cells record quantum state as body is dissolved,
(c) multiple copies of your quantum state dispatched to stars at
1000 gee
(d) arrival and replication assured at chosen destinations
(e) backup copies stored until experiences retrieved
(f) multiple copies sent to multiple destinations simultaneously.
(g) quantum state retrieved from multiple destinations,
(h) back up personality updated with experiences
(i) home personality integrates experiences, plans others
(j) repeat exploration cycle at (b)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bTMS9y8OVuY

---

In article ,
says...

Thanks for the links on self-assembly. But in regards to propulsion using
positronium, i.e., antimatter, how do you store it in a small craft? It
would have to be held within a vacuum since any contact with matter would
cause it to turn into pure energy. Moreover it would have to be held in
stasis within that vacuum, less any contact with the walls would also cause
it to turn into pure energy.

WTF Bob? Seriously? We can't even sustain fusion for power generation
on earth (using seriously heavy magnetic containment) and you think we
have the tech for antimatter containment and propulsion? You've been
hanging around Mook for too long.

Jeff
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On Thursday, May 26, 2016 at 2:22:35 AM UTC+12, Robert Clark wrote:
Thanks for the links on self-assembly. But in regards to propulsion using
positronium, i.e., antimatter, how do you store it in a small craft?

In a sparse 'smart' crystalline structure.

https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=...ge &q&f=false


It
would have to be held within a vacuum since any contact with matter would
cause it to turn into pure energy.

And the conversion takes place if they touch each other, and given their nature, they tend to spin into one another in a few microseconds.

So, the photons that are radiated away must pass through the photonic crystal in such a way as to be exchanged with another Positronium pair, to kick their energy higher.

Its easy to see that two Ps molecules consisting of 4 parts is stable whilst lone Ps pair is not. This spin coupling along with fine structure and hyperfine structure within the Ps molecule gives the basic control logic of a Ps management system. Mapping that logic into the nanostructure of a quasi crystal is how you build a reliable solid state anti-matter containment facility.

Remember, the space between atoms inside a crystal is a vacuum and operating between the atoms of the crystal using the forces exerted by the crystalline lattice gives absolute assurance of reliable operation in the solid state, as easily and as sure as we control the flow of electrons today through crystalline lattices on computer chips.

Moreover it would have to be held in
stasis within that vacuum, less any contact with the walls would also cause
it to turn into pure energy.

Correct, and any macroscopic system of control is doomed to failure for that reason. So, it is by careful control of energy states of each Ps pair within a crystalline lattice that is well defined down to the molecular level that Ps can be held and controlled in the solid state reliably without direct contact.

What is the density?

The size of a Ps molecule at its lowest energy state is 60 pm.

http://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~phys19...Harpen2004.pdf

http://www.jetp.ac.ru/cgi-bin/dn/e_083_01_0028.pdf

A Positronium molecule masses 18.2 x 10^(-31) kg. A cubic meter of iron masses 8,000 kg. So,

N = 8,000 / (18.2 x 10^(-31) ) = 4.3296 x 10^(33) Ps molecules

are needed to match the density of iron.

The cube root of this figure is 163.81 billion per meter. A separation of 61.02 pm. This is 11.24% of the spacing between Silicon atoms in a crystalline lattice (542.07 pm)

pm=picometers = 10^(-12) = 1 trillionths of a meter.

Sparse quasi crystals the density of aerogels - less than 800 grams per cubic meter

http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/1...blade-of-grass

Is 10,000 lighter than the Ps it controls. A 10,000 to 1 mass ratio permits a photon rocket

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19065173

to achieve a velocity of;

Vf/c = tanh( ln( 10000 ) ) = 0.99999998 c = 99.999998% light speed..

to achieve a velocity of and slow down from;

Vf/c = tanh( ln( 100 ) ) = 0.999800019998 ~ 99.98% light speed

to achieve a velocity of and slow down twice from;

Vf/c = tanh( ln( 10 ) ) = 0.98019801980198 ~ 98.02% light speed.

Time dilation is 5000 to 1 in the first instance, 50.005 to 1 in the second instance, and 5.05 to 1 in the last instance.

The Stanford Torus weighs about 10 million tons mass.

Total mass: 10 million tons (including radiation shield (95%), habitat, and atmosphere)
Diameter: 1,790 m (1.11 mi)
Habitation tube diameter: 130 m (430 ft)
Spokes: 6 spokes of 15 m (49 ft) diameter
Rotation: 1 revolution per minute
Radiation shield: 1.7 meters (5.6 feet) thick raw lunar soil

Replacing the lunar soil with tungsten iron polymer sheild - cuts the weight by half, and replacing the windows and mirror system with a sunlamp, and replacing the solar power setup with Ps power. We have 5,000,000 tons of hardware and 10,000 permanent residents. The habitation tube rolls through 90 degrees allowing the people to stand upright during full boost, or stand against the outer wall when at zero boost.

Starting with 100 to one and having a two boost system at 10 to 1. We have

Payload 5,000,000 tons
Braking Ps 45,000,000 tons
Acceleration Ps 450,000,000 tons.

Ps mass = 495,000,000 tons.
Density = 8 tons/m3
Total volume = 61,875,000 cubic meters
A sphere 491 meters in diameter inside the torus.

To fill up this tank requires that all the energy from the sun except that energy falling on or directed toward all visible objects from the solar surface be converted to Ps for 125 seconds. This captures essentially all the energy from the sun, without interrupting any of the energy falling on any object visible from the solar surface.

The heavier elements in the solar wind are captured for this period of time which provides the payload as well. The film disintegrates and forms a plume that self assembles into a finished fuelly fueled vehicle. Transport ships are deployed to pick up passengers on Earth.

To produce 500 million tons of force as thrust with photons requires the production of 1.471x10^21 Watts of power. This is 3.884x10^15 Watts/m2 flux across the base of the 491 meter sphere.

Total power output is 3.83 ppm of the sun, whilst the temperature of the exhaust is 88.53x hotter! (511,615 K).

At the end of the first boost, and the start of the second power level has dropped to 1.471x10^20 Watts of power, and flux to 3.844x10^14 Watts/m2. Total power is now 0.383 ppm of the sun, whilst temperature is 49.78x hotter (287,254K).

At the end of the journey power level drops to 1.4710^19 Watts of power, flux to 3.884x10^13 Watts/m2. Total power is 38.3 ppb of the sun, whilst temperature is 28.00x hotter (161,535K)

The sunlamp inside the habitation ring averages 182.76 MW to reproduce earth normal conditions throughout the day, with a peak output of 731.00 MW and 0 for 12 hours excepting reproducing the night sky.

Another 50 MW is required for life support of 10,000 people. Add another 219 MW for temperature control, and we have 1,000 MW of power. 31.56 x 10^15 Joules per year. Equivalent to 350.8 grams Ps per year! 1 ton of Ps runs the station for nearly 3000 years!

At one gee it takes 4 light years to accelerate to 98% light speed. It takes 4.37 years star time and 2.25 years ship time. So, any star within 8 light years of Sol, requires constant 1 gee acceleration. At 98% light speed you're travelling 5 light years for each year on board.

So, anything farther than 8 light years requires 4.5 years ship time of boost at each end, and

( D(ly) - 8 ) / 5 = years coast time.

Total time = boost time + coast time.

So, a star 100 light years away requires

4.5 years + 92/5 = 4.5 + 18.4 = 22.9 years ship time

to reach.

Once the target star is reached, the same technology that made the starship and fuelled it in the first place is deployed at the target star. The output of that star is tapped, and used to refuel and refurbish the starship. Drones and planetary cruisers, are deployed across the target star system to map and survey the local system. This information is dispatched back to Earth in a drone. Over an 83 year period, the population triples from 10,000 to 30,000 - three stations are built. One for those who wish to stay. One for those who wish to move on. One for those who wish to return to Earth.

The process is repeated.

In this way, we traverse 100 light years every 200 years. We traverse the galaxy in 250,000 years.

So, this is old-school. New-school focuses on replicating natural life with synthetic life, and powering each cell with Ps - and dispatching multiple copies of individuals wherever they like to be - then reassembling them. As I've described previously.

I prefer old-school for now.








Bob Clark

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Finally, nanotechnology can now fulfill its potential to revolutionize
21st-century technology, from the space elevator, to private, orbital
launchers, to 'flying cars'.
This crowdfunding campaign is to prove it:

Nanotech: from air to space.
https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/n...ce/x/13319568/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"William Mook" wrote in message
...

On Monday, April 18, 2016 at 1:40:20 AM UTC+12, Robert Clark wrote:
I've been thinking of ways we can get such nanocraft to link up through
self-assembly and form larger structures that can do more detailed
observations and experiments. This could work even for visits to far off
destinations still in the Solar System such as Kuiper belt objects like
Pluto or the Oort cloud.

The main problem is getting the many objects flying independently and
getting further apart the further out they go to gradually be drawn to
each
other and link up. Once they link up, I don't it would be to difficult to
then get them to do self-assembly.

But it's that drawing together step that is the sticking point.

Bob Clark



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Finally, nanotechnology can now fulfill its potential to revolutionize
21st-century technology, from the space elevator, to private, orbital
launchers, to 'flying cars'.
This crowdfunding campaign is to prove it:

Nanotech: from air to space.
https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/n...ce/x/13319568/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Rick Jones" wrote in message ...

wrote:
See:

http://gizmodo.com/a-russian-billion...ild-1770467186

Indeed, the hurdles range from how to create the laser array
capable of accelerating a small payload off Earth to how to
transmit data back to us over interstellar distances. These will
be huge accomplishments, with reverberations throughout many
fields of science and technology.

I was wondering how they were going to get comms back from such a
small package. I guess the answer is they haven't exactly figured
that out yet.

rick jones
--


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G1t4M2XnIhI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4q0_0dKiKg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_6p-1J551Y

http://video.mit.edu/watch/small-cub...ssemble-25913/

http://www.ganino.com/games/Science/...64/3076162.pdf

http://video.mit.edu/watch/small-cub...ssemble-25913/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5F_SRwrCF6Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9tVR4IzE30s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRdcZSuCpNo


A self replicating machine cell that extracts silicon from Earth's surface,
and makes positronium (Ps) molecules from sunlight, and stores it within
itself efficiently and efficiently retrieves it. The system self replicates
every 23.7 seconds. It covers 1.57 sq km of surface in two hours. Two
hours after that it sends a square millimeter of machine cells to the sun,
accelerating at 1000 gees. This requires 0.2865 propellant fraction of Ps
to achieve 38,289 km/sec top speed, and slow to zero speed on the solar
surface, using photonic thrust, reaching the surface 2.16915 hours after
launch. It takes 47 minutes after arrival, to encase the Sun, and capture
4 million tons per second of Ps, and 10,000 tons per second of any material
desired, whilst maintaining normal solar image to any body visible or
detectable from the solar surface. Virtually unlimited computing power is
available. We are a Kardashev class II civilization.

There are two ways to fly to the stars.

(1) As a body;
(a) enter stasis,
(b) inhabit a portable biosphere,
(c) encase that biosphere in tungsten, plastic, iron, sheild meters
thick,
(d) encase that shield in a photonic crystal dozens of meters thick,
(e) risk the loss of vehicle during transit.
(f) limited to 310 million persons per year using solar output
(g) 30 years to depopulate Earth.

(2) As a virtual pattern;
(a) machine cells enter your body,
(b) machine cells record quantum state as body is dissolved,
(c) multiple copies of your quantum state dispatched to stars at
1000 gee
(d) arrival and replication assured at chosen destinations
(e) backup copies stored until experiences retrieved
(f) multiple copies sent to multiple destinations simultaneously.
(g) quantum state retrieved from multiple destinations,
(h) back up personality updated with experiences
(i) home personality integrates experiences, plans others
(j) repeat exploration cycle at (b)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bTMS9y8OVuY

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