THE DEGENERATION OF DEDUCTIVE SCIENCE

http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00000313/
Jos Uffink: "The Second Law made its appearance in physics around
1850, but a half century later it was already surrounded by so much
confusion that the British Association for the Advancement of Science
decided to appoint a special committee with the task of providing
clarity about the meaning of this law. However, its final report
(Bryan 1891) did not settle the issue. Half a century later, the
physicist/philosopher Bridgman still complained that there are almost
as many formulations of the second law as there have been discussions
of it (Bridgman 1941, p. 116). And even today, the Second Law remains
so obscure that it continues to attract new efforts at clarification.
A recent example is the work of Lieb and Yngvason (1999)......The
historian of science and mathematician Truesdell made a detailed study
of the historical development of thermodynamics in the period
1822-1854. He characterises the theory, even in its present state, as
'a dismal swamp of obscurity' (1980, p. 6) and 'a prime example to
show that physicists are not exempt from the madness of crowds' (ibid.
p. 8).......Clausius' verbal statement of the second law makes no
sense.... All that remains is a Mosaic prohibition ; a century of
philosophers and journalists have acclaimed this commandment ; a
century of mathematicians have shuddered and averted their eyes from
the unclean.....Seven times in the past thirty years have I tried to
follow the argument Clausius offers....and seven times has it blanked
and gravelled me.... I cannot explain what I cannot
understand.....This summary leads to the question whether it is
fruitful to see irreversibility or time-asymmetry as the essence of
the second law. Is it not more straightforward, in view of the
unargued statements of Kelvin, the bold claims of Clausius and the
strained attempts of Planck, to give up this idea? I believe that
Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa was right in her verdict that the discussion
about the arrow of time as expressed in the second law of the
thermodynamics is actually a RED HERRING."

L. McGlashan, Chemical thermodynamics, Academic Press, London (1979),
pp. 72-73: "For an infinitesimal change in the state of a phase alpha
we write
dU = T dS - p dV + SUM mu_B dn_B (1)
We regard equation (1) as an axiom and call it the fundamental
equation for a change of the state of a phase alpha. It is one half of
the second law of thermodynamics. We do not ask where it comes from.
Indeed we do not admit the existence of any more fundamental relations
from which it might have been derived. Nor shall we here enquire into
the history of its formulation, though that is a subject of great
interest to the historian of science. It is a starting point ; it must
be learnt by heart."

ftp://ftp.esat.kuleuven.ac.be/pub/SI...orts/06-46.pdf
"From the pedagogical point of view, thermodynamics is a disaster. As
the authors rightly state in the introduction, many aspects are
"riddled with inconsistencies". They quote V.I. Arnold, who concedes
that "every mathematician knows it is impossible to understand an
elementary course in thermodynamics". Nobody has eulogized this
confusion more colorfully than the late Clifford Truesdell. On page 6
of his book "The Tragicomical History of Thermodynamics" 1822-1854
(Springer Verlag, 1980), he calls thermodynamics "a dismal swamp of
obscurity". Elsewhere, in despair of trying to make sense of the
writings of some local heros as De Groot, Mazur, Casimir, and
Prigogine, Truesdell suspects that there is "something rotten in the
(thermodynamic) state of the Low Countries" (see page 134 of Rational
Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill, 1969)."

http://plus.maths.org/issue37/featur...ein/index.html
John Barrow: "Einstein restored faith in the unintelligibility of
science. Everyone knew that Einstein had done something important in
1905 (and again in 1915) but almost nobody could tell you exactly what
it was. When Einstein was interviewed for a Dutch newspaper in 1921,
he attributed his mass appeal to the mystery of his work for the
ordinary person: Does it make a silly impression on me, here and
yonder, about my theories of which they cannot understand a word? I
think it is funny and also interesting to observe. I am sure that it
is the mystery of non-understanding that appeals to themit impresses
them, it has the colour and the appeal of the mysterious."

http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/...nd-relativism/
Washington Times: "A frequently heard statement of cultural relativism
goes like this: "If it feels right for you, it's OK. Who is to say
you're wrong?" One individual's experience is as "valid" as another's.
There is no "preferred" or higher vantage point from which to judge
these things. Not just beauty, but right and wrong are in the eye of
the beholder. The "I" indeed is the "ultimate measure." The special
theory of relativity imposes on the physical world a claim that is
very similar to the one made by relativism. (...) So how come the
speed of light always stays the same? Einstein argued that when the
observer moves relative to an object, distance and time always adjust
themselves just enough to preserve light speed as a constant. Speed is
distance divided by time. So, Einstein argued, length contracts and
time dilates to just the extent needed to keep the speed of light ever
the same. Space and time are the alpha and omega of the physical
world. They are the stage within which everything happens. But if they
must trim and tarry whenever the observer moves, that puts "the
observer" in the driver's seat. Reality becomes observer-dependent.
Again, then, we find that the "I" is the ultimate measure. Pondering
this in Prague in the 1950s, Beckmann could not accept it. The
observer's function is to observe, he said, not to affect what's out
there. Relativity meant that two and two didn't quite add up any more
and elevated science into a priesthood of obscurity. Common sense
could no longer be trusted."

http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/con...ent=a909857880
Peter Hayes "The Ideology of Relativity: The Case of the Clock
Paradox" : Social Epistemology, Volume 23, Issue 1 January 2009, pages
57-78
"The prediction that clocks will move at different rates is
particularly well known, and the problem of explaining how this can be
so without violating the principle of relativity is particularly
obvious. The clock paradox, however, is only one of a number of simple
objections that have been raised to different aspects of Einstein's
theory of relativity. (Much of this criticism is quite apart from and
often predates the apparent contradiction between relativity theory
and quantum mechanics.) It is rare to find any attempt at a detailed
rebuttal of these criticisms by professional physicists. However,
physicists do sometimes give a general response to criticisms that
relativity theory is syncretic by asserting that Einstein is logically
consistent, but that to explain why is so difficult that critics lack
the capacity to understand the argument. In this way, the handy claim
that there are unspecified, highly complex resolutions of simple
apparent inconsistencies in the theory can be linked to the charge
that antirelativists have only a shallow understanding of the matter,
probably gleaned from misleading popular accounts of the theory. (...)
The argument for complexity reverses the scientific preference for
simplicity. Faced with obvious inconsistencies, the simple response is
to conclude that Einstein's claims for the explanatory scope of the
special and general theory are overstated. To conclude instead that
that relativity theory is right for reasons that are highly complex is
to replace Occam's razor with a potato masher. (...) The defence of
complexity implies that the novice wishing to enter the profession of
theoretical physics must accept relativity on faith. It implicitly
concedes that, without an understanding of relativity theory's higher
complexities, it appears illogical, which means that popular
"explanations" of relativity are necessarily misleading. But given
Einstein's fame, physicists do not approach the theory for the first
time once they have developed their expertise. Rather, they are
exposed to and probably examined on popular explanations of relativity
in their early training. How are youngsters new to the discipline
meant to respond to these accounts? Are they misled by false
explanations and only later inculcated with true ones? What happens to
those who are not misled? Are they supposed to accept relativity
merely on the grounds of authority? The argument of complexity
suggests that to pass the first steps necessary to join the physics
profession, students must either be willing to suspend disbelief and
go along with a theory that appears illogical; or fail to notice the
apparent inconsistencies in the theory; or notice the inconsistencies
and maintain a guilty silence in the belief that this merely shows
that they are unable to understand the theory. The gatekeepers of
professional physics in the universities and research institutes are
disinclined to support or employ anyone who raises problems over the
elementary inconsistencies of relativity. A winnowing out process has
made it very difficult for critics of Einstein to achieve or maintain
professional status. Relativists are then able to use the argument of
authority to discredit these critics. Were relativists to admit that
Einstein may have made a series of elementary logical errors, they
would be faced with the embarrassing question of why this had not been
noticed earlier. Under these circumstances the marginalisation of
antirelativists, unjustified on scientific grounds, is eminently
justifiable on grounds of realpolitik. Supporters of relativity theory
have protected both the theory and their own reputations by shutting
their opponents out of professional discourse."

Pentcho Valev

Pentcho Valev wrote:

http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00000313/
Jos Uffink: "The Second Law made its appearance in physics around
1850, but a half century later it was already surrounded by so much
confusion that
[snip 115 lines of crap]

1) Carrnot efficiency.
2) idiot

Pentcho Valev



--
Uncle Al
http://www.mazepath.com/uncleal/
(Toxic URL! Unsafe for children and most mammals)
http://www.mazepath.com/uncleal/qz4.htm

http://www.beilstein-institut.de/boz...nishBowden.pdf
ATHEL CORNISH-BOWDEN: "The concept of entropy was introduced to
thermodynamics by Clausius, who deliberately chose an obscure term for
it, wanting a word based on Greek roots that would sound similar to
"energy". In this way he hoped to have a word that would mean the same
to everyone regardless of their language, and, as Cooper [2] remarked,
he succeeded in this way in finding a word that meant the same to
everyone: NOTHING. From the beginning it proved a very difficult
concept for other thermodynamicists, even including such accomplished
mathematicians as Kelvin and Maxwell; Kelvin, indeed, despite his own
major contributions to the subject, never appreciated the idea of
entropy [3]. The difficulties that Clausius created have continued to
the present day, with the result that a fundamental idea that is
absolutely necessary for understanding the theory of chemical
equilibria continues to give trouble, not only to students but also to
scientists who need the concept for their work."

http://www.rsc.org/pdf/uchemed/paper.../p2_carson.pdf
"For many students, the study of thermodynamics presents problems; it
is seen as consisting almost entirely of equations which are not
understood and which have to be learned by rote in order to do
calculations and to pass examinations."

http://articles.courant.com/2009-03-...thur-eddington
"Albert Einstein strengthened science through his contributions, but
he may have inadvertently crippled science education through his
example. This notion is supported by an editorial, "Redefining Science
Education," published in January by Bruce Alberts, editor in chief of
the journal Science. His main concern is that "many college-educated
adults in the United States," including teachers, "fail to understand
that science is a way of knowing completely different from mysticism,
tradition and faith." Science is based on "evidence that can be
logically and independently verified," rather than on personal
authority. Most of the public accepted Einstein's 1915 theory of
general relativity based on his authority, rather than on the evidence
presented. Few teachers have worked their way through the logic, and
fewer still have worked through the equations dominated by tensors and
scalars. When teachers explain relativity to their students, they do
so as if it were a revealed truth, in this case channeled to Earth by
a super-smart scientist. Most scientists accepted his theory only
after his predictions were confirmed by measurements obtained by
British scientist Arthur Eddington during a solar eclipse on May 29,
1919. During those few minutes, the sun's rays were bent by an angle
of 1.7 arc-seconds, rather than 0.83 arc-seconds, supporting
Einstein's predictions based on the warp and woof of space-time,
rather than those based on Newton's version of gravity."

http://www.newscientist.com/article/...to-albert.html
New Scientist: Ode to Albert
"Enter another piece of luck for Einstein. We now know that the light-
bending effect was actually too small for Eddington to have discerned
at that time. Had Eddington not been so receptive to Einstein's
theory, he might not have reached such strong conclusions so soon, and
the world would have had to wait for more accurate eclipse
measurements to confirm general relativity."

http://www.amazon.com/Brief-History-.../dp/0553380168
Stephen Hawking: "Einsteins prediction of light deflection could not
be tested immediately in 1915, because the First World War was in
progress, and it was not until 1919 that a British expedition,
observing an eclipse from West Africa, showed that light was indeed
deflected by the sun, just as predicted by the theory. This proof of a
German theory by British scientists was hailed as a great act of
reconciliation between the two countries after the war. It is ionic,
therefore, that later examination of the photographs taken on that
expedition showed the errors were as great as the effect they were
trying to measure. Their measurement had been sheer luck, or a case of
knowing the result they wanted to get, not an uncommon occurrence in
science."

http://discovermagazine.com/2008/mar...out-relativity
"The eclipse experiment finally happened in 1919 (youre looking at it
on this very page). Eminent British physicist Arthur Eddington
declared general relativity a success, catapulting Einstein into fame
and onto coffee mugs. In retrospect, it seems that Eddington fudged
the results, throwing out photos that showed the wrong outcome. No
wonder nobody noticed: At the time of Einsteins death in 1955,
scientists still had almost no evidence of general relativity in
action."

http://www.renewamerica.us/columns/hutchison/080616
"Like bronze idols that are hollow inside, Einstein built a cluster of
"Potemkin villages," which are false fronts with nothing behind them.
Grigori Potemkin (17391791) was a general-field marshal, Russian
statesman, and favorite of Empress Catherine the Great. He is alleged
to have built facades of non-existent villages along desolate
stretches of the Dnieper River to impress Catherine as she sailed to
the Crimea in 1787. Actors posing as happy peasants stood in front of
these pretty stage sets and waved to the pleased Empress. This
incident reminds me of the story of Eleanor Roosevelt's Moscow tour
guide who showed her the living quarters of communist party bosses and
claimed that these were the apartments of the average Russian worker.
The incredibly gullible first lady was delighted. Like Catherine, the
sentimental Eleanor was prone to wishful thinking and was easily
deceived. What has all this to do with Einstein? The science
establishment has a powerful romantic desire to believe in Einstein.
Therefore, they are not only fooled by Einstein's tricks, they are
prepared to defend his Potemkin villages."

Pentcho Valev

On Jun 7, 7:24*am, Pentcho Valev wrote:

xxein: I'm on your side and I hope you can understand this (what I am
writing about). I also hope you are a competent mathematician or have
access to one who is not tarnished by the present ridiculousness of
the Einstein babble.

By various means and measures, we can determine some things about
light and it's speed in a gravitational space. But a lot of things
are simply derived from theories. Working up the ladder to a complete
and a true physical understanding is almost impossible. I
specifically refer to Eddington's 1921 'confirmation'. And I agree it
should not be confirmed by his 'bogus' measurement. (I will have a
lot of 'buts').

I don't believe in just authorative theory. As lousy in math that I
am, a certain physical logic should prevail over a math. OK?

We get some things right and some things wrong (but how can we
tell?). How do we seperate the math from the physical logic? No one
really can. But there are many clues. We just don't realize them.

For instance: We derive from math that light can only circularly
orbit a black hole at a distance of 3M. Otherwise it will either
spiral in or escape. What is the magic of 3M? If you take the
Keppler orbit velocity and the escape velocity due to gravity, square
them and then add them together, you get c^2. It is simple yet prone
to simple error. (I make simple errors with this all the time). This
is how you do it, if you can follow it.

A close guess is that the mass of our sun is 1476.68511216172 meters
of mass. (Meters of mass is G/c^2). If it were a black hole, light
could orbit it at 3 x 1476.68511216172 meters. The escape velocity
(ev) is 244779516.944918 m/s at 3M. The Keppler orbit velocity (ov)
is 173085256.327319 m/s. ev^2 + ov^2 is c^2.

With simple vectors (and the resultant), you can see that light was
slower than c while orbiting and that the vector sum is exactly c.
Now, what does this mean?

It means that light travels at c but c of what kind of 'space'? Is
the space moving also?

In the end (and this is where the math gets deep). Eddington showed
that Newtonian gravitation could be interpreted to predict half the
shift predicted by Einstein. Now you can get a clue as to why.

And now you can get a clue of how light takes twice the lightpath
predicted by Newton. It is not the light path, however, it is the
light's speed. It actually bends more than the curvature of Newtonian
but takes longer to reach us than the Newtonian idea of lightspeed
because of the ov-ev vectors.

I'll let you stew on that until you find a competent math wiz. But
that is only a piece of the puzzle. There are so many things that
come together that it almost scares me.

What's ev at the Earth's surface? What is it's timerate? What would
be the timerate (compared to us at the surface) of a GPS satellite?
It all comes together in a way that was/is not yet envisioned.

There is a lot of the physic (that we misinterpret) to learn.

But I'm done for tonight's lecture.

http://canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/22328
"Einstein developed the Theory of Relativity in 1905, Planck the
Quantum Mechanics Theory in 1918 and Hubbel the Expanding Universe
Theory in 1929. All of these theories appear correct within certain
ranges but have conflicts at their boundaries. Scientists struggled
thru the last half of the twentieth century to find a "Unified Field
Theory" that could join these theories. The results of this effort
could best be described as mathematical masturbation."

http://www.edge.org/q2008/q08_5.html
John Baez (Einsteiniana's most famous teacher): "On the one hand we
have the Standard Model, which tries to explain all the forces except
gravity, and takes quantum mechanics into account. On the other hand
we have General Relativity, which tries to explain gravity, and does
not take quantum mechanics into account. Both theories seem to be more
or less on the right track but until we somehow fit them together, or
completely discard one or both, our picture of the world will be
deeply schizophrenic. (...) I realized I didn't have enough confidence
in either theory to engage in these heated debates. I also realized
that there were other questions to work on: questions where I could
actually tell when I was on the right track, questions where
researchers cooperate more and fight less. So, I eventually decided to
quit working on quantum gravity."

http://canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/23682
"In 1929, when spectral analysis revealed a 'red shift' in distant
galaxies, astronomer Edwin Hubble speculated that this might be due to
acceleration away from Earth and a possible expanding universe.
Before he could reflect on other possible explanations, a radio
interview stumbled onto the phrase "Big Bang" and a run-away train
left the station. Dr Hubble was uncomfortable with both the concept
and the catchy nick-name, but he had a 'conflict of interest' on this
issue. In a Times magazine interview, on Dec 14, 1936, titled
"Science: Shift on Shift", Dr. Hubble made his opposition clear. One
reason that he was not more forceful was because he was begging the
government for funding of the Mount Palomar telescope."

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/ar...757145,00.html
Monday, Dec. 14, 1936: "Other causes for the redshift were suggested,
such as cosmic dust or a change in the nature of light over great
stretches of space. Two years ago Dr. Hubble admitted that the
expanding universe might be an illusion, but implied that this was a
cautious and colorless view. Last week it was apparent that he had
shifted his position even further away from a literal interpretation
of the redshift, that he now regards the expanding universe as more
improbable than a non-expanding one."

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/26/science/26essay.html
"The worrying continued. Lawrence Krauss, a cosmologist from Arizona
State, said that most theories were wrong. "We get the notions they
are right because we keep talking about them," he said. Not only are
most theories wrong, he said, but most data are also wrong..."

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/6...-be-wrong.html
Martin Rees: "Over the past week, two stories in the press have
suggested that scientists have been very wrong about some very big
issues. First, a new paper seemed to suggest that dark energy the
mysterious force that makes up three quarters of the universe, and is
pushing the galaxies further apart might not even exist."

http://www.smithsonianmag.com/scienc.../87150187.html
"Dark Energy: The Biggest Mystery in the Universe (...) "We have a
complete inventory of the universe," Sean Carroll, a California
Institute of Technology cosmologist, has said, "and it makes no
sense."

http://www.upd.aas.org/had/meetings/2010Abstracts.html
Open Questions Regarding the 1925 Measurement of the Gravitational
Redshift of Sirius B
Jay B. Holberg Univ. of Arizona.
"In January 1924 Arthur Eddington wrote to Walter S. Adams at the Mt.
Wilson Observatory suggesting a measurement of the Einstein shift in
Sirius B and providing an estimate of its magnitude. Adams 1925
published results agreed remarkably well with Eddingtons estimate.
Initially this achievement was HAILED AS THE THIRD EMPIRICAL TEST OF
GENERAL RELATIVITY (after Mercurys anomalous perihelion advance and
the 1919 measurement of the deflection of starlight). It has been
known for some time that BOTH EDDINGTON'S ESTIMATE AND ADAMS'
MEASUREMENT UNDERESTIMATED THE TRUE SIRIUS B GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT BY
A FACTOR OF FOUR."

http://astronomy.ifrance.com/pages/g.../einstein.html
"Arthur Eddington , le premier en 1924, calculâtes théoriquement un
décalage 0,007% attendu la surface de Sirius mais avec des données
fausses à l'époque sur la masse et le rayon de l'étoile. L'année
suivante, Walter Adams mesurerait exactement ces 0.007%. Il s'avère
aujourd'hui que ces mesures , qui constituèrent pendant quarante ans
une "preuves" de la relativité, étaient largement "arrangée" tant
était grand le désir de vérifier la théorie d'Enstein. La véritable
valeur fut mesurée en 1965. Elle est de 0.03% car Sirius est plus
petite , et sont champ de gravitation est plus fort que ne le pensait
Eddington."

http://alasource.blogs.nouvelobs.com...-deuxieme.html
"D'abord il [Einstein] fait une hypothèse fausse (facile à dire
aujourd'hui !) dans son équation de départ qui décrit les relations
étroites entre géométrie de l'espace et contenu de matière de cet
espace. Avec cette hypothèse il tente de calculer l'avance du
périhélie de Mercure. Cette petite anomalie (à l'époque) du mouvement
de la planète était un mystère. Einstein et Besso aboutissent
finalement sur un nombre aberrant et s'aperçoivent qu'en fait le
résultat est cent fois trop grand à cause d'une erreur dans la masse
du soleil... Mais, même corrigé, le résultat reste loin des
observations. Pourtant le physicien ne rejeta pas son idée. "Nous
voyons là que si les critères de Popper étaient toujours respectés, la
théorie aurait dû être abandonnée", constate, ironique, Etienne Klein.
Un coup de main d'un autre ami, Grossmann, sortira Einstein de la
difficulté et sa nouvelle équation s'avéra bonne. En quelques jours,
il trouve la bonne réponse pour l'avance du périhélie de Mercure..."

http://astronomy.ifrance.com/pages/g.../einstein.html
"Le deuxième test classique donne en revanche des inquiétudes.
Historiquement, pourtant, l'explication de l'avance du périhélie de
Mercure, proposé par Einstein lui-même, donna ses lettres de noblesse
à la relativité générale. Il s'agissait de comprendra pourquoi le
périhélie de Mercure ( le point de son orbite le plus proche du
soleil ) se déplaçait de 574 s d'arc par siècle. Certes, sur ces 574
s, 531 s'expliquaient par les perturbations gravitationnels dues aux
autres planètes. Mais restait 43 s, le fameux effet "périhélique "
inexpliqué par les lois de Newton. Le calcul relativiste d'Einstein
donna 42,98 s ! L'accord et si parfait qu'il ne laisse la place à
aucune discussion. Or depuis 1966, le soleil est soupçonné ne pas être
rigoureusement sphérique mais légèrement aplati à l'équateur. Une très
légère dissymétries qui suffirait à faire avancer le périhélie de
quelques secondes d'arc. Du coup, la preuve se transformerait en
réfutation puisque les 42,88 s du calcul d'Einstein ne pourrait pas
expliquer le mouvement réel de Mercure."

http://www.cieletespace.fr/evenement...taient-fausses
RELATIVITE: LES PREUVES ETAIENT FAUSSES
"Le monde entier a cru pendant plus de cinquante ans à une théorie non
vérifiée. Car, nous le savons aujourd'hui, les premières preuves,
issues notamment d'une célèbre éclipse de 1919, n'en étaient pas.
Elles reposaient en partie sur des manipulations peu avouables visant
à obtenir un résultat connu à l'avance, et sur des mesures entachées
d'incertitudes, quand il ne s'agissait pas de fraudes caractérisées."

http://www.cieletespaceradio.fr/inde...-la-relativite
"Au début du XXème siècle, des scientifiques comme le Britannique
Arthur Eddington avaient tant à coeur de vérifier la théorie de la
relativité qu'ils ont tout mis en oeuvre pour que leurs expériences
soient probantes." (ECOUTEZ!)

Pentcho Valev

A popular but pernicious principle in deductive science preached by
Karl Popper:

Karl Popper: "Only observation and experiment may decide upon the
acceptance or rejection of scientific statements, including laws and
theories."

In 1905 Einstein advances his false light postulate. Then in 1911 he
partially replaces it with the true antithesis given by Newton's
emission theory of light; so, from 1911 on, his theory "correctly"
predicts the gravitational redshift factor:

http://www.blazelabs.com/f-g-gcont.asp
"So, faced with this evidence most readers must be wondering why we
learn about the importance of the constancy of speed of light. Did
Einstein miss this? Sometimes I find out that what's written in our
textbooks is just a biased version taken from the original work, so
after searching within the original text of the theory of GR by
Einstein, I found this quote: "In the second place our result shows
that, according to the general theory of relativity, the law of the
constancy of the velocity of light in vacuo, which constitutes one of
the two fundamental assumptions in the special theory of relativity
and to which we have already frequently referred, cannot claim any
unlimited validity. A curvature of rays of light can only take place
when the velocity of propagation of light varies with position. Now we
might think that as a consequence of this, the special theory of
relativity and with it the whole theory of relativity would be laid in
the dust. But in reality this is not the case. We can only conclude
that the special theory of relativity cannot claim an unlimited domain
of validity ; its results hold only so long as we are able to
disregard the influences of gravitational fields on the phenomena
(e.g. of light)." - Albert Einstein (1879-1955) - The General Theory
of Relativity: Chapter 22 - A Few Inferences from the General
Principle of Relativity-. Today we find that since the Special Theory
of Relativity unfortunately became part of the so called mainstream
science, it is considered a sacrilege to even suggest that the speed
of light be anything other than a constant. This is somewhat
surprising since even Einstein himself suggested in a paper "On the
Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light," Annalen der
Physik, 35, 1911, that the speed of light might vary with the
gravitational potential. Indeed, the variation of the speed of light
in a vacuum or space is explicitly shown in Einstein's calculation for
the angle at which light should bend upon the influence of gravity.
One can find his calculation in his paper. The result is c'=c(1+V/c^2)
where V is the gravitational potential relative to the point where the
measurement is taken. 1+V/c^2 is also known as the GRAVITATIONAL
REDSHIFT FACTOR."

Finally, in 1960, Pound and Rebka experimentally confirm the
prediction. Popper's pernicious principle does not enjoin rejection of
any part of the theory although two incompatible statements
(Einstein's 1905 false light postulate and the true antithesis given
by Newton's emission theory of light) coexist in it.

If it were not for Popper's pernicious principle, Einstein's 1905
false light postulate would easily be rejected through REDUCTIO AD
ABSURDUM:

It follows from Einstein's 1905 false light postulate that an
infinitely long object can be trapped inside an infinitely short
container. So Einsteinians can gloriously obtain any decrease in the
object's volume:

http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physic...barn_pole.html
"These are the props. You own a barn, 40m long, with automatic doors
at either end, that can be opened and closed simultaneously by a
switch. You also have a pole, 80m long, which of course won't fit in
the barn. Now someone takes the pole and tries to run (at nearly the
speed of light) through the barn with the pole horizontal. Special
Relativity (SR) says that a moving object is contracted in the
direction of motion: this is called the Lorentz Contraction. So, if
the pole is set in motion lengthwise, then it will contract in the
reference frame of a stationary observer.....So, as the pole passes
through the barn, there is an instant when it is completely within the
barn. At that instant, you close both doors simultaneously, with your
switch. Of course, you open them again pretty quickly, but at least
momentarily you had the contracted pole shut up in your barn. The
runner emerges from the far door unscathed.....If the doors are kept
shut the rod will obviously smash into the barn door at one end. If
the door withstands this the leading end of the rod will come to rest
in the frame of reference of the stationary observer. There can be no
such thing as a rigid rod in relativity so the trailing end will not
stop immediately and the rod will be compressed beyond the amount it
was Lorentz contracted. If it does not explode under the strain and it
is sufficiently elastic it will come to rest and start to spring back
to its natural shape but since it is too big for the barn the other
end is now going to crash into the back door and the rod will be
trapped in a compressed state inside the barn."

It follows from Einstein's 1905 false light postulate that an
Einsteinian travelling with the rivet sees the bug squashed. The bug
sees itself alive and kicking:

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu.../bugrivet.html
"The bug-rivet paradox is a variation on the twin paradox and is
similar to the pole-barn paradox.....The end of the rivet hits the
bottom of the hole before the head of the rivet hits the wall. So it
looks like the bug is squashed.....All this is nonsense from the bug's
point of view. The rivet head hits the wall when the rivet end is just
0.35 cm down in the hole! The rivet doesn't get close to the
bug....The paradox is not resolved."

Pentcho Valev

On Jun 7, 8:57*pm, xxein wrote:
On Jun 7, 7:24*am, Pentcho Valev wrote:

xxein: *I'm on your side and I hope you can understand this (what I am
writing about). *I also hope you are a competent mathematician or have
access to one who is not tarnished by the present ridiculousness of
the Einstein babble.

By various means and measures, we can determine some things about
light and it's speed in a gravitational space. *But a lot of things
are simply derived from theories. *Working up the ladder to a complete
and a true physical understanding is almost impossible. *I
specifically refer to Eddington's 1921 'confirmation'. *And I agree it
should not be confirmed by his 'bogus' measurement. *(I will have a
lot of 'buts').

I don't believe in just authorative theory. *As lousy in math that I
am, a certain physical logic should prevail over a math. *OK?

We get some things right and some things wrong (but how can we
tell?). *How do we seperate the math from the physical logic? *No one
really can. *But there are many clues. *We just don't realize them.

For instance: * We derive from math that light can only circularly
orbit a black hole at a distance of 3M. *Otherwise it will either
spiral in or escape. *What is the magic of 3M? *If you take the
Keppler orbit velocity and the escape velocity due to gravity, square
them and then add them together, you get c^2. *It is simple yet prone
to simple error. *(I make simple errors with this all the time). *This
is how you do it, if you can follow it.

A close guess is that the mass of our sun is 1476.68511216172 meters
of mass. *(Meters of mass is G/c^2). *If it were a black hole, light
could orbit it at 3 x 1476.68511216172 meters. *The escape velocity
(ev) is 244779516.944918 m/s at 3M. *The Keppler orbit velocity (ov)
is 173085256.327319 m/s. *ev^2 + ov^2 is c^2.

With simple vectors (and the resultant), you can see that light was
slower than c while orbiting and that the vector sum is exactly c.
Now, what does this mean?

It means that light travels at c but c of what kind of 'space'? *Is
the space moving also?

In the end (and this is where the math gets deep). *Eddington showed
that Newtonian gravitation could be interpreted to predict half the
shift predicted by Einstein. *Now you can get a clue as to why.

And now you can get a clue of how light takes twice the lightpath
predicted by Newton. *It is not the light path, however, it is the
light's speed. *It actually bends more than the curvature of Newtonian
but takes longer to reach us than the Newtonian idea of lightspeed
because of the ov-ev vectors.

I'll let you stew on that until you find a competent math wiz. *But
that is only a piece of the puzzle. *There are so many things that
come together that it almost scares me.

What's ev at the Earth's surface? *What is it's timerate? *What would
be the timerate (compared to us at the surface) of a GPS satellite?
It all comes together in a way that was/is not yet envisioned.

There is a lot of the physic (that we misinterpret) to learn.

But I'm done for tonight's lecture.

Call it deductive applied physics, plus always be ready and willing to
revise.

Whenever there’s no great harm intended, try out new interpretations
just to see if there’s anything of value to behold.

~ BG

The Jewish name Jehovah is the same as relativity.
It being that all forces or in relation to each other or relative
because they are all one God. It doesnt elimionate free will
or severence from God to do things God wouldn't choose to do,
nor his desire to do. BUT the question is, if a person human
or spirit (extr-terrestial energy) severs from God is he truly severed
totally. The answer is no because he still lives in a world anywhere
in all universe that is bound by forces of God. And although he
may do things God doesn't want, it is still physical laws of
God that are performed, lived, and breathed as God's energy and power.
Thus it merely means God created the gun, but youre the one firing it.
And since God doesnt aim the bullet, yet he is the one whose
laws direct what it can do, cannot do, and will do, this doesnt
mean God wants it, it means he allows it because he knows he
can change it and restore things and teach lessons thru it.
This is relativity, all things in relation of one body of God until
he cuts the cancer out of that body.
THERE ARE ILLUSIONS not borken laws nor exceptions.
An additional factor is NOT an exception because its another factor
to be relative to.

On Jun 9, 8:43 am, Pentcho Valev wrote:

...

It follows from Einstein's 1905 false light postulate that an
infinitely long object can be trapped inside an infinitely short
container. So Einsteinians can gloriously obtain any decrease in the
object's volume:

http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physic...barn_pole.html
"These are the props. You own a barn, 40m long, with automatic doors
at either end, that can be opened and closed simultaneously by a
switch. You also have a pole, 80m long, which of course won't fit in
the barn. Now someone takes the pole and tries to run (at nearly the
speed of light) through the barn with the pole horizontal. Special
Relativity (SR) says that a moving object is contracted in the
direction of motion: this is called the Lorentz Contraction. So, if
the pole is set in motion lengthwise, then it will contract in the
reference frame of a stationary observer.....So, as the pole passes
through the barn, there is an instant when it is completely within the
barn. At that instant, you close both doors simultaneously, with your
switch. Of course, you open them again pretty quickly, but at least
momentarily you had the contracted pole shut up in your barn. The
runner emerges from the far door unscathed.....If the doors are kept
shut the rod will obviously smash into the barn door at one end. If
the door withstands this the leading end of the rod will come to rest
in the frame of reference of the stationary observer. There can be no
such thing as a rigid rod in relativity so the trailing end will not
stop immediately and the rod will be compressed beyond the amount it
was Lorentz contracted. If it does not explode under the strain and it
is sufficiently elastic it will come to rest and start to spring back
to its natural shape but since it is too big for the barn the other
end is now going to crash into the back door and the rod will be
trapped in a compressed state inside the barn."

A man of your evident scholarship is hung up on the barn-pole paradox?
Amazing.

It follows from Einstein's 1905 false light postulate that an
Einsteinian travelling with the rivet sees the bug squashed. The bug
sees itself alive and kicking:

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu.../bugrivet.html
"The bug-rivet paradox is a variation on the twin paradox and is
similar to the pole-barn paradox.....The end of the rivet hits the
bottom of the hole before the head of the rivet hits the wall. So it
looks like the bug is squashed.....All this is nonsense from the bug's
point of view. The rivet head hits the wall when the rivet end is just
0.35 cm down in the hole! The rivet doesn't get close to the
bug....The paradox is not resolved."

Light speed signals from the rivet head are insufficient to overtake
and stop the end of the rivet before it hits the bottom of the hole.
Geez.

On Jun 10, 2:13*am, Elijahovah wrote:
The Jewish name Jehovah is the same as relativity.
It being that all forces or in relation to each other or relative
because they are all one God. It doesnt elimionate free will
or severence from God to do things God wouldn't choose to do,
nor his desire to do. BUT the question is, if a person human
or spirit (extr-terrestial energy) severs from God is he truly severed
totally. The answer is no because he still lives in a world anywhere
in all universe that is bound by forces of God. And although he
may do things God doesn't want, it is still physical laws of
God that are performed, lived, and breathed as God's energy and power.
Thus it merely means God created the gun, but youre the one firing it.
And since God doesnt aim the bullet, yet he is the one whose
laws direct what it can do, cannot do, and will do, this doesnt
mean God wants it, it means he allows it because he knows he
can change it and restore things and teach lessons thru it.
This is relativity, all things in relation of one body of God until
he cuts the cancer out of that body.
THERE ARE ILLUSIONS not borken laws nor exceptions.
An additional factor is NOT an exception because its another factor
to be relative to.

In other words Semites can always do and/or get away with doing
anything they damn well please, and if you're Jewish there's not even
hell to contend with.

~ BG