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Limiting Magnitude in Binoculars
In July 2003, an active discussion took place concerning the topic
"star magnitude and binoculars". This link goes back to the article, which includes links to many sites and formula that relate to this topic. http://groups.google.com/groups?dq=&....astro.amateur A great deal concerning the subject Limiting Magnitude in Binoculars has been published by various noted individuals addressing theoretical LM values that might be reached. Based on previous studies I performed in July 2002 and again in winter 2003 relative to what can be seen in binoculars and the influence of magnification and aperture on various star fields, I questioned some of the results that were being predicted. After many nights of recording field notes testing binocular performance, I was not convinced these limiting magnitude predictive formula were truly representative of results that could be achieved in the field, at least not under all conditions. Based on the questions remaining in my mind after this discussion, I set out to find some answers. But without the proper data and analysis, I could not clearly see where the differences might be. It took a lot longer and a lot more work than I thought before I was convinced I had enough information to answer these questions for myself. After the collection of the field data, it took considerable additional effort to sort it all out and make sense of it. The end result will soon be a published article on CN addressing Limiting Magnitude in Binoculars. Based on testing eight binoculars on many different nights representing a range of conditions, this is some of what I found: Binocular Limiting Magnitudes for a given size aperture are significantly less, nearly one full magnitude lower, than a scope of equal aperture. This is due, among other reasons, to the inability of the aperture in binoculars to reach full potential because of low magnifications in use. Two-eyed viewing vs. one-eyed viewing contributes only a small fractional gain in magnitude. There is no 40% gain realized because you have two apertures of the same size versus a similar sized scope. gain may be more like 15% to 20%. Naked Eye Limiting Magnitude does not act linearly on Binocular Limiting Magnitude. BLM does not increase in step equally as NELM increases. For the tested range with a variance of 1.5+ mag NELM, Binocular Limiting Magnitude varied by less than 0.5 mag. When binocular magnification and binocular aperture are each tested separately, for various sizes and powers of binoculars, magnification produces results about twice what Carlin's formula predicts and aperture produces results about half of what Carlin's formula predicts. When binocular magnification and binocular aperture are each tested separately, by incremental changes in magnification and aperture, it is found for each equal increment that magnification has approximately three to four times the influence as aperture on increases in limiting magnitude. In binoculars much more limiting magnitude gain is realized from increases in magnification than from aperture. This is also related to the fact that aperture is under-utilized in binoculars. Unless optimum magnification is employed, the abilities of the aperture to put an image in the focal plane are never fully delivered to the eye. Based on my results, for commonly used binocular magnifications in mag 6.5+ skies, I approximate the maximum limiting magnitude for a 100mm binocular at mag 12.0, for a 60mm binocular at mag 11.0 and for a 40mm binocular about mag 10.0. For mag 5.0 skies, all limits are about 0.5 mag lower. The ultimate limiting magnitude reached for any given aperture is significantly dependant on the magnification in use. The full article that has been submitted should be available within the next week or two. edz |
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