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Mikko wrote: But 30,000ft and, say, 600mph isn't much of a boost. It's a long, long, long way from orbit. The difficulty of getting to orbit is better described by "17500 miles per hour" than any figure of altitude. Why is that speed needed? Because that's orbital velocity in low-Earth orbit. Any slower than that, and you're falling to the ground. Only thing I can think is, that since earths gravity effects the craft whole time, the longer it takes, the more gravity will "drag back" the craft? Hmm, I suppose that's one way of looking at it. Here's another way: gravity is pulling you toward the ground at (roughly) 9.8 m/sec. But the Earth is also round; if you are moving forward fast enough, then by the time you fall to the Earth, it's no longer there -- it's curved away and is now behind you a bit. At 17500 mph or so, you're moving so fast, that the Earth is *always* behind you; you're going around it as fast as you are falling towards it. Hmm, I think that was a lousy explanation. Surf the web a bit and I bet you'll find better ones. In pithy form: orbiting is the trick of falling towards the ground and missing. But also gravity gets smaller when you get more away from the earth? Yes, but not for a LONG way. You can pretty safely ignore that effect. How high does one have to go to have only half of gravity? Well, gravity (like pretty much anything else, due to basic geometry) falls off with the square of the distance. So you can write g2/g1 = (r1/r2)^2. The radius of the earth is 6400 km; call that r1, and you want the r2 where g2/g1 is 0.5. 0.5 = (6400/r2)^2, do the algebra, r2 comes to about 9100 km, or about 2700 km altitude. So this decrease of gravity with altitude isn't much help in reaching orbit. What if someone built a 30,000 ft high tube, similar to magnetic trains - electrical magnets around it. Then you could just put metallic cargo inside - without any engine or fuel, and shoot it up. The tube would have to be high enough that there is no air where the cargo comes out, and maybe part of the tube would have to be a vacuum. Yes, this has been explored before (it's generally called a mass driver -- try a google search). It would be a massive engineering project, probably more so than you realize, if you want to be able to launch anything other than bulk materials like water. You'd need a barrel length of over 50 km to keep the acceleration tolerable for humans (say, 2 Gs or so). Propably not something to do today, but still lot shorter than the "space-lift", and it would give near 100 % payload. By "space-lift" I assume you mean a space elevator. Yes, it's dramatically shorter than that, but has a number of additional operational complications, like keeping the thing up in the sky and getting your payloads to and from it. It also doesn't help much with getting stuff back down, which is itself a rather hard problem. ,------------------------------------------------------------------. | Joseph J. Strout Check out the Mac Web Directory: | | http://www.macwebdir.com | `------------------------------------------------------------------' |
#12
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Why is the velocity needed? Well, the answer is quite simple...if you fly straight UP, you fall straight down. Orbiting is simply the fine art of falling and never hitting the ground. If you want to get into an actual orbit, you need to have sufficient velocity that you fall around the planet, not back into it. With no atmosphere (say the moon) can be orbited at a relatively low altitude, and due to the low gravity, requires significantly less velocity to orbit it. to orbit the earth successfully, you need to get above the atmosphere (much more than 30,000 ft - that's only six miles high). The effects of atmospheric drag on a spacecraft taper off, the further you go from the surface, but appreciable atmospheric effects can still be felt at 100 kilometers altitude. At 17,500 mph, you are successfully falling around the planet. Now on to your other idea... A magnetic rail gun. A good idea for a number of reasons. For example, you can inject the acceleration thru externally applied thrust (rather than burning fuel carried with you) The down side to this is that if the rail gun is within the atmosphere, you have the friction of all that air. Not particularly useful for use on the Earth's surface, but a VERY good way to accelerate payloads from for example the surface of the Moon. |
#13
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airplanes and space flight
Mikko wrote:
But 30,000ft and, say, 600mph isn't much of a boost. It's a long, long, long way from orbit. The difficulty of getting to orbit is better described by "17500 miles per hour" than any figure of altitude. Why is that speed needed? The simplest way to think of orbit is to use the old line from the Hitchiker's series: orbit is throwing yourself at the ground, and missing. Consider you standing in mid air, 100 miles up, starting to fall towards the earth. Simply consider how fast you'd have to be going sideways so you wouldn't hit it, but end up in space "beside" it. The earth is a little more than 3900 miles in radius, so in the time it takes you to fall to the earth, about 15 minutes, you have to go 3900 miles "to the side". 3900 x 15 x 5 (periods of 15 in an hour) ~= 17,000 miles per hour. But also gravity gets smaller when you get more away from the earth? How high does one have to go to have only half of gravity? A long way. Gravity decreases with r^2, so if the earth is 3900 miles in radius, then the key number is 3900 squared, or 15,210,000. To get one-half the gravity we need that number to be times 2, or 30,420,000, which is 5,515. So basically you need to be 2000 miles out before it becomes 1/2 the gravity, which is a pretty high orbit. What if someone built a 30,000 ft high tube, similar to magnetic trains - electrical magnets around it. Then you could just put metallic cargo inside - without any engine or fuel, and shoot it up. The tube would have to be high enough that there is no air where the cargo comes out, and maybe part of the tube would have to be a vacuum. Think of you standing on top of that tower. If you jump off, what will happen? Well, you'll slowly but surely end up a splat at the bottom of the tower. But also consider what the earth looks like from that point. 30k miles is a long way, the earth is now longer that "big". If you jump to the side hard enough, you'll miss the earth on the way down. That's orbit, albiet a highly eliptical one. Maury |
#14
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airplanes and space flight
Mikko wrote:
kirjoitti: Mitch wrote: Should this not allow for much greater payloads to be carried since less fuel is needed to get up to 30,000 ft? Not *much* greater payloads. There is an improvement. The spacecraft can be smaller, or deliver a slightly larger payload, or get into orbit in a single bound. But 30,000ft and, say, 600mph isn't much of a boost. It's a long, long, long way from orbit. The difficulty of getting to orbit is better described by "17500 miles per hour" than any figure of altitude. Why is that speed needed? To stay up there. If you're going into orbit, you need lots of horizonta; speed (the 17,000 mph, in fact) to get the centrifugal force that holds you up. Otherwise, you just come falling back down again. Only thing I can think is, that since earths gravity effects the craft whole time, the longer it takes, the more gravity will "drag back" the craft? Yup, that's right. But also gravity gets smaller when you get more away from the earth? How high does one have to go to have only half of gravity? It doesn't change that much. The distance from the center of the earth must change by the square root of two -- 1.414 to reduce gravity by half. That's 41 % of 4000 mi, or 1600 miles. Low earth orbits are only a few hundred. Anyhow, even if you cut the gravity by half, you'd still need speed to stay up there. Even the moon, as far away as it is, moves at some 2000 mph. Jack |
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airplanes and space flight
Mitch wrote:
Hi there, One thing that I always wondered about space flight is why most agencies (NASA, etc.) do not use a more efficient way of lifting into space. The vertical rocket takeoff seems to use so much energy and does not take advantage of the physics of regular flight. Why would one not use something like a modified commercial airliner (make it airtight and so forth) and then perform a regular take off and fly up to the altitude where the air still supports the lift on the wings (using plain old kerosene) and then once that barrier has been reached utilize a rocket engine to make it the rest of the way. Should this not allow for much greater payloads to be carried since less fuel is needed to get up to 30,000 ft? Plus one could use established procedures such as in-flight refuling at altitude to lessen the need for fuel at take off even more. Just imagine how much could be hauled into space and how much cheaper it would be if one would modify a 747 and use the cargo capacity of such a plane. I realize that this is a little simplistic in its description (put a rocket motor on a 747 and have it lift off), but nevertheless, why not take advantage of wing designs, etc. to get into space. I am sure that there is a very good reason why this has not been done yet, since there are thousands of very smart people working on these problems. I would just like to know what the negatives are to this idea that would make it not feasible to implement. I can't imagine that it would be cost, since they spend a boat load on the shuttle program as it is. Thanks for taking the time to answer this question. Regards, Mitch Others have talked about the fact that you need horizontal as well as vertical speed. The reason rockets start out vertically is to get up out of the most dense atmosphere, as soon as possible. Orbital speed is something like Mach 27, but you can't do that in the earth's atmosphere; aside from the fuel it would take, you'd burn the spacecraft to a cinder. Boost trajectories are designed to start out vertically, but transition to horizontal flight as the atmosphere gets thinner. As a matter of interest, boost trajectories today are designed by computer programs that calculate the most efficient path. Having said that, your idea of using an airplane to lift the rocket to a higher altitude is a good one, and as someone else has pointed out, it's one that was used by Burt Rutan, in capturing the X-Prize. The White Knight served the same purpose as your 747, and lifted Starship 1 to as high an altitude as it could. For all practical purposes, this meant that the space ship could start out with a full tank of fuel, rather than having expended a bunch of it getting up to there. A booster that is becoming popular lately is the Pegasus. It's carried under a jet plane (sorry, I don't know which one) to altitude. Since it must be carried by a plane of reasonable size, it's too small to boost astronauts, but works just fine for smaller payloads. Way back in the 50's, researchers in White Sands were firing "sounding rockets" vertically, to learn more about the atmosphere at high altitudes. A popular booster was the Wac Corporal, which could reach a few hundred miles, launched vertically. Someone got the same bright idea you did, and built the "rockoon," which was a Wac Corporal lifted to altitude by a huge balloon. With most of the atmosphere beneath it, the rockoon went to an altitude of four _THOUSAND_ miles. That's the difference an atmosphere makes. Jack |
#16
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