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NASA PDF - Apollo Experience Reports - 114 reports



 
 
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Old July 27th 05, 01:58 AM
Rusty
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Default NASA PDF - Apollo Experience Reports - 114 reports

The Apollo Experience Reports are a series of reports issued by NASA
that cover hardware and procedures used in the Apollo Program. They
were issued from 1972 through 1976.

Currently there are 114 titles in the series listed on the NASA NTRS
server. 108 are available in PDF format.

This is a listing in alphabetical order:

-----

1. Apollo experience report environmental acceptance testing
Laubach, C. H. M.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-8271; JSC-S-458 , 19760601; Jun 1, 1976
Environmental acceptance testing was used extensively to screen
selected spacecraft hardware for workmanship defects and manufacturing
flaws. The minimum acceptance levels and durations and methods for
their establishment are described. Component selection and test
monitoring, as well as test implementation requirements, are included.
Apollo spacecraft environmental acceptance test results are
summarized, and recommendations for future programs are presented.
Accession ID: 76N26245
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1976019157.pdf
Document ID: 19760019157
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


2. Apollo experience report guidance and control systems
Wilson, R. E., Jr.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-8249; JSC-S-418 , 19760601; Jun 1, 1976
The Apollo guidance and control systems for both the command module
and the lunar module are described in a summary report. General
functional requirements are discussed, and general functional
descriptions of the various subsystems and their interfaces are
provided. The differences between the original in-flight maintenance
concept and the final lunar-orbital-rendezvous concept are discussed,
and the background in philosophy, the system development, and the
reasons for the change in concept are chronologically presented. Block
diagrams showing the command module guidance and control system under
each concept are included. Significant conclusions and recommendations
contained in more detailed reports on specific areas of the guidance
and control systems are included.
Accession ID: 76N26244
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1976019156.pdf
Document ID: 19760019156
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


3. Apollo experience report guidance and control systems: Lunar
module abort guidance system
Kurten, P. M.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7990; JSC-S-424 , 19750701; Jul 1, 1975
The history of a unique development program that produced an
operational fixed guidance system of inertial quality is presented.
Each phase of development, beginning with requirement definition and
concluding with qualification and testing, is addressed, and
developmental problems are emphasized. Software generation and mission
operations are described, and specifications for the inertial
reference unit are included, as are flight performance results.
Significant program observations are noted.
Accession ID: 75N27026
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975018954.pdf
Document ID: 19750018954
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-22


4. Apollo experience report guidance and control systems: Primary
guidance, navigation, and control system development
Holley, M. D.; Swingle, W. L.; Bachman, S. L.; Leblanc, C. J.; Howard,
H. T.; Biggs, H. M.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-8227; S-453 , 19760501; May 1, 1976
The primary guidance, navigation, and control systems for both the
lunar module and the command module are described. Development of the
Apollo primary guidance systems is traced from adaptation of the
Polaris Mark II system through evolution from Block I to Block II
configurations; the discussion includes design concepts used, test and
qualification programs performed, and major problems encountered. The
major subsystems (inertial, computer, and optical) are covered.
Separate sections on the inertial components (gyroscopes and
accelerometers) are presented because these components represent a
major contribution to the success of the primary guidance, navigation,
and control system.
Accession ID: 76N23335
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1976016247.pdf
Document ID: 19760016247
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


5. Apollo experience report the command and service module
milestone review process
Brendle, H. L.; York, J. A.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7599; JSC-S-389 , 19740301; Mar 1, 1974
The sequence of the command and service module milestone review
process is given, and the Customer Acceptance Readiness Review and
Flight Readiness Review plans are presented. Contents of the System
Summary Acceptance Documents for the two formal spacecraft reviews are
detailed, and supplemental data required for presentation to the
review boards are listed. Typical forms, correspondence, supporting
documentation, and minutes of a board meeting are included.
Accession ID: 74N22506
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974014393.pdf
Document ID: 19740014393
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


6. Apollo experience report. Crew-support activities for
experiments performed during manned space flight
Mckee, J. W.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7782; JSC-S-403 , 19740901; Sep 1, 1974
Experiments are performed during manned space flights in an attempt to
acquire knowledge that can advance science and technology or that can
be applied to operational techniques for future space flights. A
description is given of the procedures that the personnel who are
directly assigned to the function of crew support at the NASA Lyndon
B. Johnson Space Center use to prepare for and to conduct experiments
during space flight.
Accession ID: 74N34323
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974026210.pdf
Document ID: 19740026210
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


7. Apollo experience report. Guidance and control systems:
Command and service module stabilization and control system
Littleton, O. P.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7785; JSC-S-410 , 19740901; Sep 1, 1974
The concepts, design, development, testing, and flight results of the
command and service module stabilization and control system are
discussed. The period of time covered was from November 1961 to
December 1972. Also included are a functional description of the
system, a discussion of the major problems, and recommendations for
future programs.
Accession ID: 74N34322
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974026209.pdf
Document ID: 19740026209
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


8. Apollo experience report. Guidance and control systems:
Orbital rate drive electronics for the Apollo command module and lunar
module
Parker, R. B.; Sollock, P. E.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7784; JSC-S-409 , 19740901; Sep 1, 1974
A brief record of the development and use of the orbital-rate-drive
assembly in the Apollo Program is presented. This device was procured
as government-furnished equipment and was used on both the lunar
module and the command module. Reviews of design, development,
procurement, and flight experience are included.
Accession ID: 74N34324
Document ID: 19740026211
No Digital Version Available - Order This Document from CASI
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2004-11-03


9. Apollo experience report: A use of network simulation
techniques in the design of the Apollo lunar surface experiments
package support system
Gustafson, R. A.; Wilkes, J. N.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7783; JSC-S-404 , 19740901; Sep 1, 1974
A case study of data-communications network modeling and simulation is
presented. The applicability of simulation techniques in early system
design phases is demonstrated, and the ease with which model
parameters can be changed and comprehensive statistics gathered is
shown. The discussion of the model design and application also yields
an insight into the design and implementation of the Apollo lunar
surface experiments package ground-support system.
Accession ID: 74N34317
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974026204.pdf
Document ID: 19740026204
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


10. Apollo experience report: Abort planning
Hyle, C. T.; Foggatt, C. E.; Weber, B. D.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6847; MSC-S-307 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972
Definition of a practical return-to-earth abort capability was
required for each phase of an Apollo mission. A description of the
basic development of the complex Apollo abort plan is presented. The
process by which the return-to-earth abort plan was developed and the
constraining factors that must be included in any abort procedure are
also discussed. Special emphasis is given to the description of crew
warning and escape methods for each mission phase.
Accession ID: 72N24928
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972017278.pdf
Document ID: 19720017278
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


11. Apollo experience report: Acceptance checkout equipment for
the Apollo spacecraft
Burtzlaff, I. J.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6736; MSC-S-281 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972
The acceptance checkout equipment for the Apollo spacecraft is
described, and the history of the major equipment modifications that
were required to meet the Apollo Program checkout requirements is
traced. Some major problem areas are outlined, and a discussion of
future checkout methods is included. The concept of the future
checkout methods presented provides for an increase in test equipment
standardization among NASA programs and among all testing phases
within a program. The capability for increased automation and
reduction in the test equipment inventory is provided in the proposed
concept.
Accession ID: 72N19905
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972012255.pdf
Document ID: 19720012255
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


12. Apollo experience report: Aerothermodynamics evaluation
Lee, D. B.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6843; MSC-S-287 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972
The Apollo program offered the first opportunity to obtain
aerothermodynamic measurements at superorbital velocities on
full-scale spacecraft. Four unmanned flight tests were conducted to
qualify the Apollo command module heat shield. Aerothermodynamic
measurements were made, and data are presented to illustrate the
comparison of the flight data with the ground-test results and
theoretical predictions.
Accession ID: 72N25923
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972018273.pdf
Document ID: 19720018273
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


13. Apollo experience report: Apollo lunar surface experiments
package data processing system
Eason, R. L.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7781; JSC-S-402 , 19740901; Sep 1, 1974
Apollo Program experience in the processing of scientific data from
the Apollo lunar surface experiments package, in which computers and
associated hardware and software were used, is summarized. The
facility developed for the preprocessing of the lunar science data is
described, as are several computer facilities and programs used by the
Principal Investigators. The handling, processing, and analyzing of
lunar science data and the interface with the Principal Investigators
are discussed. Pertinent problems that arose in the development of the
data processing schemes are discussed so that future programs may
benefit from the solutions to the problems. The evolution of the data
processing techniques for lunar science data related to
recommendations for future programs of this type.
Accession ID: 74N34318
Document ID: 19740026205
No Digital Version Available - Order This Document from CASI
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2004-11-03


14. Apollo experience report: Ascent propulsion system
Humphries, C. E.; Taylor, R. E.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7082; MSC-S-341 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973
The development of the Apollo lunar module ascent propulsion subsystem
is documented. The ascent propulsion subsystem was designed, built,
and tested to provide propulsive power for launching the ascent stage
of the lunar module from the surface of the moon into lunar orbit for
rendezvous with the orbiting command and service module. Because total
redundancy was prohibitive in this subsystem, special emphasis had to
be placed on reliability in design with adequate demonstration short
of an extensive flight-demonstration program. The significant
technical problems encountered during all phases of the program are
identified and the corrective actions are discussed. Based on this
experience, several recommendations are made for any future program
with similar subsystem requirements.
Accession ID: 73N18900
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973010173.pdf
Document ID: 19730010173
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


15. Apollo experience report: Assessment of metabolic
expenditures; extravehicular activity
Waligora, J. M.; Hawkins, W. R.; Humbert, G. F.; Nelson, L. J.; Vogel,
S. J.; Kuznetz, L. H.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7883; JSC-S-394 , 19750301; Mar 1, 1975
A significant effort was made to assess the metabolic expenditure for
extravehicular activity on the lunar surface. After evaluation of the
real-time data available to the flight controller during
extravehicular activity, three independent methods of metabolic
assessment were chosen based on the relationship between heart rate
and metabolic production, between oxygen consumption and metabolic
production, and between the thermodynamics of the liquid-cooled
garment and metabolic production. The metabolic assessment procedure
is analyzed and discussed. Real-time use of this information by the
Apollo flight surgeon is discussed. Results and analyses of the Apollo
missions and comments concerning future applications are included.
Accession ID: 75N18271
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975010199.pdf
Document ID: 19750010199
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


16. Apollo experience report: Battery subsystem
Trout, J. B.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6976; MSC-S-333 , 19720901; Sep 1, 1972
Experience with the Apollo command service module and lunar module
batteries is discussed. Significant hardware development concepts and
hardware test results are summarized, and the operational performance
of batteries on the Apollo 7 to 13 missions is discussed in terms of
performance data, mission constraints, and basic hardware design and
capability. Also, the flight performance of the Apollo battery charger
is discussed. Inflight data are presented.
Accession ID: 72N31878
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972024228.pdf
Document ID: 19720024228
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-07-20


17. Apollo experience report: Certification test program
Levine, J. H.; Mccarty, B. J.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6857; MSC-S-330 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972
A review of the Apollo spacecraft certification (qualification) test
program is presented. The approach to devising the spectrum of dynamic
and climatic environments, the formulation of test durations, and the
relative significance of the formal certification test program
compared with development testing and acceptance testing are reviewed.
Management controls for the formulation of test requirements, test
techniques, data review, and acceptance of test results are
considered. Significant experience gained from the Apollo spacecraft
certification test program which may be applicable to future manned
spacecraft is presented.
Accession ID: 72N25475
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972017825.pdf
Document ID: 19720017825
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


18. Apollo experience report: Command and service module
communications subsystem
Lattier, E. E., Jr.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7585; JSC-S-367 , 19740201; Feb 1, 1974
The development of spacecraft communications hardware from design to
operation is described. Programs, requirements, specifications, and
design approaches for a variety of functions (such as voice,
telemetry, television, and antennas) are reviewed. Equipment
environmental problems such as vibration, extreme temperature
variation, and zero gravity are discussed. A review of the development
of managerial techniques used in refining the roles of prime and
subcontractors is included. The hardware test program is described in
detail as it progressed from breadboard design to manned flight system
evaluations. Finally, a series of actions is recommended to managers
of similar projects to facilitate administration.
Accession ID: 74N16560
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974008447.pdf
Document ID: 19740008447
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


19. Apollo experience report: Command and service module controls
and displays subsystem
Olsen, A. B.; Swint, R. J.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-8301; JSC-S-463 , 19760901; Sep 1, 1976
A review of the command and service module controls and displays
subsystem is presented. The subsystem is described, and operational
requirements, component history, problems and solutions, and
conclusions and recommendations for the subsystem are included.
Accession ID: 76N33231
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1976026143.pdf
Document ID: 19760026143
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


20. Apollo experience report: Command and service module
electrical power distribution on subsystem
Munford, R. E.; Hendrix, B.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7609; JSC-S-386 , 19740301; Mar 1, 1974
A review of the design philosophy and development of the Apollo
command and service modules electrical power distribution subsystem, a
brief history of the evolution of the total system, and some of the
more significant components within the system are discussed. The
electrical power distribution primarily consisted of individual
control units, interconnecting units, and associated protective
devices. Because each unit within the system operated more or less
independently of other units, the discussion of the subsystem proceeds
generally in descending order of complexity; the discussion begins
with the total system, progresses to the individual units of the
system, and concludes with the components within the units.
Accession ID: 74N19516
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974011403.pdf
Document ID: 19740011403
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


21. Apollo experience report: Command and service module
environmental control system
Samonski, F. H., Jr.; Tucker, E. M.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6718; MSC-S-279 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972
A comprehensive review is presented of the design philosophy of the
Apollo environmental control system together with the development
history of the total system and of selected components within the
system. In particular, discussions are presented relative to the
development history and to the problems associated with the equipment
cooling coldplates, the evaporator and its electronic control system,
and the space radiator system used for rejection of the spacecraft
thermal loads. Apollo flight experience and operational difficulties
associated with the spacecraft water system and the waste management
system are discussed in detail to provide definition of the problem
and the corrective action taken when applicable.
Accession ID: 72N19902
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972012252.pdf
Document ID: 19720012252
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


22. Apollo experience report: Command and service module
instrumentation subsystem
Rotramel, F. A.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7374; JSC-S-351 , 19730801; Aug 1, 1973
A review of the Apollo command and service module instrumentation
subsystem is presented. The measurements provided, design aspects
considered, problems encountered, and flight results obtained are
discussed.
Accession ID: 73N31761
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973023029.pdf
Document ID: 19730023029
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


23. Apollo experience report: Command and service module reaction
control systems
Taeuber, R. J.; Weary, D. P.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7151; MSC-S-336 , 19730601; Jun 1, 1973
The reaction control systems of the Apollo command and service module
were developed and modified between July 1961 and July 1969. The
successful development of these systems, as part of the Apollo
Program, was the result of extensive testing, retesting, and
modifications of the hardware to ensure system capability and
intrasystem compatibility.
Accession ID: 73N25901
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973017174.pdf
Document ID: 19730017174
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


24. Apollo experience report: Command and service module
sequential events control subsystem
Johnson, G. W.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7951; JSC-S-436 , 19750401; Apr 1, 1975
The Apollo command and service module sequential events control
subsystem is described, with particular emphasis on the major systems
and component problems and solutions. The subsystem requirements,
design, and development and the test and flight history of the
hardware are discussed. Recommendations to avoid similar problems on
future programs are outlined.
Accession ID: 75N21311
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975013239.pdf
Document ID: 19750013239
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


25. Apollo experience report: Command module crew-couch/restraint
and load-attenuation systems
Drexel, R. E.; Hunter, H. N.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7440; JSC-S-379 , 19730901; Sep 1, 1973
The Apollo command module crew-couch/restraint and load-attenuation
system was required to support and restrain the crewman during mission
phases and to limit the load imposed on the crewman during landing.
Component designs evolved when requirements changed and tests were
conducted. Advancement in the state of the art for energy-absorbing
devices and changes in restraint philosophies for impact protection
resulted from the efforts and experiences presented.
Accession ID: 73N31768
Document ID: 19730023036
No Digital Version Available - Order This Document from CASI
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2004-11-03


26. APOLLO EXPERIENCE REPORT: COMMAND MODULE UPRIGHTING SYSTEM
WHITE, R. D.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7081; MSC-S-338 , 19730301; MAR 1, 1973
A WATER-LANDING REQUIREMENT AND TWO STABLE FLOTATION ATTITUDES
REQUIRED THAT A SYSTEM BE DEVELOPED TO ENSURE THAT THE APOLLO COMMAND
MODULE WOULD ALWAYS ASSUME AN UPRIGHT FLOTATION ATTITUDE. THE
RESOLUTION TO THE FLOTATION PROBLEM AND THE UPRIGHTING CONCEPTS,
DESIGN SELECTION, DESIGN CHANGES, DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM, QUALIFICATION,
AND MISSION PERFORMANCE ARE DISCUSSED FOR THE UPRIGHTING SYSTEM, WHICH
IS COMPOSED OF INFLATABLE BAGS, COMPRESSORS, VALVES, AND ASSOCIATED
TUBING.
Accession ID: 73N18898
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973010171.pdf
Document ID: 19730010171
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-03-29


27. Apollo experience report: Communications system flight
evaluation and verification
Travis, D.; Royston, C. L., Jr.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6852; MSC-S-322 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972
Flight tests of the synergetic operation of the spacecraft and earth
based communications equipment were accomplished during Apollo
missions AS-202 through Apollo 12. The primary goals of these tests
were to verify that the communications system would adequately support
lunar landing missions and to establish the inflight communications
system performance characteristics. To attain these goals, a
communications system flight verification and evaluation team was
established. The concept of the team operations, the evolution of the
evaluation processes, synopses of the team activities associated with
each mission, and major conclusions and recommendations resulting from
the performance evaluation are represented.
Accession ID: 72N25186
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972017536.pdf
Document ID: 19720017536
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


28. Apollo experience report: Communications used during recovery
operations
Hoover, J. E.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7686; JSC-S-398 , 19740501; May 1, 1974
Apollo program experience in recovery-support communications is
reviewed, and the working relationships among NASA, the Department of
Defense, and commercial communications facilities are discussed. The
organization, facilities, philosophy, and funding of recovery-support
communications are described. The relocation of two recovery control
centers is discussed, as are the functions of primary and secondary
recovery ships, aircraft, and relay satellities. The possibility of
using ships of opportunity for recovery operations is considered.
Finally, the means by which money, manpower, and resources have been
saved and longlines leased are delineated.
Accession ID: 74N23398
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974015285.pdf
Document ID: 19740015285
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


29. Apollo experience report: Consumables budgeting
Nelson, D. A.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7140; MSC-S-339 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973
The procedures and techniques used in predicting the consumables usage
for the Apollo mission are discussed. Because of the many interfaces
and influences on the consumables system, it is impractical to
document all facets of consumables budgeting; therefore, information
in this report is limited to the major contributions to the
formulation of a consumables budget.
Accession ID: 73N19874
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973011147.pdf
Document ID: 19730011147
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


30. Apollo experience report: Crew provisions and equipment
subsystem
Mcallister, F.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6737; MSC-S-290 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972
A description of the construction and use of crew provisions and
equipment subsystem items for the Apollo Program is presented. The
subsystem is composed principally of survival equipment,
bioinstrumentation devices, medical components and accessories, water-
and waste-management equipment, personal-hygiene articles, docking
aids, flight garments (excluding the pressure garment assembly), and
various other crew-related accessories. Particular attention is given
to items and assemblies that presented design, development, or
performance problems: the crew optical alinement sight system, the
metering water dispenser, and the waste-management system. Changes
made in design and materials to improve the fire safety of the
hardware are discussed.
Accession ID: 72N20846
Document ID: 19720013196
No Digital Version Available - Order This Document from CASI
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2004-11-03


31. Apollo experience report: Crew station integration. Volume 1:
Crew station design and development
Allen, L. D.; Nussman, D. A.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-8178; JSC-S-451-VOL-1 , 19760301; Mar 1, 1976
An overview of the evolution of the design and development of the
Apollo command module and lunar module crew stations is given, with
emphasis placed on the period from 1964 to 1969. The organizational
planning, engineering techniques, and documentation involved are
described, and a detailed chronology of the meetings, reviews, and
exercises is presented. Crew station anomalies for the Apollo 7 to 11
missions are discussed, and recommendations for the solution of
recurring problems of crew station acoustics, instrument glass
failure, and caution and warning system performance are presented.
Photographs of the various crew station configurations are also
provided.
Accession ID: 76N18186
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1976011098.pdf
Document ID: 19760011098
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


32. Apollo experience report: Crew station integration. Volume 2:
Crew station displays and controls
Langdoc, W. A.; Nassman, D. A.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7919; JSC-S-420-VOL-2 , 19750401; Apr 1, 1975
The functional requirements for the Apollo displays and controls
system are presented. The configuration of the displays, controls, and
panels for both the command module and the lunar module are described,
and the design development and operational experience of the displays
and controls system are discussed. Pertinent recommendations for
future displays and controls system design efforts are made.
Accession ID: 75N20419
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975012347.pdf
Document ID: 19750012347
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


33. Apollo experience report: Crew station integration. Volume 4:
Stowage and the support team concept
Hix, M. W.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7434; JSC-S-364-VOL-4 , 19730901; Sep 1, 1973
Crew equipment stowage and stowage arrangement in spacecraft are
discussed. Configuration control in order to maximize crew equipment
operational performance, stowage density, and available stowage volume
are analyzed. The NASA crew equipment stowage control process requires
a support team concept to coordinate the integration of crew equipment
into the spacecraft.
Accession ID: 73N31771
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973023039.pdf
Document ID: 19730023039
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


34. Apollo experience report: Crew station integration. Volume 5:
Lighting considerations
Wheelwright, C. D.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7290; MSC-S-360-VOL-5 , 19730601; Jun 1, 1973
The lighting requirements for the Apollo spacecraft are presented. The
natural lighting factors are discussed in terms of major constraints.
A general description of the external and internal lighting systems
for the command and lunar modules is presented with a discussion of
the primary approach and design criteria followed during development.
Some of the more difficult problems encountered during the
implementation of a new lighting system are reviewed.
Accession ID: 73N25887
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973017160.pdf
Document ID: 19730017160
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


35. Apollo experience report: Crew station integration. Volume 3:
Spacecraft hand controller development
Wittler, F. E.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7884; JSC-S-411 , 19750301; Mar 1, 1975
The development of hand controllers has evolved from the basic
mechanical linkage technique used in the Mercury spacecraft to the
total fly-by-wire three-axis switching device used to control the
Apollo spacecraft. The evolving developmental process is described in
this report.
Accession ID: 75N18274
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975010202.pdf
Document ID: 19750010202
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


36. Apollo experience report: Data management for postflight
engineering evaluation
Foster, G. B., Jr.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7684; JSC-S-393 , 19740501; May 1, 1974
The Apollo management of data for postflight engineering evaluation is
described. The sources of Apollo telemetry data, the control of data
processing by a single data team, the data techniques used to assist
in evaluation of the large quantity of data, and the operation of the
data team before the mission and during the evaluation phase are
described. The techniques used to ensure the output of valid data and
to determine areas in which data were of questionable quality are also
included.
Accession ID: 74N23396
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974015283.pdf
Document ID: 19740015283
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


37. Apollo experience report: Descent propulsion system
Hammock, W. R., Jr.; Currie, E. C.; Fisher, A. E.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7143; MSC-S-349 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973
The propulsion system for the descent stage of the lunar module was
designed to provide thrust to transfer the fully loaded lunar module
with two crewmen from the lunar parking orbit to the lunar surface. A
history of the development of this system is presented. Development
was accomplished primarily by ground testing of individual components
and by testing the integrated system. Unique features of the descent
propulsion system were the deep throttling capability and the use of a
lightweight cryogenic helium pressurization system.
Accession ID: 73N19877
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973011150.pdf
Document ID: 19730011150
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


38. Apollo experience report: Detection and minimization of
ignition hazards from water/glycol contamination of silver-clad
electrical circuitry
Downs, W. R.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-8177; JSC-S-449 , 19760301; Mar 1, 1976
The potential flammability hazard when a water/glycol solution
contacts defectively insulated silver-clad copper circuitry or
electrical components carrying a direct current is described. The
chemical reactions and means for detecting them are explained. Methods
for detecting and cleaning contaminated areas and the use of
inhibitors to arrest chemical reactivity are also explained.
Preventive measures to minimize hazards are given. Photomicrographs of
the chemical reactions occurring on silver clad wires are also
included.
Accession ID: 76N18184
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1976011096.pdf
Document ID: 19760011096
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


39. Apollo experience report: Development and use of specialized
radio equipment for Apollo recovery operations
Middleton, W. A.; Breshears, H. F.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7587; JSC-S-385 , 19740201; Feb 1, 1974
New personal communications equipment was required for the Apollo
Program recovery operations. Two new, small, personal radios were
developed and used successfully in the Apollo recovery program.
Accession ID: 74N16559
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974008446.pdf
Document ID: 19740008446
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


40. Apollo experience report: Development flight instrumentation;
telemetry equipment for space flight test program
Farmer, N. B.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7598; JSC-S-387 , 19740301; Mar 1, 1974
Development flight instrumentation was delivered for 25 Apollo
vehicles as Government-furnished equipment. The problems and
philosophies of an activity that was concerned with supplying
telemetry equipment to a space-flight test program are discussed.
Equipment delivery dates, system-design details, and
flight-performance information for each mission also are included.
Accession ID: 74N18511
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974010398.pdf
Document ID: 19740010398
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


41. Apollo experience report: Development of guidance targeting
techniques for the command module and launch vehicle
Yencharis, J. D.; Wiley, R. F.; Davis, R. S.; Holmes, Q. A.; Zeiler,
K. T.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6848; MSC-S-308 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972
The development of the guidance targeting techniques for the Apollo
command module and launch vehicle is discussed for four types of
maneuvers: (1) translunar injection, (2) translunar midcourse, (3)
lunar orbit insertion, and (4) return to earth. The development of
real-time targeting programs for these maneuvers and the targeting
procedures represented are discussed. The material is intended to
convey historically the development of the targeting techniques
required to meet the defined target objectives and to illustrate the
solutions to problems encountered during that development.
Accession ID: 72N24675
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972017025.pdf
Document ID: 19720017025
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


42. Apollo experience report: Development of the extravehicular
mobility unit
Lutz, C. C.; Stutesman, H. L.; Carson, M. A.; Mcbarron, J. W., II
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-8093; JSC-S-440 , 19751101; Nov 1, 1975
The development and performance history of the Apollo extravehicular
mobility unit and its major subsystems is described. The three major
subsystems, the pressure garment assembly, the portable life-support
system, and the oxygen purge system, are defined and described in
detail as is the evolutionary process that culminated in each major
subsystem component. Descriptions of ground-support equipment and the
qualification testing process for component hardware are also
presented.
Accession ID: 76N10161
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1976003073.pdf
Document ID: 19760003073
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-22


43. Apollo experience report: Earth landing system
West, R. B.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7437; JSC-S-370 , 19731101; Nov 1, 1973
A brief discussion of the development of the Apollo earth landing
system and a functional description of the system are presented in
this report. The more significant problems that were encountered
during the program, the solutions, and, in general, the knowledge that
was gained are discussed in detail. Two appendixes presenting a
detailed description of the various system components and a summary of
the development and the qualification test programs are included.
Accession ID: 74N11699
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974003586.pdf
Document ID: 19740003586
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


44. Apollo experience report: Electrical wiring subsystem
White, L. D.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7885; JSC-S-413 , 19750301; Mar 1, 1975
The general requirements of the electrical wiring subsystems and the
problem areas and solutions that occurred during the major part of the
Apollo Program are detailed in this report. The concepts and
definitions of specific requirements for electrical wiring;
wire-connecting devices; and wire-harness fabrication, checkout, and
installation techniques are discussed. The design and development of
electrical wiring and wire-connecting devices are described. Mission
performance is discussed, and conclusions and recommendations for
future programs are presented.
Accession ID: 75N18275
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975010203.pdf
Document ID: 19750010203
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


45. Apollo experience report: Electronic systems test program
accomplishments and results
Ohnesorge, T. E.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6720; MSC-S-283 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972
A chronological record is presented of the Electronic Systems Test
Program from its conception in May 1963 to December 1969. The original
concept of the program, which was primarily a spacecraft/Manned Space
Flight Network communications system compatibility and performance
evaluation, is described. The evolution of these concepts to include
various levels of test detail, as well as systems level design
verification testing, is discussed. Actual implementation of these
concepts is presented, and the facility to support the program is
described. Test results are given, and significant contributions to
the lunar landing mission are underlined. Plans for modifying the
facility and the concepts, based on Apollo experience, are proposed.
Accession ID: 72N19904
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972012254.pdf
Document ID: 19720012254
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


46. Apollo experience report: Engineering and analysis mission
support
Fricke, R. W., Jr.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7993; JSC-S-438 , 19750701; Jul 1, 1975
The tasks performed by the team of specialists that evaluated hardware
performance during prelaunch checkout and in-flight operation are
discussed. The organizational structure, operational procedures, and
interfaces as well as the facilities and software required to perform
these tasks are discussed. The scope of the service performed by the
team and the evaluation philosophy are described. Summaries of
problems and their resolution are included as appendixes.
Accession ID: 75N27025
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975018953.pdf
Document ID: 19750018953
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


47. Apollo experience report: Evolution of the attitude time line
Duncan, R. D.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7086; MSC-S-353 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973
The evolution of the attitude time line is discussed. Emphasis is
placed on the operational need for and constraints on the time line
and on how these factors were involved in the time line generation
procedure. Examples of constraints on and applications of the complete
time line are given.
Accession ID: 73N19872
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973011145.pdf
Document ID: 19730011145
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-09


48. Apollo experience report: Evolution of the rendezvous-maneuver
plan for the lunar-landing missions
Alexander, J. D.; Becker, R. W.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7388; JSC-S-334 , 19730801; Aug 1, 1973
The evolution of the nominal rendezvous-maneuver plan for the lunar
landing missions is presented along with a summary of the significant
development for the lunar module abort and rescue plan. A general
discussion of the rendezvous dispersion analysis that was conducted in
support of both the nominal and contingency rendezvous planning is
included. Emphasis is placed on the technical developments from the
early 1960's through the Apollo 15 mission (July to August 1971), but
pertinent organizational factors also are discussed briefly.
Recommendations for rendezvous planning for future programs relative
to Apollo experience also are included.
Accession ID: 73N29882
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973021150.pdf
Document ID: 19730021150
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


49. Apollo experience report: Flight anomaly resolution
Lobb, J. D.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7968; JSC-S-412 , 19750701; Jul 1, 1975
The identification of flight anomalies, the determination of their
causes, and the approaches taken for corrective action are described.
Interrelationships of the broad range of disciplines involved with the
complex systems and the team concept employed to ensure timely and
accurate resolution of anomalies are discussed. The documentation
techniques and the techniques for management of anomaly resolution are
included. Examples of specific anomalies are presented in the original
form of their progressive documentation. Flight anomaly resolution
functioned as a part of the real-time mission support and postflight
testing, and results were included in the postflight documentation.
Accession ID: 75N25981
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975017909.pdf
Document ID: 19750017909
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


50. Apollo experience report: Flight instrumentation calibration
Demoss, J. F.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7144; MSC-S-359 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973
Three types of instrumentation-calibration data were used in the
Apollo Program to provide the correct engineering data for tests and
mission support. The command and service module
instrumentation-component procurement specifications required
individual-component calibration, and calibration data for these
individual components (conventional-calibration data) were always used
for mission data support. A mean standard type of calibration data
derived from a statistical sampling of conventional-calibration data
was used for test and checkout during the latter part of the Apollo
Program. The lunar module instrumentation procurement specification
permitted the use of standard-calibration data. These data were
applicable to similarly instrumented measurements. The definition,
merit, and application of each type of data are discussed.
Accession ID: 73N20881
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973012154.pdf
Document ID: 19730012154
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


51. Apollo experience report: Flight planning for manned space
operations
Oneill, J. W.; Cotter, J. B.; Holloway, T. W.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6973; MSC-S-319 , 19720901; Sep 1, 1972
The history of flight planning for manned space missions is outlined,
and descriptions and examples of the various evolutionary phases of
flight data documents from Project Mercury to the Apollo Program are
included. Emphasis is given to the Apollo flight plan. Time line
format and content are discussed in relationship to the manner in
which they are affected by the types of flight plans and various
constraints.
Accession ID: 72N31879
Document ID: 19720024229
No Digital Version Available - Order This Document from CASI
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2004-11-03


52. Apollo experience report: Flight-control data needs, terminal
display devices, and ground system configuration requirements
Hoover, R. A.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7685; JSC-S-396 , 19740501; May 1, 1974
The development of flight-control facilities for the Apollo program is
reviewed from the viewpoint of the user organization. These facilities
are treated in three categories: data systems, ground-based display
and control systems, and configuration management. The effects of
certain Apollo program factors on the selection, sizing, and
configuration management of these systems are discussed.
Recommendations are made regarding improvement of the systems and the
reduction of system sensitivity to the program factors.
Accession ID: 74N23397
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974015284.pdf
Document ID: 19740015284
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


53. Apollo experience report: Food systems
Smith, M. C., Jr.; Rapp, R. M.; Huber, C. S.; Rambaut, P. C.;
Heidelbaugh, N. D.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7720 , 19740701; Jul 1, 1974
Development, delivery, and use of food systems in support of the
Apollo 7 to 14 missions are discussed. Changes in design criteria for
this unique program as mission requirements varied are traced from the
baseline system that was established before the completion of the
Gemini Program. Problems and progress in subsystem management,
material selection, food packaging, development of new food items,
menu design, and food-consumption methods under zero-gravity
conditions are described. The effectiveness of various approaches in
meeting food system objectives of providing flight crews with safe,
nutritious, easy to prepare, and highly acceptable foods is
considered. Nutritional quality and adequacy in maintaining crew
health are discussed in relation to the establishment of nutritional
criteria for future missions. Technological advances that have
resulted from the design of separate food systems for the command
module, the lunar module, The Mobile Quarantine Facility, and the
Lunar Receiving Laboratory are presented for application to future
manned spacecraft and to unique populations in earthbound situations.
Accession ID: 74N28349
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974020236.pdf
Document ID: 19740020236
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-07-08


54. Apollo experience report: Ground-support equipment
Cooper, J. S.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7918; JSC-S-415 , 19750401; Apr 1, 1975
The experience gained in management of the ground-support-equipment
and site-readiness activity for the Apollo Program is summarized. The
design of equipment and facilities are examined as well as some
operational aspects. The organization for ensuring site readiness and
the maintenance of ground-support equipment are discussed.
Recommendations for use in future programs are given in the areas of
design considerations, cleanliness requirements, periodic evaluation
of changing requirements, maintenance and overhaul, special test
equipment, site-activation schedule coordination, and schematics for
ground-support equipment.
Accession ID: 75N19283
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975011211.pdf
Document ID: 19750011211
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


55. Apollo experience report: Guidance and control systems -
Digital autopilot design development
Peters, W. H.; Cox, K. J.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7289; MSC-S-331 , 19730601; Jun 1, 1973
The development of the Apollo digital autopilots (the primary attitude
control systems that were used for all phases of the lunar landing
mission) is summarized. This report includes design requirements,
design constraints, and design philosophy. The development-process
functions and the essential information flow paths are identified.
Specific problem areas that existed during the development are
included. A discussion is also presented on the benefits inherent in
mechanizing attitude-controller logic and dynamic compensation in a
digital computer.
Accession ID: 73N25888
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973017161.pdf
Document ID: 19730017161
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


56. Apollo experience report: Guidance and control systems.
Engineering simulation program
Gilbert, D. W.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7287; MSC-S-318 , 19730601; Jun 1, 1973
The Apollo Program experience from early 1962 to July 1969 with
respect to the engineering-simulation support and the problems
encountered is summarized in this report. Engineering simulation in
support of the Apollo guidance and control system is discussed in
terms of design analysis and verification, certification of hardware
in closed-loop operation, verification of hardware/software
compatibility, and verification of both software and procedures for
each mission. The magnitude, time, and cost of the engineering
simulations are described with respect to hardware availability, NASA
and contractor facilities (for verification of the command module, the
lunar module, and the primary guidance, navigation, and control
system), and scheduling and planning considerations. Recommendations
are made regarding implementation of similar, large-scale simulations
for future programs.
Accession ID: 73N24873
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973016146.pdf
Document ID: 19730016146
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


57. Apollo experience report: Guidance and control systems. Lunar
module stabilization and control system
Shelton, D. H.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-8086; JSC-S-419 , 19751101; Nov 1, 1975
A brief functional description of the Apollo lunar module
stabilization and control subsystem is presented. Subsystem
requirements definition, design, development, test results, and flight
experiences are discussed. Detailed discussions are presented of
problems encountered and the resulting corrective actions taken during
the course of assembly-level testing, integrated vehicle checkout and
test, and mission operations. Although the main experiences described
are problem oriented, the subsystem has performed satisfactorily in
flight.
Accession ID: 76N11192
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1976004104.pdf
Document ID: 19760004104
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


58. Apollo experience report: Guidance and control systems.
Mission control programmer for unmanned missions AS-202, Apollo 4, and
Apollo 6
Holloway, G. F.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7992; JSC-S-432 , 19750701; Jul 1, 1975
An unmanned test flight program required to evaluate the command
module heat shield and the structural integrity of the command and
service module/Saturn launch vehicle is described. The mission control
programer was developed to provide the unmanned interface between the
guidance and navigation computer and the other spacecraft systems for
mission event sequencing and real-time ground control during missions
AS-202, Apollo 4, and Apollo 6. The development of this unmanned
programer is traced from the initial concept through the flight test
phase. Detailed discussions of hardware development problems are given
with the resulting solutions. The mission control programer functioned
correctly without any flight anomalies for all missions. The Apollo 4
mission control programer was reused for the Apollo 6 flight, thus
being one of the first subsystems to be reflown on an Apollo space
flight.
Accession ID: 75N27024
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975018952.pdf
Document ID: 19750018952
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-22


59. APOLLO EXPERIENCE REPORT: GUIDANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEMS:
AUTOMATED CONTROL SYSTEM FOR UNMANNED MISSION AS-201
HOLLOWAY, G. F.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7991; JSC-S-431 , 19750701; JUL 1, 1975
THE APOLLO COMMAND MODULE HEAT SHIELD AND APOLLO COMMAND AND SERVICE
MODULE/SATURN LAUNCH VEHICLE STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY WERE EVALUATED IN AN
UNMANNED TEST FLIGHT. AN AUTOMATED CONTROL SYSTEM WAS DEVELOPED TO
PROVIDE THE MISSION EVENT SEQUENCING, THE REAL-TIME GROUND CONTROL
INTERFACE, AND THE BACKUP ATTITUDE REFERENCE SYSTEM FOR THE UNMANNED
FLIGHT. THE REQUIRED MISSION EVENTS, THE DESIGN LOGIC, THE REDUNDANCY
CONCEPT, AND THE GROUND-SUPPORT-EQUIPMENT CONCEPT ARE DESCRIBED AND
SOME DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM AREAS ARE DISCUSSED. THE MISSION EVENT TIME
LINE AND THE REAL-TIME GROUND COMMAND LIST ARE INCLUDED TO PROVIDE AN
OUTLINE OF THE CONTROL SYSTEM CAPABILITIES AND REQUIREMENTS. THE
MISSION WAS ACCOMPLISHED WITH THE AUTOMATED CONTROL SYSTEM, WHICH
FUNCTIONED WITHOUT FLIGHT ANOMALIES.
Accession ID: 75N27027
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975018955.pdf
Document ID: 19750018955
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-03-29


60. Apollo experience report: Guidance and control systems:
Command and service module entry monitor subsystem
Reina, B., Jr.; Patterson, H. G.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7859; JSC-S-405 , 19750101; Jan 1, 1975
The conceptual aspects of the command and service module entry monitor
subsystem, together with an interpretation of the displays and their
associated relationship to entry trajectory control, are presented.
The entry monitor subsystem is described, and the problems encountered
during the developmental phase and the first five manned Apollo
flights are discussed in conjunction with the design improvements
implemented.
Accession ID: 75N13906
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975005834.pdf
Document ID: 19750005834
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


61. Apollo experience report: Guidance and control systems: CSM
service propulsion system gimbal actuators
Mcmahon, W. A.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7969; JSC-S-444 , 19750701; Jul 1, 1975
The service propulsion system gimbal actuators of the Apollo command
and service module were developed, modified, and qualified between
February 1962 and April 1968. The development of these actuators is
described as the result of extensive testing, retesting, and
modification of the initial design. Successful completion of each
mission without anomalies attributable to the actuators indicated that
the particular configuration (modification) in use was adequate for
the flight profile imposed.
Accession ID: 75N25980
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975017908.pdf
Document ID: 19750017908
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


62. Apollo experience report: Guidance and control systems; lunar
module mission programer
Vernon, J. A.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7949; JSC-S-414 , 19750401; Apr 1, 1975
A review of the concept, operational requirements, design, and
development of the lunar module mission programer is presented,
followed by a review of component and subsystem performance during
design-feasibility, design-verification, and qualification tests
performed in the laboratory. The system was further proved on the
unmanned Apollo 5 mission. Several anomalies were detected, and
satisfactory solutions were found. These problems are defined and
examined, and the corrective action taken is discussed. Suggestions
are given for procedural changes to be used if future guidance and
control systems of this type are to be developed.
Accession ID: 75N21310
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975013238.pdf
Document ID: 19750013238
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


63. Apollo experience report: Launch escape propulsion subsystem
Townsend, N. A.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7083; MSC-S-343 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973
The Apollo launch escape propulsion subsystem contained three solid
rocket motors. The general design, development, and qualification of
the solid-propellant pitch-control, tower-jettison, and launch-escape
motors of the Apollo launch escape propulsion subsystem were completed
during years 1961 to 1966. The launch escape system components are
described in general terms, and the sequence of events through the
ground-based test programs and flight-test programs is discussed. The
initial ground rules established for this system were that it should
use existing technology and designs as much as possible. The
practicality of this decision is proved by the minimum number of
problems that were encountered during the development and
qualification program.
Accession ID: 73N18902
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973010175.pdf
Document ID: 19730010175
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


64. Apollo experience report: Lunar module communications system
Dietz, R. H.; Rhoades, D. E.; Davidson, L. J.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6974; MSC-S-324 , 19720901; Sep 1, 1972
The development of the lunar module communications system is traced
from the initial concept to the operational system used on manned
lunar missions. The problems encountered during the development, the
corrective actions taken, and recommendations for similar equipment in
future programs are included. The system was designed to provide
communications between the lunar module and the manned space flight
network, between the lunar module and the command and service module,
and between the lunar module and the extravehicular crewmen. The
system provided the equipment necessary for voice, telemetry, and
television communications; ranging information; and various
communications links.
Accession ID: 72N30905
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972023255.pdf
Document ID: 19720023255
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


65. Apollo experience report: Lunar module display and control
subsystem
Farkas, A. J.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6722; MSC-S-285 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972
The lunar module display and control subsystem equipment is described
with emphasis on major problems and their solutions. Included in the
discussion of each item is a description of what the item does and how
the item is constructed. The development, hardware history, and
testing for each item are also presented.
Accession ID: 72N19901
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972012251.pdf
Document ID: 19720012251
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


66. Apollo experience report: Lunar module electrical power
subsystem
Campos, A. B.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6977; MSC-S-337 , 19720901; Sep 1, 1972
The design and development of the electrical power subsystem for the
lunar module are discussed. The initial requirements, the concepts
used to design the subsystem, and the testing program are explained.
Specific problems and the modifications or compromises (or both)
imposed for resolution are detailed. The flight performance of the
subsystem is described, and recommendations pertaining to power
specifications for future space applications are made.
Accession ID: 72N32848
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972025198.pdf
Document ID: 19720025198
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


67. Apollo experience report: Lunar module environmental control
subsystem
Gillen, R. J.; Brady, J. C.; Collier, F.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6724; MSC-S-296 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972
A functional description of the environmental control subsystem is
presented. Development, tests, checkout, and flight experiences of the
subsystem are discussed; and the design fabrication, and operational
difficulties associated with the various components and subassemblies
are recorded. Detailed information is related concerning design
changes made to, and problems encountered with, the various elements
of the subsystem, such as the thermal control water sublimator, the
carbon dioxide sensing and control units, and the water section. The
problems associated with water sterilization, water/glycol
formulation, and materials compatibility are discussed. The corrective
actions taken are described with the expection that this information
may be of value for future subsystems. Although the main experiences
described are problem oriented, the subsystem has generally performed
satisfactorily in flight.
Accession ID: 72N20845
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972013195.pdf
Document ID: 19720013195
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


68. Apollo experience report: Lunar module instrumentation
subsystem
Obrien, D. E., III; Woodfill, J. R., IV
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6845; MSC-S-294 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972
The design concepts and philosophies of the lunar module
instrumentation subsystem are discussed along with manufacturing and
systems integration. The experience gained from the program is
discussed, and recommendations are made for making the subsystem more
compatible and flexible in system usage. Characteristics of lunar
module caution and warning circuits are presented.
Accession ID: 72N25856
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972018206.pdf
Document ID: 19720018206
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


69. Apollo experience report: Lunar module landing gear subsystem
Rogers, W. F.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6850; MSC-S-316 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972
The development of the lunar module landing gear subsystem through the
Apollo 11 lunar landing mission is presented. The landing gear design
evolved from the design requirement, which had to satisfy the
structural, mechanical, and landing performance constraints of the
vehicle. Extensive analyses and tests were undertaken to verify the
design adequacy. Techniques of the landing performance analysis served
as a primary tool in developing the subsystem hardware and in
determining the adequacy of the landing gear for toppling stability
and energy absorption. The successful Apollo 11 lunar landing mission
provided the first opportunity for a complete flight test of the
landing gear under both natural and induced environments.
Accession ID: 72N25903
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972018253.pdf
Document ID: 19720018253
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


70. Apollo experience report: Lunar module landing radar and
rendezvous radar
Rozas, P.; Cunningham, A. R.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6849; MSC-S-311 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972
A developmental history of the Apollo lunar module landing and
rendezvous radar subsystems is presented. The Apollo radar subsystems
are discussed from initial concept planning to flight configuration
testing. The major radar subsystem accomplishments and problems are
discussed.
Accession ID: 72N24171
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972016521.pdf
Document ID: 19720016521
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


71. Apollo experience report: Lunar module reaction control system
Vaughan, C. A.; Villemarette, R.; Karakulko, W.; Blevins, D. R.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6740; MSC-S-315 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972
The design, development and qualification of the reaction control
system for the Apollo lunar module are described. The lunar module
reaction control system used many of the components developed and
qualified for the service module reaction control system. The system
was qualified for manned flight during the unmanned Apollo 5 mission
on January 22 and 23, 1968, and has operated satisfactorily during all
manned lunar module flights including Apollo 11, the first manned
landing on the moon.
Accession ID: 72N21887
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972014237.pdf
Document ID: 19720014237
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


72. Apollo experience report: Lunar module structural subsystem
Weiss, S. P.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7084; MSC-S-345 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973
In the Apollo Program, the lunar-orbit rendezvous mode was used for
the lunar-landing mission. To accomplish the lunar landing, a lunar
module spacecraft was built. A description of the design requirements
for the structural subsystem and of the structural configuration and
the method of design verification are given. A discussion is presented
of several problems encountered and the corrective actions taken
during the designing, manufacturing, and testing of the lunar module.
Accession ID: 73N18901
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973010174.pdf
Document ID: 19730010174
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


73. Apollo experience report: Manned thermal-vacuum testing of
spacecraft
Mclane, J. C., Jr.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7610; JSC-S-388 , 19740301; Mar 1, 1974
Manned thermal-vacuum tests of the Apollo spacecraft presented many
first-time problems in the areas of test philosophy, operational
concepts, and program implementation. The rationale used to resolve
these problems is explained and examined critically in view of actual
experience. The series of 12 tests involving 1517 hours of chamber
operating time resulted in the disclosure of numerous equipment and
procedural deficiencies of significance to the flight mission. Test
experience and results in view of subsequent flight experience
confirmed that thermal-vacuum testing of integrated manned spacecraft
provides a feasible, cost-effective, and safe technique with which to
obtain maximum confidence in spacecraft flight worthiness early in the
program.
Accession ID: 74N20543
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974012430.pdf
Document ID: 19740012430
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


74. Apollo experience report: Mission evaluation team postflight
documentation
Dodson, J. W.; Cordiner, D. H.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-8023; JSC-S-441 , 19751101; Nov 1, 1975
The various postflight reports prepared by the mission evaluation
team, including the final mission evaluation report, report
supplements, anomaly reports, and the 5-day mission report, are
described. The procedures for preparing each report from the inputs of
the various disciplines are explained, and the general method of
reporting postflight results is discussed. Recommendations for
postflight documentation in future space programs are included. The
official requirements for postflight documentation and a typical
example of an anomaly report are provided as appendixes.
Accession ID: 76N10162
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1976003074.pdf
Document ID: 19760003074
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


75. Apollo experience report: Mission planning for Apollo entry
Graves, C. A.; Harpold, J. C.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6725; MSC-S-305 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972
The problems encountered and the experience gained in the entry
mission plans, flight software, trajectory-monitoring procedures, and
backup trajectory-control techniques of the Apollo Program should
provide a foundation upon which future spacecraft programs can be
developed. Descriptions of these entry activities are presented. Also,
to provide additional background information needed for discussion of
the Apollo entry experience, descriptions of the entry targeting for
the Apollo 11 mission and the postflight analysis of the Apollo 10
mission are presented.
Accession ID: 72N20841
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972013191.pdf
Document ID: 19720013191
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


76. Apollo experience report: Mission planning for lunar module
descent and ascent
Bennett, F. V.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6846; MSC-S-295 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972
The premission planning, the real-time situation, and the postflight
analysis for the Apollo 11 lunar descent and ascent are described. A
comparison between premission planning and actual results is included.
A navigation correction capability, developed from Apollo 11
postflight analysis was used successfully on Apollo 12 to provide the
first pinpoint landing. An experience summary, which illustrates
typical problems encountered by the mission planners, is also
included.
Accession ID: 72N25855
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972018205.pdf
Document ID: 19720018205
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


77. Apollo experience report: Onboard navigational and alignment
software
Savely, R. T.; Cockrell, B. F.; Pines, S.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6741; MSC-S-317 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972
The onboard navigational and alignment routines used during the
nonthrusting phases of an Apollo mission are discussed as to their
limitations, and alternate approaches that have more desirable
capabilities are presented. A more efficient procedure for solving
Kepler's equation, which is used in the calculation of Kepler's
problem and Lambert's problem is included, and a sixth-order predictor
scheme with a Runge-Kutta starter is recommended for numerical
integration. The extension of the rendezvous navigation state to
include angle biases and the use of a fixed coordinate system is also
evaluated.
Accession ID: 72N20843
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972013193.pdf
Document ID: 19720013193
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


78. Apollo experience report: Photographic equipment and
operations during manned space-flight programs
Kuehnel, H. A.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6972; MSC-309 , 19720901; Sep 1, 1972
The evolution of crew-operated photographic equipment and the
procedures for manned space-flight photographic operations are
reviewed. The establishment of program requirements is described.
Photographic operations are discussed, including preflight testing and
inflight operations.
Accession ID: 72N32852
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972025202.pdf
Document ID: 19720025202
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


79. Apollo experience report: Postflight testing of command
modules
Hamilton, D. T.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7435; JSC-S-365 , 19730901; Sep 1, 1973
Various phases of the postflight testing of the command modules used
in the Apollo Program are presented. The specific tasks to be
accomplished by the task force recovery teams, the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center,
(formerly the Manned Spacecraft Center) and the cognizant
contractors/subcontractors are outlined. The means and methods used in
postflight testing and how such activities evolved during the Apollo
Program and were tailored to meet specific test requirements are
described. Action taken to resolve or minimize problems or anomalies
discovered during the flight, the postflight test phase, or mission
evaluation is discussed.
Accession ID: 73N31773
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973023041.pdf
Document ID: 19730023041
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


80. Apollo experience report: Potable water system
Sauer, R. L.; Calley, D. J.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7291; MSC-07508 , 19730601; Jun 1, 1973
A description of the design and function of the Apollo potable water
system is presented. The command module potable water is supplied as a
byproduct of the fuel cells. The cells, located in the service module,
function primarily to supply electrical energy to the spacecraft. The
source of the lunar module potable water is three tanks, which are
filled before lift-off. The technique of supplying the water in each
of these cases and the problems associated with materials
compatibility are described. The chemical and microbiological quality
of the water is reviewed, as are efforts to maintain the water in a
microbially safe condition for drinking and food mixing.
Accession ID: 73N24874
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973016147.pdf
Document ID: 19730016147
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


81. Apollo experience report: Power generation system
Bell, D., III; Plauche, F. M.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7142; MSC-S-347 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973
A comprehensive review of the design philosophy and experience of the
Apollo electrical power generation system is presented. The review of
the system covers a period of 8 years, from conception through the
Apollo 12 lunar-landing mission. The program progressed from the
definition phase to hardware design, system development and
qualification, and, ultimately, to the flight phase. Several problems
were encountered; however, a technology evolved that enabled
resolution of the problems and resulted in a fully manrated power
generation system. These problems are defined and examined, and the
corrective action taken is discussed. Several recommendations are made
to preclude similar occurrences and to provide a more reliable
fuel-cell power system.
Accession ID: 73N19873
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973011146.pdf
Document ID: 19730011146
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-07-20


82. Apollo experience report: Pressure vessels
Ecord, G. M.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6975; MSC-S-327 , 19720901; Sep 1, 1972
The Apollo spacecraft pressure vessels, associated problems and
resolutions, and related experience in evaluating potential problem
areas are discussed. Information is provided that can be used as a
guideline in the establishment of baseline criteria for the design and
use of lightweight pressure vessels. One of the first practical
applications of the use of fracture-mechanics technology to protect
against service failures was made on Apollo pressure vessels.
Recommendations are made, based on Apollo experience, that are
designed to reduce the incidence of failure in pressure-vessel
operation and service.
Accession ID: 72N31880
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972024230.pdf
Document ID: 19720024230
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


83. Apollo experience report: Problem reporting and corrective
action system
Adams, T. J.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7586; JSC-S-384 , 19740201; Feb 1, 1974
The Apollo spacecraft Problem Reporting and Corrective Action System
is presented. The evolution from the early system to the present day
system is described. The deficiencies and the actions taken to correct
them are noted, as are management controls for both the contractor and
NASA. Significant experience gained from the Apollo Problem Reporting
and Corrective Action System that may be applicable to future manned
spacecraft is presented.
Accession ID: 74N16561
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974008448.pdf
Document ID: 19740008448
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


84. Apollo experience report: Processing of lunar samples in a
sterile nitrogen atmosphere
Mcpherson, T. M.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6858; MSC-S-332 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972
A sterile nitrogen atmosphere processing cabinet line was installed in
the Lunar Receiving Laboratory to process returned lunar samples with
minimum organic contamination. Design and operation of the cabinet
line were complicated by the requirement for biological sterilization
and isolation, which necessitated extensive filtration, leak-checking,
and system sterilization before use. Industrial techniques were
applied to lunar sample processing to meet requirements for
time-critical experiments while handling a large flow of samples.
Accession ID: 72N25099
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972017449.pdf
Document ID: 19720017449
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


85. Apollo experience report: Protection against radiation
English, R. A.; Benson, R. E.; Bailey, J. V.; Barnes, C. M.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7080; MSC-S-329 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973
Radiation protection problems on earth and in space are discussed.
Flight through the Van Allen belts and into space beyond the
geomagnetic shielding was recognized as hazardous before the advent of
manned space flight. Specialized dosimetry systems were developed for
use on the Apollo spacecraft, and systems for solar-particle-event
warning and dose projection were devised. Radiation sources of manmade
origin on board the Apollo spacecraft present additional problems.
Methods applied to evaluate and control or avoid the various Apollo
radiation hazards are discussed.
Accession ID: 73N18899
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973010172.pdf
Document ID: 19730010172
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


86. Apollo experience report: Protection of life and health
Wooley, B. C.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6856; MSC-S-328 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972
The development, implementation, and effectiveness of the Apollo Lunar
Quarantine Program and the Flight Crew Health Stabilization Program
are discussed as part of the broad program required for the protection
of the life and health of U.S. astronauts. Because the goal of the
Apollo Program has been the safe transport of men to the moon and back
to earth, protection of the astronauts and of the biosphere from
potentially harmful lunar contaminants has been required. Also, to
ensure mission success, the continuing good health of the astronauts
before and during a mission has been necessary. Potential applications
of specific aspects of the health and quarantine programs to possible
manned missions to other planets are discussed.
Accession ID: 72N25100
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972017450.pdf
Document ID: 19720017450
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


87. Apollo experience report: Real-time auxiliary computing
facility development
Allday, C. E.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6855; MSC-S-326 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972
The Apollo real time auxiliary computing function and facility were an
extension of the facility used during the Gemini Program. The facility
was expanded to include support of all areas of flight control, and
computer programs were developed for mission and mission-simulation
support. The scope of the function was expanded to include prime
mission support functions in addition to engineering evaluations, and
the facility became a mandatory mission support facility. The facility
functioned as a full scale mission support activity until after the
first manned lunar landing mission. After the Apollo 11 mission, the
function and facility gradually reverted to a nonmandatory, offline,
on-call operation because the real time program flexibility was
increased and verified sufficiently to eliminate the need for
redundant computations. The evaluation of the facility and function
and recommendations for future programs are discussed in this report.
Accession ID: 72N25223
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972017573.pdf
Document ID: 19720017573
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


88. Apollo experience report: Real-time display system
Sullivan, C. J.; Burbank, L. W.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-8316; JSC-S-461 , 19760901; Sep 1, 1976
The real time display system used in the Apollo Program is described;
the systematic organization of the system, which resulted from
hardware/software trade-offs and the establishment of system criteria,
is emphasized. Each basic requirement of the real time display system
was met by a separate subsystem. The computer input multiplexer
subsystem, the plotting display subsystem, the digital display
subsystem, and the digital television subsystem are described. Also
described are the automated display design and the generation of
precision photographic reference slides required for the three display
subsystems.
Accession ID: 76N31240
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1976024152.pdf
Document ID: 19760024152
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


89. Apollo experience report: Reliability and quality assurance
Sperber, K. P.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7438; JSC-S-371 , 19730901; Sep 1, 1973
The reliability of the Apollo spacecraft resulted from the application
of proven reliability and quality techniques and from sound
management, engineering, and manufacturing practices. Continual
assessment of these techniques and practices was made during the
program, and, when deficiencies were detected, adjustments were made
and the deficiencies were effectively corrected. The most significant
practices, deficiencies, adjustments, and experiences during the
Apollo Program are described in this report. These experiences can be
helpful in establishing an effective base on which to structure an
efficient reliability and quality assurance effort for future
space-flight programs.
Accession ID: 73N31769
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973023037.pdf
Document ID: 19730023037
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


90. Apollo experience report: S-band system signal design and
analysis
Rosenberg, H. R.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6723; MSC-S-288 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972
A description is given of the Apollo communications-system
engineering-analysis effort that ensured the adequacy, performance,
and interface compatibility of the unified S-band system elements for
a successful lunar-landing mission. The evolution and conceptual
design of the unified S-band system are briefly reviewed from a
historical viewpoint. A comprehensive discussion of the unified S-band
elements includes the salient design features of the system and serves
as a basis for a better understanding of the design decisions and
analyses. The significant design decisions concerning the Apollo
communications-system signal design are discussed providing an insight
into the role of systems analysis in arriving at the current
configuration of the Apollo communications system. Analyses are
presented concerning performance estimation (mathematical-model
development through real-time mission support) and system
deficiencies, modifications, and improvements.
Accession ID: 72N19903
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972012253.pdf
Document ID: 19720012253
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


91. Apollo experience report: Safety activities
Rice, C. N.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7950; JSC-S-422 , 19750401; Apr 1, 1975
A description is given of the flight safety experiences gained during
the Apollo Program and safety, from the viewpoint of program
management, engineering, mission planning, and ground test operations
was discussed. Emphasis is placed on the methods used to identify the
risks involved in flight and in certain ground test operations. In
addition, there are discussions on the management and engineering
activities used to eliminate or reduce these risks.
Accession ID: 75N21308
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975013236.pdf
Document ID: 19750013236
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


92. Apollo experience report: Service propulsion subsystem
Gibson, C. R.; Wood, J. A.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7375; JSC-S-378 , 19730801; Aug 1, 1973
The significant service propulsion subsystem development,
qualification, and flight experience from the early portion of the
Apollo Program through the first lunar-landing mission is presented.
Particular emphasis is given to problems encountered and solutions
used to eliminate the problems.
Accession ID: 73N31763
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973023031.pdf
Document ID: 19730023031
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


93. Apollo experience report: Simulation of manned space flight
for crew training
Woodling, C. H.; Faber, S.; Vanbockel, J. J.; Olasky, C. C.; Williams,
W. K.; Mire, J. L. C.; Homer, J. R.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7112; MSC-S-346 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973
Through space-flight experience and the development of simulators to
meet the associated training requirements, several factors have been
established as fundamental for providing adequate flight simulators
for crew training. The development of flight simulators from Project
Mercury through the Apollo 15 mission is described. The functional
uses, characteristics, and development problems of the various
simulators are discussed for the benefit of future programs.
Accession ID: 73N19876
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973011149.pdf
Document ID: 19730011149
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


94. Apollo experience report: Spacecraft heating environment and
thermal protection for launch through the atmosphere of the earth
Dotts, R. L.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7085; MSC-S-350 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973
The techniques that were used to define the aerothermodynamic
environment of the Apollo spacecraft during the boost phase and to
predict the structural temperatures of the spacecraft are discussed.
The wind-tunnel and radiant-heating tests that were used to support
the analytical predictions are discussed. The analytical predictions
are discussed. The accuracy of the boost-phase heating-analysis
techniques is shown by comparing the techniques with flight data. The
analytical techniques for predicting heating characteristics and
structural temperatures of the spacecraft were adequate for predicting
the temperatures of the Apollo spacecraft during the boost phase.
Accession ID: 73N18903
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973010176.pdf
Document ID: 19730010176
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


95. Apollo experience report: Spacecraft pyrotechnic systems
Falbo, M. J.; Robinson, R. L.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7141; MSC-S-340 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973
Pyrotechnic devices were used successfully in many systems of the
Apollo spacecraft. The physical and functional characteristics of each
device are described. The development, qualification, and performance
tests of the devices and the ground-support equipment are discussed
briefly. Recommendations for pyrotechnic devices on future space
vehicles are given.
Accession ID: 73N19878
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973011151.pdf
Document ID: 19730011151
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


96. Apollo experience report: Spacecraft relative motion and
recontact analyses
Mcadams, R. E.; Gott, C. J.; Williamson, M. L.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7920; JSC-S-421 , 19750401; Apr 1, 1975
Potential collision or accidental recontact problems between the
spacecraft and other space vehicles (or components) existed during
most of the Apollo missions. These problems were identified before
each Apollo flight, and appropriate solutions for eliminating or
minimizing the chance of collision were determined through relative
motion analyses. A summary of the identification, solution, and
analysis process for some of the more significant of these separation
problems is presented. In addition, the scope of responsibility, the
development of the study effort, and the computer simulation
development, which supported the analysis process, are described.
Accession ID: 75N20416
Document ID: 19750012344
No Digital Version Available - Order This Document from CASI
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2004-11-03


97. Apollo experience report: Spacecraft structural windows
Pigg, O. E.; Weiss, S. P.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7439; JSC-S-377 , 19730901; Sep 1, 1973
The window structural design and verification experience is presented
for the Apollo command and lunar modules. This report presents window
design philosophy, design criteria, hardware description, and
qualification and acceptance test programs and discusses the problems
encountered and solutions developed in these areas. The structural
characteristics of glass are not generally well understood by
designers. The optics and instrument glass covers were not considered
to be structural components and thus were not normally subjected to
the design, qualification, and acceptance standards necessary to
preclude failures. These two factors contributed significantly to
window problems on both Apollo spacecraft.
Accession ID: 73N31770
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973023038.pdf
Document ID: 19730023038
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


98. Apollo experience report: Spacecraft structure subsystem
Smith, P. D.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7780; JSC-S-400 , 19741001; Oct 1, 1974
The flightworthiness of the Apollo spacecraft structure was verified
primarily through a rigorous, vehicle level, ground test program and
flight tests. The failures and anomalies encountered during this
testing were the major factors considered in determining necessary
modifications to the basic design of the spacecraft structure. In this
report, these failures, their causes, and their resolutions are
discussed. A description of the spacecraft structure and discussions
of the ground and flight test programs are presented.
Accession ID: 74N34339
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974026226.pdf
Document ID: 19740026226
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


99. Apollo experience report: Structural loads due to maneuvers of
the command and service module/lunar module
Rutkowski, M. J.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6719; MSC-S-280 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972
Analyses were performed to determine the structural loads caused by
maneuvers of the docked Apollo command and service module/lunar module
(CSM/LM). Results of CSM/LM docked interface loads analyses and
service-propulsion-system engine support structure load analyses are
compared with the structural allowable loads of the CSM/LM docked
interface and the service-propulsion-system engine thrust mount,
respectively, for different phases of spaceflight operations. An
analysis also was performed to investigate the loads that resulted
from the failure case in which the LM descent propulsion system is
started in the full-throttle position.
Accession ID: 72N19906
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972012256.pdf
Document ID: 19720012256
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


100. Apollo experience report: Systems and flight procedures
development
Kramer, P. C.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7436; JSC-S-366 , 19730901; Sep 1, 1973
This report describes the process of crew procedures development used
in the Apollo Program. The two major categories, Systems Procedures
and Flight Procedures, are defined, as are the forms of documentation
required. A description is provided of the operation of the procedures
change control process, which includes the roles of man-in-the-loop
simulations and the Crew Procedures Change Board. Brief discussions of
significant aspects of the attitude control, computer, electrical
power, environmental control, and propulsion subsystems procedures
development are presented. Flight procedures are subdivided by mission
phase: launch and translunar injection, rendezvous, lunar descent and
ascent, and entry. Procedures used for each mission phase are
summarized.
Accession ID: 73N31772
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973023040.pdf
Document ID: 19730023040
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


101. Apollo experience report: Television system
Coan, P. P.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7476; JSC-S-300 , 19731101; Nov 1, 1973
The progress of the Apollo television systems from the early
definition of requirements through the development and inflight use of
color television hardware is presented. Television systems that have
been used during the Apollo Program are discussed, beginning with a
description of the specifications for each system. The document
describes the technical approach taken for the development of each
system and discusses the prototype and engineering hardware built to
test the system itself and to perform the testing to verify
compatibility with the spacecraft systems. Problems that occurred
during the design and development phase are described. Finally, the
flight hardware, operational characteristics, and performance during
several Apollo missions are described, and specific recommendations
for the remaining Apollo flights and future space missions are made.
Accession ID: 74N10814
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974002701.pdf
Document ID: 19740002701
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


102. Apollo experience report: Test and checkout
Mechelay, J. E.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7683; JSC-S-392 , 19740501; May 1, 1974
The problem areas encountered during the development of the acceptance
testing and preflight checkout requirements and procedures for Apollo
spacecraft are discussed. Recommendations are given for cases in which
methods used in the Apollo program are considered to apply to future
space flight programs.
Accession ID: 74N23399
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974015286.pdf
Document ID: 19740015286
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


103. Apollo experience report: The AN/ARD-17 direction finding
system
Chase, W. R.; Middleton, W. A.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7886; JSC-S-416 , 19750301; Mar 1, 1975
This report contains a statement of the operational philosophy and
requirements leading to the development of the AN/ARD-17
direction-finding system. The technical problems encountered and the
solutions devised in the AN/ARD-17 development are discussed. An
evaluation of the system under actual operational conditions is
included.
Accession ID: 75N18273
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975010201.pdf
Document ID: 19750010201
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


104. Apollo experience report: The application of a computerized
visualization capability to lunar missions
Hyle, C. T.; Lunde, A. N.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6853; MSC-S-323 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972
The development of a computerized capability to depict views from the
Apollo spacecraft during a lunar mission was undertaken before the
Apollo 8 mission. Such views were considered valuable because of the
difficulties in visualizing the complex geometry of the Earth, Moon,
Sun, and spacecraft. Such visualization capability originally was
desired for spacecraft attitude verification and contingency
situations. Improvements were added for later Apollo flights, and
results were adopted for several real time and preflight applications.
Some specific applications have included crewmember and ground control
personnel familiarization, nominal and contingency mission planning,
definition of secondary attitude checks for all major thrust
maneuvers, and preflight star selection for navigation and for
platform alinement. The use of this computerized visualization
capability should prove valuable for any future space program as an
aid to understanding the geometrical relationships between the
spacecraft and the celestial surroundings.
Accession ID: 72N25600
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972017950.pdf
Document ID: 19720017950
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


105. Apollo experience report: The cryogenic storage system
Chandler, W. A.; Rice, R. R.; Allgeier, R. K., Jr.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7288; MSC-S-321 , 19730601; Jun 1, 1973
A review of the design, development, and flight history of the Apollo
cryogenic storage system and of selected components within the system
is presented. Discussions are presented on the development history of
the pressure vessels, heaters, insulation, and selected components.
Flight experience and operational difficulties are reported in detail
to provide definition of the problems and applicable corrective
actions.
Accession ID: 73N25889
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973017162.pdf
Document ID: 19730017162
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


106. Apollo experience report: The development of design-loads
criteria, methods, and operational procedures for prelaunch, lift-off,
and midboost conditions
Mackey, A. C.; Schwartz, R. D.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7373; JSC-S-342 , 19730801; Aug 1, 1973
The prelaunch, lift-off, and midboost conditions that are important to
the design of spacecraft are described. Original Apollo design
concepts that were deficient in realistic and accurate analysis of
spacecraft structural loads in a wind environment also are included.
Important improvements in design criteria, mathematical models,
wind-monitoring procedures, and loads analyses are discussed.
Recommendations for future programs are presented.
Accession ID: 73N29875
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973021143.pdf
Document ID: 19730021143
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


107. Apollo experience report: The docking system
Langley, R. D.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6854; MSC-S-325 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972
The decision to accomplish the lunar landing mission by use of the
lunar orbit rendezvous technique required that a docking system be
developed to allow: (1) spacecraft modules to be structurally joined,
(2) intravehicular transfer of the crew and equipment, and (3)
separation of the modules. The basic design criteria of the docking
system, the evolution process, and the various docking concepts
considered for the Apollo program are presented. Docking systems that
were considered for the Apollo program included both impact and
nonimpact systems; a probe and drogue impact system was selected.
Physical and functional descriptions of the probe and drogue, the crew
transfer tunnel, and docking ring latches are presented for both the
early configuration and the present configuration as influenced by the
development and qualification test programs. In addition, preflight
checkout activity and mission performance of the system are discussed.
Accession ID: 72N25857
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972018207.pdf
Document ID: 19720018207
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


108. Apollo experience report: The problem of stress-corrosion
cracking
Johnson, R. E.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7111; MSC-S-344 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973
Stress-corrosion cracking has been the most common cause of
structural-material failures in the Apollo Program. The frequency of
stress-corrosion cracking has been high and the magnitude of the
problem, in terms of hardware lost and time and money expended, has
been significant. In this report, the significant Apollo Program
experiences with stress-corrosion cracking are discussed. The causes
of stress-corrosion cracking and the corrective actions are discussed,
in terminology familiar to design engineers and management personnel,
to show how stress-corrosion cracking can be prevented.
Accession ID: 73N19875
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973011148.pdf
Document ID: 19730011148
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


109. Apollo experience report: The role of flight mission rules in
mission preparation and conduct
Keyser, L. W.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7822; JSC-S-417 , 19741101; Nov 1, 1974
The development of flight mission rules from the mission development
phase through the detailed mission-planning phase and through the
testing and training phase is analyzed. The procedure for review of
the rules and the coordination requirements for mission-rule
development are presented. The application of the rules to real-time
decision making is outlined, and consideration is given to the benefit
of training ground controllers and flightcrews in the methods of
determining the best response to a nonnominal in-flight situation for
which no action has been preplanned. The Flight Mission Rules document
is discussed in terms of the purpose and objective thereof and in
terms of the definition, the development, and the use of mission
rules.
Accession ID: 75N10965
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975002893.pdf
Document ID: 19750002893
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10


110. Apollo experience report: Thermal design of Apollo lunar
surface experiments package
Harris, R. S., Jr.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6738; MSC-S-310 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972
The evolution of the thermal design of the Apollo lunar surface
experiments package central station from the basic concept to the
final flight hardware is discussed, including results of development,
prototype, and qualification tests that were used to verify that the
flight hardware would operate adequately on the lunar surface. In
addition, brief discussions of the thermal design of experiments
included in the experiments package are presented. The flight thermal
performance is compared with analytical results and thermal-vacuum
test results, and design modifications for future lunar surface
experiment packages are presented.
Accession ID: 72N20842
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972013192.pdf
Document ID: 19720013192
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


111. Apollo experience report: Thermal protection from engine-plume
environments
Taylor, J. T.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6844; MSC-S-293 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972
Portions of the combined Apollo spacecraft (the command and service
module and the lunar module) are subjected to the impingement of hot
exhaust gases from the various propulsion systems of the modules. The
configurations of the vehicles and the sources of impinging engine
plumes are described. A typical Apollo mission is outlined. Protection
and design-verification methods are discussed. Finally,
recommendations are made for future spacecraft programs.
Accession ID: 72N25922
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972018272.pdf
Document ID: 19720018272
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


112. Apollo experience report: Thermal protection subsystem
Pavlosky, J. E.; St.leger, L. G.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-7564; JSC-S-383 , 19740101; Jan 1, 1974
The Apollo command module was the first manned spacecraft to be
designed to enter the atmosphere of the earth at lunar-return
velocity, and the design of the thermal protection subsystem for the
resulting entry environment presented a major technological challenge.
Brief descriptions of the Apollo command module thermal design
requirements and thermal protection configuration, and some highlights
of the ground and flight testing used for design verification of the
system are presented. Some of the significant events that occurred and
decisions that were made during the program concerning the thermal
protection subsystem are discussed.
Accession ID: 74N15536
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974007423.pdf
Document ID: 19740007423
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


113. Apollo experience report: Very high frequency ranging system
Panter, W. C.; Shores, P. W.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6851; MSC-S-320 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972
The history of the Apollo very-high-frequency ranging system
development program is presented from the program-planning stage
through the final-test and flight-evaluation stages. Block diagrams of
the equipment are presented, and a description of the theory of
operation is outlined. A sample of the distribution of errors measured
in the aircraft-flight test program is included. The report is
concluded with guidelines or recommendations for the management of
development programs having the same general constraints.
Accession ID: 72N25187
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972017537.pdf
Document ID: 19720017537
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


114. Apollo experience report: Voice communications techniques and
performance
Dabbs, J. H.; Schmidt, O. L.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6739; MSC-S-313 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972
The primary performance requirement of the spaceborne Apollo voice
communications system is percent word intelligibility, which is
related to other link/channel parameters. The effect of percent word
intelligibility on voice channel design and a description of the
verification procedures are included. Development and testing
performance problems and the techniques used to solve the problems are
also discussed. Voice communications performance requirements should
be comprehensive and verified easily; the total system must be
considered in component design, and the necessity of voice processing
and the associated effect on noise, distortion, and cross talk should
be examined carefully.
Accession ID: 72N20844
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972013194.pdf
Document ID: 19720013194
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17

end
  #2  
Old July 27th 05, 03:52 AM
Rusty
external usenet poster
 
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Found more Apollo Experience Reports.



The Apollo Experience Reports.
Holman, D. N.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
International Technical Communications Conference, Houston, TX, May
9-12, 1973 , 19730501; May 1, 1973
This paper presents some of the problems and procedures in producing
the Apollo Experience Reports, a series of about 121 documents
covering the major technical system and subsystem experience in the
design concepts for the Apollo Project, NASA's manned lunar landing
program. This series of documents replaced technical conferences to
document Apollo experience, and met the need to document crew/hardware
interface experience. The purpose of these reports is to provide
guidance for future programs of the magnitude and complexity of the
Apollo Project and to convey very specific information to a selective
segment of the engineering and technical management sectors of the
aerospace community.
Accession ID: 73A34300
Document ID: 19730049498
No Digital Version Available - Go to Tips on Ordering
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2004-11-03


Apollo experience reports: Window contamination
Leger, L. J.; Bricker, R. W.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-6721; MSC-S-284 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972
The problem of window contamination in the Apollo command module is
reviewed. All five command module windows were contaminated while in
earth orbit on the first three manned Apollo flights. The
contamination sources were identified and eliminated. Preflight
testing of lunar module windows showed that no serious contamination
should occur, and this conclusion was verified in subsequent manned
flights. The command module window designs and materials are
described, the window contamination sources are identified, and the
inflight and chemical analyses of the contamination are outlined. The
corrective actions that were taken are reviewed. For the lunar module,
the window design and materials and the preflight and fight
evaluations are described. Window design recommendations are made.
Accession ID: 72N19907
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972012257.pdf
Document ID: 19720012257
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17


Apollo experiment report: Lunar-sample processing in the lunar
receiving laboratory high-vacuum complex
White, D. R.
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
NASA-TN-D-8298; JSC-S-459; JSC-07272 , 19760801; Aug 1, 1976
A high-vacuum complex composed of an atmospheric decontamination
system, sample-processing chambers, storage chambers, and a transfer
system was built to process and examine lunar material while
maintaining quarantine status. Problems identified, equipment
modifications, and procedure changes made for Apollo 11 and 12 sample
processing are presented. The sample processing experiences indicate
that only a few operating personnel are required to process the sample
efficiently, safely, and rapidly in the high-vacuum complex. The
high-vacuum complex was designed to handle the many contingencies,
both quarantine and scientific, associated with handling an unknown
entity such as the lunar sample. Lunar sample handling necessitated a
complex system that could not respond rapidly to changing scientific
requirements as the characteristics of the lunar sample were better
defined. Although the complex successfully handled the processing of
Apollo 11 and 12 lunar samples, the scientific requirement for vacuum
samples was deleted after the Apollo 12 mission just as the vacuum
system was reaching its full potential.
Accession ID: 76N30249
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1976023161.pdf
Document ID: 19760023161
Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-07-20

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