Artificial intelligence boosts science from Mars (Forwarded)

ESA News
http://www.esa.int

29 April 2008

Artificial intelligence boosts science from Mars

Artificial intelligence (AI) being used at the European Space Operations
Centre is giving a powerful boost to ESA's Mars Express as it searches for
signs of past or present life on the Red Planet.

Since January 2005, Mars Express has been using its sophisticated
instruments to study the atmosphere, surface and subsurface of Mars,
confirming the presence of water and looking for other signatures of life on
and below the Red Planet's rocky terrain.

The spacecraft generates huge volumes of scientific data, which must be
downloaded to Earth at the right time and in the correct sequence, otherwise
data packets can be permanently lost when the limited on-board memory is
overwritten by newly collected data.

Traditionally, data downloading was managed using human-operated scheduling
software to generate command sequences sent to Mars Express, telling it when
to dump specific data packets. "This is tedious, time-consuming and never
really eliminated the occasional loss -- forever -- of valuable science
data," says Alessandro Donati, Head of the Advanced Mission Concepts and
Technologies Office at ESA's Space Operations Centre (ESOC), Darmstadt,
Germany.

'Smart' solution to complex delivery problem

But since 2005, AI researchers at Italy's Institute for Cognitive Science
and Technology (ISTC-CNR) led by Dr Amedeo Cesta and mission planners and
computer scientists at ESOC have been developing a solution to the complex
Mars Express scheduling problem by applying artificial intelligence (AI)
techniques to the problem.

The result of this work is a new 'smart' tool, dubbed MEXAR2 ('Mars Express
AI Tool'), which is now an integral part of the Mars Express mission
planning system.

MEXAR2 works by intelligently projecting which on-board data packets might
be later lost due to memory conflicts, optimising the data download schedule
and generating the commands needed to implement the download. "With MEXAR2,
any loss of stored data packets has largely been eliminated," says Fred
Jansen, ESA's mission manager for Mars Express.

MEXAR2 has reduced the mission planning team's workload considerably -- by
50 percent compared to the old manual method -- for generating workable
downlink plans. "And because it optimises bandwidth used to receive data on
Earth, we have been able to free expensive ground station time for other
missions," says Michel Denis, Mars Express Spacecraft Operations Manager at
ESOC.

MEXAR2 recently won the 'best application' award at ICAPS 2007, a benchmark
international conference for AI planning & scheduling technology.

Europe's first deep-space mission to fly with AI

AI provides solutions for complex problems, and has now entered the space
mission operations field as a value-adding technology. "Mars Express is the
first European deep-space exploration mission to fly using an AI tool on the
ground, and the technology is boosting science return while reducing time
and resource costs," adds Donati.

With MEXAR2's proven success, scientists at both ESOC and ISTC-CNR are
working to apply the current AI technology to other problems.

Successful recent work includes the reverse problem of how to optimise the
upload of commands to Mars Express, in a project dubbed -- somewhat
tongue-in-cheek as 'RAXEM' -- for the 'reverse of MEXAR'.

ESA-developed AI technology will also be applied to the 'Advanced Planning &
Scheduling Initiative', which is designed to provide AI benefits to other
areas and missions, including long term observation planning for ESA's
Integral, space-borne gamma-ray observatory.

"It's possible to apply the same AI concepts to future missions, like
ExoMars, Europe's first planetary rover mission to the Red Planet," says
Donati, adding, "Today's achievement is the starting point for implementing
new on-board autonomy concepts for ESA's challenging missions of the
future."

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