Velikovsky, Newton, Copernicus and Ed Conrad

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" What the Velikovsky affair made crystal clear
... is that the theories of science may be held
not only for the truth they embody, but because
of the vested interests they represent for those
who hold them."

THE DAILY PRINCETONIAN (February 1964)

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The pseudos insist the late, great Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky was
wrong with what he wrote in his best-sellers, "Worlds in Collision"
and "Earth in Upheaval" more than a half-century ago.

Lest they forget, for example, his astute observation about the
temperature of Venus, long before rockets would send scientific
instruments there.

Here's part of what Immanuel Velikovsky had written in the Preface
to the paperback edition of his best-seller, "Worlds in Collision,"
published in the early 1960s:

"The words found in the Preface to the 1950 edition, designating the
work as heresy in realms where the names of Newton and Darwin
reign supreme, should no longer evoke the same spontaneous
rejection on the part of even the most conservative in science, unless
it is a defense mechanism devised to protect an inner realization of
incertitude.

(Velikovsky then quoted Warren Weaver in "The Imperfections
of Science," which were part of the proceedings of the American
Philosphy Society. on Oct 17, 1960.)

"What, to the scientist, constitutes a really satisfactory sort of
success for a theory? (Weaver had asked) The answer lies largely
in the words generality, elegance, control and prediction."

"As to generality, hardly anyone raised an objection. Possibly there
was some elegance in the timing: when these words were written in
1960, ten years after the publication of my book and the great
opposition it provoked, some of the most compelling data were radioed
by the space vehicle, Pioneer V.

"I would like to relate here a few details about the control and
prediction of two crucial tests, decisive for this book.

"Early in my work I came to the understanding that Venus is
a newcomer to the planetary family, that it had a stormy if only
short history, and that it must still be very hot and "giving off
gas;" further, that it must be surrounded by a very extensive
envelope of hydrocarbon (petroleum) gas and dust.

"Such claims were in total disagreement with what was known
in 1946 when I completed the manuscript of the work or in 1950
when it was published.

"To stress the crucial nature of these claims, they were put under the
headings "The Gases of Venus" and "The Thermal Balance of Venus"
immediately preceding the section, "The End."

"Should I be right in these claims, the entire chain of deductions --
of which the identification of the extraterrestrial agent of the
paroxysms described is but the final ring -- is strengthened.

"And since these crucial claims were in flagrant discord with accepted
values, in case of confirmation they ought not to be denoted as lucky
guesses.

"As late as 1959, Venus' ground temperature was calculated to be only
17 degrees C, three degrees above the mean annual temperature of the
Earth.

"But by 1961, from the nature of the radio signals emitted by Venus, it
was found that Venus' ground temperature is about 315 degrees C, or
600 degrees F.

"Dr. F. D. Drake of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory,
responsible for this reading, wrote: "We would have expected a
temperature only slightly greater than that of the earth." and the
find was "a surprise . . . in a field in which the fewest surprises
were expected."

"There was admittedly no satisfactory explanation of such high
temperature of Venus in the frame of the accepted notions.

"Greenhouse effect could not explain so high a temperature, nor could
radioactivity decaying for billions of years.

"The Mariner II, the space vehicle that passed Venus in December, 1962,
was instrumented to detect whether the heat is real and as high as 600
degrees. It found it real and a full 800 degrees.

"It found, also, that the night side of Venus is, if anything, hotter
than the day side and that light does not penetrate the cloud cover."

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Now back to comments by the late, great Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky...

"The other crucial test concerned the gaseous envelope of the planet
(Venus)," he wrote..

"In 1946, four years before the publication of this book, I directed
a request and inquiry to Professor R. Wildt of Yale and the late
Professor W. S. Adams of Mount Wilson and Palomar observatories,
foremost authorities on the subject of planetary atmosphere,
indicating that the presence of hydrocarbon gases and dust in the
cloud envelope of Venus would constitute a crucial test for the
cosmological concepts evolved from the study of historical sources.

"Wildt wrote on Sept. 13, 1946: "The absorption spectrum of Venus'
atmosphere cannot be interpreted as resulting from gaseous
hydrocarbons."

"Adams answered (Sept. 9, 1946): "There is no evidence of the presence
of hydrocarbon gas in the atmosphere of Venus.

"I must have been completely firm in my belief of not having made a
wrong deduction -- from the first premise of global catastrophe to the
last one, of identifying the agent -- to have chosen to print, in
disregard of the expert opinions: "On the basis of this research, I
assume that Venus must be rich in petroleum gases."

"On Feb. 26, 1963, making known the results of the Mariner probe, Dr.
Homer Newell of NASA announced that, in his judgment of those
responsible for that part of the program, Venus is enshrouded in an
envelope of hydrocarbon gases and dust, 15 miles thick, 45 miles above
the ground of the planet."