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Scientists Find Black Hole's "Point of No Return" (Forwarded)



 
 
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Default Scientists Find Black Hole's "Point of No Return" (Forwarded)

Public Affairs Office
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Cambridge, Massachusetts

For more information, contact:

David A. Aguilar
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Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
617-495-7462


Christine Pulliam
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Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Phone: 617-495-7463, Fax: 617-495-7016


For Release: EMBARGOED until 9:20 a.m. EST, Monday, January 9, 2006

Release No.: 06-04

NOTE: This release is being issued jointly with NASA.

Scientists Find Black Hole's "Point of No Return"

Washington, DC -- By a score of 135 to zero, scientists using NASA's Rossi
X-ray Timing Explorer have compared suspected neutron stars and black
holes and found that the black holes behaved as if each one has an event
horizon, the theoretical border from beyond which nothing, not even light,
can escape.

The team found that X-ray light emitted from these two types of regions
behaved differently. As expected, the neutron stars appeared to have a
hard surface, which erupts in an X-ray explosion every several hours. The
black holes appeared to have no surface. Matter falling toward the black
hole seems to disappear into the void.

Ron Remillard of the MIT Kavli Institute in Cambridge, Mass., led the
analysis and discusses his team's result today at a press conference at
the 207th meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Washington. His
colleagues are Dacheng Lin of MIT, and Randall Cooper and Ramesh Narayan
of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge.

"Event horizons are invisible by definition, so it seems impossible to
prove their existence," said Remillard. "Yet by looking at objects that
pull in gas, we can infer whether that gas crashes and accumulates onto a
hard surface or just quietly vanishes. For the group of suspected black
holes we studied, there is a complete absence of surface explosions called
X-ray bursts. The gas that would fuel such bursts appears to vanish."

Using the Rossi Explorer, the team observed all of the transient sources
that have appeared in the X-ray sky over the last nine years. In all of
these sources, a suspected neutron star or black hole accretes gas from a
companion star in a tight binary system.

Gas can accumulate on a neutron star surface. When conditions are ripe,
the gas will ignite in a thermonuclear explosion that is visible as a
one-minute event called a type I X-ray burst. The suspected black holes --
that is, the more massive types of compact objects in this study -- behave
as if they had no surface and were located behind event horizons.

The idea of using the absence of X-ray bursts to confirm the presence of
event horizons in black holes was proposed in 2002 by Narayan and Jeremy
Heyl of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.

"It was a very simple but powerful idea," said Narayan. "Type I bursts are
easy to identify, and we can compare burst statistics with the
quantitative predictions of our burst model for a variety of compact
objects with a hard surface. With this new analysis, the argument for
black hole event horizons has become much stronger."

Black holes form when very massive stars run out of fuel. Without energy
to support its mass, the star implodes. If the star is over 25 times more
massive than our sun, the core will collapse to a point of infinite
density with no surface.

Within a boundary of about 50 miles from the black hole center in all
directions, gravity is so strong that not even light can escape its pull.
This boundary is the theoretical event horizon. Slightly less massive
stars -- about 10 to 25 solar masses -- will collapse into compact spheres
about 10 miles across, called neutron stars. These objects have a hard
surface and no event horizon.

Black holes and their neutron star cousins are sometimes located in binary
systems, orbiting a relatively normal star companion. Gas from these
stars, lured by gravity, can flow toward the compact object. This process,
called accretion, releases large amounts of energy, predominantly in the
form of X-rays, as gas moves quickly and heats to high temperatures.

Two important aspects of this new study are the ability to model the
conditions that produce X-ray bursts and to count the neutron star bursts
as a function of the amount of gas raining down on the surface. The
extensive computer modeling separates this analysis from similar
comparisons in recent years. The model predictions computed for neutron
stars roughly matched the measured burst rate function for the neutron
star group. This increased the scientists' confidence that they have a
reasonably good model for X-ray bursts, while decreasing the chance that
the heavy compact objects can somehow hide their bursts if they did have a
hard surface.

The Rossi Explorer, launched on December 30, 1995, is managed by NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md.

Headquartered in Cambridge, Mass., the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics (CfA) is a joint collaboration between the Smithsonian
Astrophysical Observatory and the Harvard College Observatory. CfA
scientists, organized into six research divisions, study the origin,
evolution and ultimate fate of the universe.


 




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