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April 11, 1970: APOLLO 13 LAUNCHED TO MOON
April 11, 1970: APOLLO 13 LAUNCHED TO MOON
http://www.historychannel.com/tdih/t...6&cat=10272946 http://tinyurl.com/rufkx On April 11, 1970, Apollo 13, the third lunar landing mission, is successfully launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, carrying astronauts James A. Lovell, John L. Swigert, and Fred W. Haise. The spacecraft's destination was the Fra Mauro highlands of the moon, where the astronauts were to explore the Imbrium Basin and conduct geological experiments. After an oxygen tank exploded on the evening of April 13, however, the new mission objective became to get the Apollo 13 crew home alive. At 9:00 p.m. EST on April 13, Apollo 13 was just over 200,000 miles from Earth. The crew had just completed a television broadcast and was inspecting Aquarius, the Landing Module (LM). The next day, Apollo 13 was to enter the moon's orbit, and soon after, Lovell and Haise would become the fifth and sixth men to walk on the moon. At 9:08 p.m., these plans were shattered when an explosion rocked the spacecraft. Oxygen tank No. 2 had blown up, disabling the normal supply of oxygen, electricity, light, and water. Lovell reported to mission control: "Houston, we've had a problem here," and the crew scrambled to find out what had happened. Several minutes later, Lovell looked out of the left-hand window and saw that the spacecraft was venting a gas, which turned out to be the Command Module's (CM) oxygen. The landing mission was aborted. As the CM lost pressure, its fuel cells also died, and one hour after the explosion mission control instructed the crew to move to the LM, which had sufficient oxygen, and use it as a lifeboat. The CM was shut down but would have to be brought back on-line for Earth reentry. The LM was designed to ferry astronauts from the orbiting CM to the moon's surface and back again; its power supply was meant to support two people for 45 hours. If the crew of Apollo 13 were to make it back to Earth alive, the LM would have to support three men for at least 90 hours and successfully navigate more than 200,000 miles of space. The crew and mission control faced a formidable task. To complete its long journey, the LM needed energy and cooling water. Both were to be conserved at the cost of the crew, who went on one-fifth water rations and would later endure cabin temperatures that hovered a few degrees above freezing. Removal of carbon dioxide was also a problem, because the square lithium hydroxide canisters from the CM were not compatible with the round openings in the LM environmental system. Mission control built an impromptu adapter out of materials known to be onboard, and the crew successfully copied their model. Navigation was also a major problem. The LM lacked a sophisticated navigational system, and the astronauts and mission control had to work out by hand the changes in propulsion and direction needed to take the spacecraft home. On April 14, Apollo 13 swung around the moon. Swigert and Haise took pictures, and Lovell talked with mission control about the most difficult maneuver, a five-minute engine burn that would give the LM enough speed to return home before its energy ran out. Two hours after rounding the far side of the moon, the crew, using the sun as an alignment point, fired the LM's small descent engine. The procedure was a success; Apollo 13 was on its way home. For the next three days, Lovell, Haise, and Swigert huddled in the freezing lunar module. Haise developed a case of the flu. Mission control spent this time frantically trying to develop a procedure that would allow the astronauts to restart the CM for reentry. On April 17, a last-minute navigational correction was made, this time using Earth as an alignment guide. Then the repressurized CM was successfully powered up after its long, cold sleep. The heavily damaged service module was shed, and one hour before re-entry the LM was disengaged from the CM. Just before 1 p.m., the spacecraft reentered Earth's atmosphere. Mission control feared that the CM's heat shields were damaged in the accident, but after four minutes of radio silence Apollo 13's parachutes were spotted, and the astronauts splashed down safely into the Pacific Ocean. |
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April 11, 1970: APOLLO 13 LAUNCHED TO MOON
NASA PDF files related to Apollo 13
----- Simulation and analysis of panel separation from the Apollo 13 service module Cofer, W. R.; Leonard, H. W.; Mikulas, M. M., Jr.; Morgan, H. G. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6087; L-7426 , 19701201; Dec 1, 1970 Simulation and analysis of panel separation from Apollo 13 service module Accession ID: 71N13026 Document ID: 19710003551 View PDF File Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-08-25 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1971003551.pdf ----- Apollo 13 mission high-gain antenna acquisition problem - Anomaly report 2 NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TM-X-66903; MSC-08753 , 19701201; Dec 1, 1970 High gain antenna acquisition problem during Apollo 13 flight Accession ID: 71N19407 View PDF File http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1971009932.pdf ----- Voice communications observations during countdown and launch of Apollo 13 Ferrara, L. A.; Raleigh, J. T. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-CR-113926; B70-09083 , 19700930; Sep 30, 1970 Accession ID: 79N72700 View PDF File http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1979073192.pdf ----- Guidance, navigation, and control systems performance analysis: Apollo 13 mission report NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TM-X-69528; TRW-11176-H586-R0-00-SUPPL-1; MSC-02680-SUPPL-1 , 19700901; Sep 1, 1970 The conclusions of the analyses of the inflight performance of the Apollo 13 spacecraft guidance, navigation, and control equipment are presented. The subjects discussed a (1) the command module systems, (2) the lunar module inertial measurement unit, (3) the lunar module digital autopilot, (4) the lunar module abort guidance system, (5) lunar module optical alignment checks, and (6) spacecraft component separation procedures. Accession ID: 73N26666 View PDF File http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973017939.pdf ----- Apollo 13 mission report NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TM-X-66449; MSC-02680 , 19700901; Sep 1, 1970 Aborted mission of Apollo 13 due to loss of cryogenic oxygen in service module Accession ID: 71N13073 Document ID: 19710003598 View PDF File http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1971003598.pdf ----- Apollo 13 LM battery anomaly and lunar roving vehicle battery inference Campbell, W. O. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-CR-113360; B70-07059 , 19700716; Jul 16, 1970 Accession ID: 79N72797 Document ID: 19790073289 View PDF File http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1979073289.pdf ----- Apollo 13 LiOH canister breakthrough test Leblanc, J. C. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TM-X-68571; MSC-01343; CSD-A-1070 , 19700715; Jul 15, 1970 The Apollo 13 lithium hydroxide canister test was conducted to evaluate emergency measures designed to enable the Apollo 13 crew to use command module lithium hydroxide canisters in the lunar module. The test verified the effectiveness of the emergency system and established that the canisters in the command module would provide ample carbon dioxide removal for the return of the Apollo 13 crew. The time interval between canister changes on the flight was also determined in the test. This reduced power demand on the lunar module by eliminating the need for telemetry in determining canister replacement times. Details of the canister modifications were relayed to the flight crew and a replica of the test system was assembled in the flight vehicle. Graphs of the parameters which were measured during the simulation are presented. Accession ID: 72N29082 Document ID: 19720021432 View PDF File http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972021432.pdf ----- Apollo 13 mission - Cryogenic oxygen tank 2 anomaly report NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TM-X-66462; MSC-IN-02545 , 19700701; Jul 1, 1970 Investigation of cryogenic oxygen tank anomaly on Apollo 13 flight Accession ID: 71N10614 View PDF File http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1971001140.pdf ----- Summary of Apollo 13 launch vehicle propellant reserves Klaasen, K. P. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-CR-112973; B70-06069 , 19700624; Jun 24, 1970 Accession ID: 79N72546 Document ID: 19790073038 View PDF File http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1979073038.pdf ----- Saturn 5 launch vehicle flight evaluation report: AS-508 Apollo 13 mission NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TM-X-64422; MPR-SAT-FE-70-2; NAS 1.15:X-64422 , 19700620; Jun 20, 1970 Accession ID: 90N70432 Document ID: 19900066486 View PDF File http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1990066486.pdf ----- MSC Apollo 13 investigation team. Panel 1 - Spacecraft incident investigation. Volume 1 - Anomaly investigation Final report NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TM-X-66922 , 19700610; Jun 10, 1970 Analysis of anomalies, cause, and results of command service module oxygen tank failure on Apollo 13 flight Accession ID: 71N19954 Document ID: 19710010479 View PDF File http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1971010479.pdf ----- Report of Apollo 13 Review Board. Appendix F - Special tests and analyses. Appendix G - Board administrative procedures. Appendix H - Board releases and press statements NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TM-X-66471 , 19700601; [June 1970] Accession ID: 70N78616 View PDF File http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1970078913.pdf ----- Report of Apollo 13 review board. Baseline data - Apollo 13 flight systems and operations, appendix A NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TM-X-66473 , 19700601; [June 1970] Accession ID: 70N78507 View PDF File http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1970078804.pdf ----- Report of Apollo 13 Review Board Final report NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TM-X-65270 , 19700601; June 1970 Accession ID: 70N76479 Document ID: 19700076776 View PDF File http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1970076776.pdf ----- MSC Apollo 13 investigation team. Panel 2 - Flight crew observations Final report NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TM-X-66923 , 19700527; May 27, 1970 Summary of actions taken by Apollo 13 spacecrew following explosion in oxygen tank Accession ID: 71N19970 View PDF File http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1971010495.pdf ----- MSC Apollo 13 Investigation team Panel 6 related systems evaluation. Volume 1: Summary NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TM-79946 , 19700527; May 27, 1970 Accession ID: 79N74756 View PDF File http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1979075248.pdf ----- Report of Apollo 13 Review Board. Appendix B - Report of Mission Events Panel. Appendix C - Report of Manufacturing and Test Panel. Appendix D - Report of Design Panel. Appendix E - Report of Project Management Panel NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TM-X-66472 , 19700501; [May 1970] Accession ID: 70N78429 View PDF File http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1970078726.pdf ----- MSC Apollo 13 Investigation Team Panel 6 related systems evaluation. Volume 3: Command and service module NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TM-80032 , 19700501; May 1, 1970 Accession ID: 79N74755 View PDF File http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1979075247.pdf ----- Apollo 13 prelaunch problems - Implications for future missions Eley, C. H., III NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-CR-112611; B70-04070 , 19700428; Apr 28, 1970 Accession ID: 79N71644 View PDF File http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1979072136.pdf ----- An analysis of the capability to perform the Apollo 13 Fra Mauro traverses Bottomley, T. A. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-CR-112716; B70-04031 , 19700406; Apr 6, 1970 Accession ID: 79N71649 View PDF File http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1979072141.pdf ----- Lurain effects on the LM trajectory and landing point designator accuracy for Apollo 13 Cauwels, G. M.; La Piana, F. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-CR-109782; B70-03023 , 19700309; Mar 9, 1970 Lurain effects on LM trajectory and landing point designator accuracy for Apollo 13 Accession ID: 79N71971 View PDF File http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1979072463.pdf ----- Apollo 13: Lunar exploration experiments and photography summary (Original planned mission) NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TM-X-74607 , 19700201; Feb 1, 1970 Accession ID: 77N76870 Document ID: 19770075651 View PDF File http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1977075651.pdf ----- MSC Apollo 13 Investigation Team Panel 6 related systems evaluation. Volume 2: Lunar module NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TM-79945 , 19700101; JAN 1, 1970 Accession ID: 79N74754 View PDF File http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1979075246.pdf ----- Apollo/Saturn 5 postflight trajectory: AS-508 NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-CR-102792; NAS 1.26:102792; D5-15560-8 , 19700610; Jun 10, 1970 This document presents the postflight trajectory for the Apollo/Saturn 5 AS-508 flight. Included is an analysis of the orbital and powered flight trajectories of the launch vehicle and the free flight trajectories of the expended S-1C and S-2 stages. Trajectory dependent parameters are provided in earth-fixed launch site, launch vehicle navigation, and geographic polar coordinate systems. The time history of the trajectory parameters for the launch vehicle is presented from guidance reference release to Command/Service Module (CSM) separation. Tables of significant parameters such as engine cutoff, stage separation, parking orbit insertion, and translunar injection are included. Figures of such parameters as altitude, surface and cross ranges, and magnitudes of total velocity and acceleration as a function of range time for powered flight trajectories are presented. Accession ID: 92N70437 Document ID: 19920075313 View PDF File http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1992075313.pdf ----- S-2 engine actuator forces during SA-508 POGO Ferrara, L. A.; Oconnor, J. J. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-CR-113347 , 19700824; Aug 24, 1970 Accession ID: 79N72549 View PDF File Document ID: 19790073041 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-11-11 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1979073041.pdf ----- Rusty |
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April 11, 1970: APOLLO 13 LAUNCHED TO MOON
Yeah, some great scenes.
I preferred the Apollo 11 movie the best, or was it the popcorn. ... best part was when the rocket tilted 20 degrees on the pad as (a calm) Neil Arse-strong was talking (obviously pre-recorded) sounded like he was on a massage table meditating (prolly was) great flick, some hilarious stuff ... the Ron Howard version was too realistic I prefer b/w sci-fi films better .. more laughable ...pass me more popcorn, Orvill's stinks |
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