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NASA PDF - Apollo Experience Reports - 114 reports
The Apollo Experience Reports are a series of reports issued by NASA
that cover hardware and procedures used in the Apollo Program. They were issued from 1972 through 1976. Currently there are 114 titles in the series listed on the NASA NTRS server. 108 are available in PDF format. This is a listing in alphabetical order: ----- 1. Apollo experience report environmental acceptance testing Laubach, C. H. M. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-8271; JSC-S-458 , 19760601; Jun 1, 1976 Environmental acceptance testing was used extensively to screen selected spacecraft hardware for workmanship defects and manufacturing flaws. The minimum acceptance levels and durations and methods for their establishment are described. Component selection and test monitoring, as well as test implementation requirements, are included. Apollo spacecraft environmental acceptance test results are summarized, and recommendations for future programs are presented. Accession ID: 76N26245 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1976019157.pdf Document ID: 19760019157 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 2. Apollo experience report guidance and control systems Wilson, R. E., Jr. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-8249; JSC-S-418 , 19760601; Jun 1, 1976 The Apollo guidance and control systems for both the command module and the lunar module are described in a summary report. General functional requirements are discussed, and general functional descriptions of the various subsystems and their interfaces are provided. The differences between the original in-flight maintenance concept and the final lunar-orbital-rendezvous concept are discussed, and the background in philosophy, the system development, and the reasons for the change in concept are chronologically presented. Block diagrams showing the command module guidance and control system under each concept are included. Significant conclusions and recommendations contained in more detailed reports on specific areas of the guidance and control systems are included. Accession ID: 76N26244 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1976019156.pdf Document ID: 19760019156 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 3. Apollo experience report guidance and control systems: Lunar module abort guidance system Kurten, P. M. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7990; JSC-S-424 , 19750701; Jul 1, 1975 The history of a unique development program that produced an operational fixed guidance system of inertial quality is presented. Each phase of development, beginning with requirement definition and concluding with qualification and testing, is addressed, and developmental problems are emphasized. Software generation and mission operations are described, and specifications for the inertial reference unit are included, as are flight performance results. Significant program observations are noted. Accession ID: 75N27026 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975018954.pdf Document ID: 19750018954 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-22 4. Apollo experience report guidance and control systems: Primary guidance, navigation, and control system development Holley, M. D.; Swingle, W. L.; Bachman, S. L.; Leblanc, C. J.; Howard, H. T.; Biggs, H. M. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-8227; S-453 , 19760501; May 1, 1976 The primary guidance, navigation, and control systems for both the lunar module and the command module are described. Development of the Apollo primary guidance systems is traced from adaptation of the Polaris Mark II system through evolution from Block I to Block II configurations; the discussion includes design concepts used, test and qualification programs performed, and major problems encountered. The major subsystems (inertial, computer, and optical) are covered. Separate sections on the inertial components (gyroscopes and accelerometers) are presented because these components represent a major contribution to the success of the primary guidance, navigation, and control system. Accession ID: 76N23335 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1976016247.pdf Document ID: 19760016247 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 5. Apollo experience report the command and service module milestone review process Brendle, H. L.; York, J. A. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7599; JSC-S-389 , 19740301; Mar 1, 1974 The sequence of the command and service module milestone review process is given, and the Customer Acceptance Readiness Review and Flight Readiness Review plans are presented. Contents of the System Summary Acceptance Documents for the two formal spacecraft reviews are detailed, and supplemental data required for presentation to the review boards are listed. Typical forms, correspondence, supporting documentation, and minutes of a board meeting are included. Accession ID: 74N22506 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974014393.pdf Document ID: 19740014393 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 6. Apollo experience report. Crew-support activities for experiments performed during manned space flight Mckee, J. W. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7782; JSC-S-403 , 19740901; Sep 1, 1974 Experiments are performed during manned space flights in an attempt to acquire knowledge that can advance science and technology or that can be applied to operational techniques for future space flights. A description is given of the procedures that the personnel who are directly assigned to the function of crew support at the NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center use to prepare for and to conduct experiments during space flight. Accession ID: 74N34323 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974026210.pdf Document ID: 19740026210 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 7. Apollo experience report. Guidance and control systems: Command and service module stabilization and control system Littleton, O. P. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7785; JSC-S-410 , 19740901; Sep 1, 1974 The concepts, design, development, testing, and flight results of the command and service module stabilization and control system are discussed. The period of time covered was from November 1961 to December 1972. Also included are a functional description of the system, a discussion of the major problems, and recommendations for future programs. Accession ID: 74N34322 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974026209.pdf Document ID: 19740026209 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 8. Apollo experience report. Guidance and control systems: Orbital rate drive electronics for the Apollo command module and lunar module Parker, R. B.; Sollock, P. E. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7784; JSC-S-409 , 19740901; Sep 1, 1974 A brief record of the development and use of the orbital-rate-drive assembly in the Apollo Program is presented. This device was procured as government-furnished equipment and was used on both the lunar module and the command module. Reviews of design, development, procurement, and flight experience are included. Accession ID: 74N34324 Document ID: 19740026211 No Digital Version Available - Order This Document from CASI Updated/Added to NTRS: 2004-11-03 9. Apollo experience report: A use of network simulation techniques in the design of the Apollo lunar surface experiments package support system Gustafson, R. A.; Wilkes, J. N. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7783; JSC-S-404 , 19740901; Sep 1, 1974 A case study of data-communications network modeling and simulation is presented. The applicability of simulation techniques in early system design phases is demonstrated, and the ease with which model parameters can be changed and comprehensive statistics gathered is shown. The discussion of the model design and application also yields an insight into the design and implementation of the Apollo lunar surface experiments package ground-support system. Accession ID: 74N34317 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974026204.pdf Document ID: 19740026204 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 10. Apollo experience report: Abort planning Hyle, C. T.; Foggatt, C. E.; Weber, B. D. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6847; MSC-S-307 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972 Definition of a practical return-to-earth abort capability was required for each phase of an Apollo mission. A description of the basic development of the complex Apollo abort plan is presented. The process by which the return-to-earth abort plan was developed and the constraining factors that must be included in any abort procedure are also discussed. Special emphasis is given to the description of crew warning and escape methods for each mission phase. Accession ID: 72N24928 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972017278.pdf Document ID: 19720017278 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 11. Apollo experience report: Acceptance checkout equipment for the Apollo spacecraft Burtzlaff, I. J. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6736; MSC-S-281 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972 The acceptance checkout equipment for the Apollo spacecraft is described, and the history of the major equipment modifications that were required to meet the Apollo Program checkout requirements is traced. Some major problem areas are outlined, and a discussion of future checkout methods is included. The concept of the future checkout methods presented provides for an increase in test equipment standardization among NASA programs and among all testing phases within a program. The capability for increased automation and reduction in the test equipment inventory is provided in the proposed concept. Accession ID: 72N19905 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972012255.pdf Document ID: 19720012255 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 12. Apollo experience report: Aerothermodynamics evaluation Lee, D. B. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6843; MSC-S-287 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972 The Apollo program offered the first opportunity to obtain aerothermodynamic measurements at superorbital velocities on full-scale spacecraft. Four unmanned flight tests were conducted to qualify the Apollo command module heat shield. Aerothermodynamic measurements were made, and data are presented to illustrate the comparison of the flight data with the ground-test results and theoretical predictions. Accession ID: 72N25923 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972018273.pdf Document ID: 19720018273 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 13. Apollo experience report: Apollo lunar surface experiments package data processing system Eason, R. L. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7781; JSC-S-402 , 19740901; Sep 1, 1974 Apollo Program experience in the processing of scientific data from the Apollo lunar surface experiments package, in which computers and associated hardware and software were used, is summarized. The facility developed for the preprocessing of the lunar science data is described, as are several computer facilities and programs used by the Principal Investigators. The handling, processing, and analyzing of lunar science data and the interface with the Principal Investigators are discussed. Pertinent problems that arose in the development of the data processing schemes are discussed so that future programs may benefit from the solutions to the problems. The evolution of the data processing techniques for lunar science data related to recommendations for future programs of this type. Accession ID: 74N34318 Document ID: 19740026205 No Digital Version Available - Order This Document from CASI Updated/Added to NTRS: 2004-11-03 14. Apollo experience report: Ascent propulsion system Humphries, C. E.; Taylor, R. E. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7082; MSC-S-341 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973 The development of the Apollo lunar module ascent propulsion subsystem is documented. The ascent propulsion subsystem was designed, built, and tested to provide propulsive power for launching the ascent stage of the lunar module from the surface of the moon into lunar orbit for rendezvous with the orbiting command and service module. Because total redundancy was prohibitive in this subsystem, special emphasis had to be placed on reliability in design with adequate demonstration short of an extensive flight-demonstration program. The significant technical problems encountered during all phases of the program are identified and the corrective actions are discussed. Based on this experience, several recommendations are made for any future program with similar subsystem requirements. Accession ID: 73N18900 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973010173.pdf Document ID: 19730010173 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 15. Apollo experience report: Assessment of metabolic expenditures; extravehicular activity Waligora, J. M.; Hawkins, W. R.; Humbert, G. F.; Nelson, L. J.; Vogel, S. J.; Kuznetz, L. H. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7883; JSC-S-394 , 19750301; Mar 1, 1975 A significant effort was made to assess the metabolic expenditure for extravehicular activity on the lunar surface. After evaluation of the real-time data available to the flight controller during extravehicular activity, three independent methods of metabolic assessment were chosen based on the relationship between heart rate and metabolic production, between oxygen consumption and metabolic production, and between the thermodynamics of the liquid-cooled garment and metabolic production. The metabolic assessment procedure is analyzed and discussed. Real-time use of this information by the Apollo flight surgeon is discussed. Results and analyses of the Apollo missions and comments concerning future applications are included. Accession ID: 75N18271 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975010199.pdf Document ID: 19750010199 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 16. Apollo experience report: Battery subsystem Trout, J. B. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6976; MSC-S-333 , 19720901; Sep 1, 1972 Experience with the Apollo command service module and lunar module batteries is discussed. Significant hardware development concepts and hardware test results are summarized, and the operational performance of batteries on the Apollo 7 to 13 missions is discussed in terms of performance data, mission constraints, and basic hardware design and capability. Also, the flight performance of the Apollo battery charger is discussed. Inflight data are presented. Accession ID: 72N31878 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972024228.pdf Document ID: 19720024228 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-07-20 17. Apollo experience report: Certification test program Levine, J. H.; Mccarty, B. J. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6857; MSC-S-330 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972 A review of the Apollo spacecraft certification (qualification) test program is presented. The approach to devising the spectrum of dynamic and climatic environments, the formulation of test durations, and the relative significance of the formal certification test program compared with development testing and acceptance testing are reviewed. Management controls for the formulation of test requirements, test techniques, data review, and acceptance of test results are considered. Significant experience gained from the Apollo spacecraft certification test program which may be applicable to future manned spacecraft is presented. Accession ID: 72N25475 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972017825.pdf Document ID: 19720017825 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 18. Apollo experience report: Command and service module communications subsystem Lattier, E. E., Jr. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7585; JSC-S-367 , 19740201; Feb 1, 1974 The development of spacecraft communications hardware from design to operation is described. Programs, requirements, specifications, and design approaches for a variety of functions (such as voice, telemetry, television, and antennas) are reviewed. Equipment environmental problems such as vibration, extreme temperature variation, and zero gravity are discussed. A review of the development of managerial techniques used in refining the roles of prime and subcontractors is included. The hardware test program is described in detail as it progressed from breadboard design to manned flight system evaluations. Finally, a series of actions is recommended to managers of similar projects to facilitate administration. Accession ID: 74N16560 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974008447.pdf Document ID: 19740008447 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 19. Apollo experience report: Command and service module controls and displays subsystem Olsen, A. B.; Swint, R. J. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-8301; JSC-S-463 , 19760901; Sep 1, 1976 A review of the command and service module controls and displays subsystem is presented. The subsystem is described, and operational requirements, component history, problems and solutions, and conclusions and recommendations for the subsystem are included. Accession ID: 76N33231 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1976026143.pdf Document ID: 19760026143 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 20. Apollo experience report: Command and service module electrical power distribution on subsystem Munford, R. E.; Hendrix, B. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7609; JSC-S-386 , 19740301; Mar 1, 1974 A review of the design philosophy and development of the Apollo command and service modules electrical power distribution subsystem, a brief history of the evolution of the total system, and some of the more significant components within the system are discussed. The electrical power distribution primarily consisted of individual control units, interconnecting units, and associated protective devices. Because each unit within the system operated more or less independently of other units, the discussion of the subsystem proceeds generally in descending order of complexity; the discussion begins with the total system, progresses to the individual units of the system, and concludes with the components within the units. Accession ID: 74N19516 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974011403.pdf Document ID: 19740011403 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 21. Apollo experience report: Command and service module environmental control system Samonski, F. H., Jr.; Tucker, E. M. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6718; MSC-S-279 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972 A comprehensive review is presented of the design philosophy of the Apollo environmental control system together with the development history of the total system and of selected components within the system. In particular, discussions are presented relative to the development history and to the problems associated with the equipment cooling coldplates, the evaporator and its electronic control system, and the space radiator system used for rejection of the spacecraft thermal loads. Apollo flight experience and operational difficulties associated with the spacecraft water system and the waste management system are discussed in detail to provide definition of the problem and the corrective action taken when applicable. Accession ID: 72N19902 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972012252.pdf Document ID: 19720012252 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 22. Apollo experience report: Command and service module instrumentation subsystem Rotramel, F. A. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7374; JSC-S-351 , 19730801; Aug 1, 1973 A review of the Apollo command and service module instrumentation subsystem is presented. The measurements provided, design aspects considered, problems encountered, and flight results obtained are discussed. Accession ID: 73N31761 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973023029.pdf Document ID: 19730023029 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 23. Apollo experience report: Command and service module reaction control systems Taeuber, R. J.; Weary, D. P. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7151; MSC-S-336 , 19730601; Jun 1, 1973 The reaction control systems of the Apollo command and service module were developed and modified between July 1961 and July 1969. The successful development of these systems, as part of the Apollo Program, was the result of extensive testing, retesting, and modifications of the hardware to ensure system capability and intrasystem compatibility. Accession ID: 73N25901 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973017174.pdf Document ID: 19730017174 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 24. Apollo experience report: Command and service module sequential events control subsystem Johnson, G. W. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7951; JSC-S-436 , 19750401; Apr 1, 1975 The Apollo command and service module sequential events control subsystem is described, with particular emphasis on the major systems and component problems and solutions. The subsystem requirements, design, and development and the test and flight history of the hardware are discussed. Recommendations to avoid similar problems on future programs are outlined. Accession ID: 75N21311 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975013239.pdf Document ID: 19750013239 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 25. Apollo experience report: Command module crew-couch/restraint and load-attenuation systems Drexel, R. E.; Hunter, H. N. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7440; JSC-S-379 , 19730901; Sep 1, 1973 The Apollo command module crew-couch/restraint and load-attenuation system was required to support and restrain the crewman during mission phases and to limit the load imposed on the crewman during landing. Component designs evolved when requirements changed and tests were conducted. Advancement in the state of the art for energy-absorbing devices and changes in restraint philosophies for impact protection resulted from the efforts and experiences presented. Accession ID: 73N31768 Document ID: 19730023036 No Digital Version Available - Order This Document from CASI Updated/Added to NTRS: 2004-11-03 26. APOLLO EXPERIENCE REPORT: COMMAND MODULE UPRIGHTING SYSTEM WHITE, R. D. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7081; MSC-S-338 , 19730301; MAR 1, 1973 A WATER-LANDING REQUIREMENT AND TWO STABLE FLOTATION ATTITUDES REQUIRED THAT A SYSTEM BE DEVELOPED TO ENSURE THAT THE APOLLO COMMAND MODULE WOULD ALWAYS ASSUME AN UPRIGHT FLOTATION ATTITUDE. THE RESOLUTION TO THE FLOTATION PROBLEM AND THE UPRIGHTING CONCEPTS, DESIGN SELECTION, DESIGN CHANGES, DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM, QUALIFICATION, AND MISSION PERFORMANCE ARE DISCUSSED FOR THE UPRIGHTING SYSTEM, WHICH IS COMPOSED OF INFLATABLE BAGS, COMPRESSORS, VALVES, AND ASSOCIATED TUBING. Accession ID: 73N18898 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973010171.pdf Document ID: 19730010171 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-03-29 27. Apollo experience report: Communications system flight evaluation and verification Travis, D.; Royston, C. L., Jr. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6852; MSC-S-322 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972 Flight tests of the synergetic operation of the spacecraft and earth based communications equipment were accomplished during Apollo missions AS-202 through Apollo 12. The primary goals of these tests were to verify that the communications system would adequately support lunar landing missions and to establish the inflight communications system performance characteristics. To attain these goals, a communications system flight verification and evaluation team was established. The concept of the team operations, the evolution of the evaluation processes, synopses of the team activities associated with each mission, and major conclusions and recommendations resulting from the performance evaluation are represented. Accession ID: 72N25186 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972017536.pdf Document ID: 19720017536 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 28. Apollo experience report: Communications used during recovery operations Hoover, J. E. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7686; JSC-S-398 , 19740501; May 1, 1974 Apollo program experience in recovery-support communications is reviewed, and the working relationships among NASA, the Department of Defense, and commercial communications facilities are discussed. The organization, facilities, philosophy, and funding of recovery-support communications are described. The relocation of two recovery control centers is discussed, as are the functions of primary and secondary recovery ships, aircraft, and relay satellities. The possibility of using ships of opportunity for recovery operations is considered. Finally, the means by which money, manpower, and resources have been saved and longlines leased are delineated. Accession ID: 74N23398 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974015285.pdf Document ID: 19740015285 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 29. Apollo experience report: Consumables budgeting Nelson, D. A. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7140; MSC-S-339 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973 The procedures and techniques used in predicting the consumables usage for the Apollo mission are discussed. Because of the many interfaces and influences on the consumables system, it is impractical to document all facets of consumables budgeting; therefore, information in this report is limited to the major contributions to the formulation of a consumables budget. Accession ID: 73N19874 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973011147.pdf Document ID: 19730011147 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 30. Apollo experience report: Crew provisions and equipment subsystem Mcallister, F. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6737; MSC-S-290 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972 A description of the construction and use of crew provisions and equipment subsystem items for the Apollo Program is presented. The subsystem is composed principally of survival equipment, bioinstrumentation devices, medical components and accessories, water- and waste-management equipment, personal-hygiene articles, docking aids, flight garments (excluding the pressure garment assembly), and various other crew-related accessories. Particular attention is given to items and assemblies that presented design, development, or performance problems: the crew optical alinement sight system, the metering water dispenser, and the waste-management system. Changes made in design and materials to improve the fire safety of the hardware are discussed. Accession ID: 72N20846 Document ID: 19720013196 No Digital Version Available - Order This Document from CASI Updated/Added to NTRS: 2004-11-03 31. Apollo experience report: Crew station integration. Volume 1: Crew station design and development Allen, L. D.; Nussman, D. A. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-8178; JSC-S-451-VOL-1 , 19760301; Mar 1, 1976 An overview of the evolution of the design and development of the Apollo command module and lunar module crew stations is given, with emphasis placed on the period from 1964 to 1969. The organizational planning, engineering techniques, and documentation involved are described, and a detailed chronology of the meetings, reviews, and exercises is presented. Crew station anomalies for the Apollo 7 to 11 missions are discussed, and recommendations for the solution of recurring problems of crew station acoustics, instrument glass failure, and caution and warning system performance are presented. Photographs of the various crew station configurations are also provided. Accession ID: 76N18186 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1976011098.pdf Document ID: 19760011098 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 32. Apollo experience report: Crew station integration. Volume 2: Crew station displays and controls Langdoc, W. A.; Nassman, D. A. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7919; JSC-S-420-VOL-2 , 19750401; Apr 1, 1975 The functional requirements for the Apollo displays and controls system are presented. The configuration of the displays, controls, and panels for both the command module and the lunar module are described, and the design development and operational experience of the displays and controls system are discussed. Pertinent recommendations for future displays and controls system design efforts are made. Accession ID: 75N20419 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975012347.pdf Document ID: 19750012347 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 33. Apollo experience report: Crew station integration. Volume 4: Stowage and the support team concept Hix, M. W. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7434; JSC-S-364-VOL-4 , 19730901; Sep 1, 1973 Crew equipment stowage and stowage arrangement in spacecraft are discussed. Configuration control in order to maximize crew equipment operational performance, stowage density, and available stowage volume are analyzed. The NASA crew equipment stowage control process requires a support team concept to coordinate the integration of crew equipment into the spacecraft. Accession ID: 73N31771 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973023039.pdf Document ID: 19730023039 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 34. Apollo experience report: Crew station integration. Volume 5: Lighting considerations Wheelwright, C. D. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7290; MSC-S-360-VOL-5 , 19730601; Jun 1, 1973 The lighting requirements for the Apollo spacecraft are presented. The natural lighting factors are discussed in terms of major constraints. A general description of the external and internal lighting systems for the command and lunar modules is presented with a discussion of the primary approach and design criteria followed during development. Some of the more difficult problems encountered during the implementation of a new lighting system are reviewed. Accession ID: 73N25887 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973017160.pdf Document ID: 19730017160 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 35. Apollo experience report: Crew station integration. Volume 3: Spacecraft hand controller development Wittler, F. E. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7884; JSC-S-411 , 19750301; Mar 1, 1975 The development of hand controllers has evolved from the basic mechanical linkage technique used in the Mercury spacecraft to the total fly-by-wire three-axis switching device used to control the Apollo spacecraft. The evolving developmental process is described in this report. Accession ID: 75N18274 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975010202.pdf Document ID: 19750010202 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 36. Apollo experience report: Data management for postflight engineering evaluation Foster, G. B., Jr. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7684; JSC-S-393 , 19740501; May 1, 1974 The Apollo management of data for postflight engineering evaluation is described. The sources of Apollo telemetry data, the control of data processing by a single data team, the data techniques used to assist in evaluation of the large quantity of data, and the operation of the data team before the mission and during the evaluation phase are described. The techniques used to ensure the output of valid data and to determine areas in which data were of questionable quality are also included. Accession ID: 74N23396 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974015283.pdf Document ID: 19740015283 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 37. Apollo experience report: Descent propulsion system Hammock, W. R., Jr.; Currie, E. C.; Fisher, A. E. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7143; MSC-S-349 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973 The propulsion system for the descent stage of the lunar module was designed to provide thrust to transfer the fully loaded lunar module with two crewmen from the lunar parking orbit to the lunar surface. A history of the development of this system is presented. Development was accomplished primarily by ground testing of individual components and by testing the integrated system. Unique features of the descent propulsion system were the deep throttling capability and the use of a lightweight cryogenic helium pressurization system. Accession ID: 73N19877 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973011150.pdf Document ID: 19730011150 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 38. Apollo experience report: Detection and minimization of ignition hazards from water/glycol contamination of silver-clad electrical circuitry Downs, W. R. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-8177; JSC-S-449 , 19760301; Mar 1, 1976 The potential flammability hazard when a water/glycol solution contacts defectively insulated silver-clad copper circuitry or electrical components carrying a direct current is described. The chemical reactions and means for detecting them are explained. Methods for detecting and cleaning contaminated areas and the use of inhibitors to arrest chemical reactivity are also explained. Preventive measures to minimize hazards are given. Photomicrographs of the chemical reactions occurring on silver clad wires are also included. Accession ID: 76N18184 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1976011096.pdf Document ID: 19760011096 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 39. Apollo experience report: Development and use of specialized radio equipment for Apollo recovery operations Middleton, W. A.; Breshears, H. F. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7587; JSC-S-385 , 19740201; Feb 1, 1974 New personal communications equipment was required for the Apollo Program recovery operations. Two new, small, personal radios were developed and used successfully in the Apollo recovery program. Accession ID: 74N16559 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974008446.pdf Document ID: 19740008446 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 40. Apollo experience report: Development flight instrumentation; telemetry equipment for space flight test program Farmer, N. B. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7598; JSC-S-387 , 19740301; Mar 1, 1974 Development flight instrumentation was delivered for 25 Apollo vehicles as Government-furnished equipment. The problems and philosophies of an activity that was concerned with supplying telemetry equipment to a space-flight test program are discussed. Equipment delivery dates, system-design details, and flight-performance information for each mission also are included. Accession ID: 74N18511 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974010398.pdf Document ID: 19740010398 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 41. Apollo experience report: Development of guidance targeting techniques for the command module and launch vehicle Yencharis, J. D.; Wiley, R. F.; Davis, R. S.; Holmes, Q. A.; Zeiler, K. T. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6848; MSC-S-308 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972 The development of the guidance targeting techniques for the Apollo command module and launch vehicle is discussed for four types of maneuvers: (1) translunar injection, (2) translunar midcourse, (3) lunar orbit insertion, and (4) return to earth. The development of real-time targeting programs for these maneuvers and the targeting procedures represented are discussed. The material is intended to convey historically the development of the targeting techniques required to meet the defined target objectives and to illustrate the solutions to problems encountered during that development. Accession ID: 72N24675 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972017025.pdf Document ID: 19720017025 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 42. Apollo experience report: Development of the extravehicular mobility unit Lutz, C. C.; Stutesman, H. L.; Carson, M. A.; Mcbarron, J. W., II NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-8093; JSC-S-440 , 19751101; Nov 1, 1975 The development and performance history of the Apollo extravehicular mobility unit and its major subsystems is described. The three major subsystems, the pressure garment assembly, the portable life-support system, and the oxygen purge system, are defined and described in detail as is the evolutionary process that culminated in each major subsystem component. Descriptions of ground-support equipment and the qualification testing process for component hardware are also presented. Accession ID: 76N10161 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1976003073.pdf Document ID: 19760003073 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-22 43. Apollo experience report: Earth landing system West, R. B. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7437; JSC-S-370 , 19731101; Nov 1, 1973 A brief discussion of the development of the Apollo earth landing system and a functional description of the system are presented in this report. The more significant problems that were encountered during the program, the solutions, and, in general, the knowledge that was gained are discussed in detail. Two appendixes presenting a detailed description of the various system components and a summary of the development and the qualification test programs are included. Accession ID: 74N11699 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974003586.pdf Document ID: 19740003586 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 44. Apollo experience report: Electrical wiring subsystem White, L. D. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7885; JSC-S-413 , 19750301; Mar 1, 1975 The general requirements of the electrical wiring subsystems and the problem areas and solutions that occurred during the major part of the Apollo Program are detailed in this report. The concepts and definitions of specific requirements for electrical wiring; wire-connecting devices; and wire-harness fabrication, checkout, and installation techniques are discussed. The design and development of electrical wiring and wire-connecting devices are described. Mission performance is discussed, and conclusions and recommendations for future programs are presented. Accession ID: 75N18275 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975010203.pdf Document ID: 19750010203 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 45. Apollo experience report: Electronic systems test program accomplishments and results Ohnesorge, T. E. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6720; MSC-S-283 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972 A chronological record is presented of the Electronic Systems Test Program from its conception in May 1963 to December 1969. The original concept of the program, which was primarily a spacecraft/Manned Space Flight Network communications system compatibility and performance evaluation, is described. The evolution of these concepts to include various levels of test detail, as well as systems level design verification testing, is discussed. Actual implementation of these concepts is presented, and the facility to support the program is described. Test results are given, and significant contributions to the lunar landing mission are underlined. Plans for modifying the facility and the concepts, based on Apollo experience, are proposed. Accession ID: 72N19904 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972012254.pdf Document ID: 19720012254 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 46. Apollo experience report: Engineering and analysis mission support Fricke, R. W., Jr. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7993; JSC-S-438 , 19750701; Jul 1, 1975 The tasks performed by the team of specialists that evaluated hardware performance during prelaunch checkout and in-flight operation are discussed. The organizational structure, operational procedures, and interfaces as well as the facilities and software required to perform these tasks are discussed. The scope of the service performed by the team and the evaluation philosophy are described. Summaries of problems and their resolution are included as appendixes. Accession ID: 75N27025 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975018953.pdf Document ID: 19750018953 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 47. Apollo experience report: Evolution of the attitude time line Duncan, R. D. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7086; MSC-S-353 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973 The evolution of the attitude time line is discussed. Emphasis is placed on the operational need for and constraints on the time line and on how these factors were involved in the time line generation procedure. Examples of constraints on and applications of the complete time line are given. Accession ID: 73N19872 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973011145.pdf Document ID: 19730011145 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-09 48. Apollo experience report: Evolution of the rendezvous-maneuver plan for the lunar-landing missions Alexander, J. D.; Becker, R. W. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7388; JSC-S-334 , 19730801; Aug 1, 1973 The evolution of the nominal rendezvous-maneuver plan for the lunar landing missions is presented along with a summary of the significant development for the lunar module abort and rescue plan. A general discussion of the rendezvous dispersion analysis that was conducted in support of both the nominal and contingency rendezvous planning is included. Emphasis is placed on the technical developments from the early 1960's through the Apollo 15 mission (July to August 1971), but pertinent organizational factors also are discussed briefly. Recommendations for rendezvous planning for future programs relative to Apollo experience also are included. Accession ID: 73N29882 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973021150.pdf Document ID: 19730021150 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 49. Apollo experience report: Flight anomaly resolution Lobb, J. D. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7968; JSC-S-412 , 19750701; Jul 1, 1975 The identification of flight anomalies, the determination of their causes, and the approaches taken for corrective action are described. Interrelationships of the broad range of disciplines involved with the complex systems and the team concept employed to ensure timely and accurate resolution of anomalies are discussed. The documentation techniques and the techniques for management of anomaly resolution are included. Examples of specific anomalies are presented in the original form of their progressive documentation. Flight anomaly resolution functioned as a part of the real-time mission support and postflight testing, and results were included in the postflight documentation. Accession ID: 75N25981 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975017909.pdf Document ID: 19750017909 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 50. Apollo experience report: Flight instrumentation calibration Demoss, J. F. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7144; MSC-S-359 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973 Three types of instrumentation-calibration data were used in the Apollo Program to provide the correct engineering data for tests and mission support. The command and service module instrumentation-component procurement specifications required individual-component calibration, and calibration data for these individual components (conventional-calibration data) were always used for mission data support. A mean standard type of calibration data derived from a statistical sampling of conventional-calibration data was used for test and checkout during the latter part of the Apollo Program. The lunar module instrumentation procurement specification permitted the use of standard-calibration data. These data were applicable to similarly instrumented measurements. The definition, merit, and application of each type of data are discussed. Accession ID: 73N20881 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973012154.pdf Document ID: 19730012154 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 51. Apollo experience report: Flight planning for manned space operations Oneill, J. W.; Cotter, J. B.; Holloway, T. W. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6973; MSC-S-319 , 19720901; Sep 1, 1972 The history of flight planning for manned space missions is outlined, and descriptions and examples of the various evolutionary phases of flight data documents from Project Mercury to the Apollo Program are included. Emphasis is given to the Apollo flight plan. Time line format and content are discussed in relationship to the manner in which they are affected by the types of flight plans and various constraints. Accession ID: 72N31879 Document ID: 19720024229 No Digital Version Available - Order This Document from CASI Updated/Added to NTRS: 2004-11-03 52. Apollo experience report: Flight-control data needs, terminal display devices, and ground system configuration requirements Hoover, R. A. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7685; JSC-S-396 , 19740501; May 1, 1974 The development of flight-control facilities for the Apollo program is reviewed from the viewpoint of the user organization. These facilities are treated in three categories: data systems, ground-based display and control systems, and configuration management. The effects of certain Apollo program factors on the selection, sizing, and configuration management of these systems are discussed. Recommendations are made regarding improvement of the systems and the reduction of system sensitivity to the program factors. Accession ID: 74N23397 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974015284.pdf Document ID: 19740015284 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 53. Apollo experience report: Food systems Smith, M. C., Jr.; Rapp, R. M.; Huber, C. S.; Rambaut, P. C.; Heidelbaugh, N. D. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7720 , 19740701; Jul 1, 1974 Development, delivery, and use of food systems in support of the Apollo 7 to 14 missions are discussed. Changes in design criteria for this unique program as mission requirements varied are traced from the baseline system that was established before the completion of the Gemini Program. Problems and progress in subsystem management, material selection, food packaging, development of new food items, menu design, and food-consumption methods under zero-gravity conditions are described. The effectiveness of various approaches in meeting food system objectives of providing flight crews with safe, nutritious, easy to prepare, and highly acceptable foods is considered. Nutritional quality and adequacy in maintaining crew health are discussed in relation to the establishment of nutritional criteria for future missions. Technological advances that have resulted from the design of separate food systems for the command module, the lunar module, The Mobile Quarantine Facility, and the Lunar Receiving Laboratory are presented for application to future manned spacecraft and to unique populations in earthbound situations. Accession ID: 74N28349 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974020236.pdf Document ID: 19740020236 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-07-08 54. Apollo experience report: Ground-support equipment Cooper, J. S. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7918; JSC-S-415 , 19750401; Apr 1, 1975 The experience gained in management of the ground-support-equipment and site-readiness activity for the Apollo Program is summarized. The design of equipment and facilities are examined as well as some operational aspects. The organization for ensuring site readiness and the maintenance of ground-support equipment are discussed. Recommendations for use in future programs are given in the areas of design considerations, cleanliness requirements, periodic evaluation of changing requirements, maintenance and overhaul, special test equipment, site-activation schedule coordination, and schematics for ground-support equipment. Accession ID: 75N19283 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975011211.pdf Document ID: 19750011211 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 55. Apollo experience report: Guidance and control systems - Digital autopilot design development Peters, W. H.; Cox, K. J. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7289; MSC-S-331 , 19730601; Jun 1, 1973 The development of the Apollo digital autopilots (the primary attitude control systems that were used for all phases of the lunar landing mission) is summarized. This report includes design requirements, design constraints, and design philosophy. The development-process functions and the essential information flow paths are identified. Specific problem areas that existed during the development are included. A discussion is also presented on the benefits inherent in mechanizing attitude-controller logic and dynamic compensation in a digital computer. Accession ID: 73N25888 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973017161.pdf Document ID: 19730017161 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 56. Apollo experience report: Guidance and control systems. Engineering simulation program Gilbert, D. W. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7287; MSC-S-318 , 19730601; Jun 1, 1973 The Apollo Program experience from early 1962 to July 1969 with respect to the engineering-simulation support and the problems encountered is summarized in this report. Engineering simulation in support of the Apollo guidance and control system is discussed in terms of design analysis and verification, certification of hardware in closed-loop operation, verification of hardware/software compatibility, and verification of both software and procedures for each mission. The magnitude, time, and cost of the engineering simulations are described with respect to hardware availability, NASA and contractor facilities (for verification of the command module, the lunar module, and the primary guidance, navigation, and control system), and scheduling and planning considerations. Recommendations are made regarding implementation of similar, large-scale simulations for future programs. Accession ID: 73N24873 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973016146.pdf Document ID: 19730016146 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 57. Apollo experience report: Guidance and control systems. Lunar module stabilization and control system Shelton, D. H. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-8086; JSC-S-419 , 19751101; Nov 1, 1975 A brief functional description of the Apollo lunar module stabilization and control subsystem is presented. Subsystem requirements definition, design, development, test results, and flight experiences are discussed. Detailed discussions are presented of problems encountered and the resulting corrective actions taken during the course of assembly-level testing, integrated vehicle checkout and test, and mission operations. Although the main experiences described are problem oriented, the subsystem has performed satisfactorily in flight. Accession ID: 76N11192 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1976004104.pdf Document ID: 19760004104 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 58. Apollo experience report: Guidance and control systems. Mission control programmer for unmanned missions AS-202, Apollo 4, and Apollo 6 Holloway, G. F. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7992; JSC-S-432 , 19750701; Jul 1, 1975 An unmanned test flight program required to evaluate the command module heat shield and the structural integrity of the command and service module/Saturn launch vehicle is described. The mission control programer was developed to provide the unmanned interface between the guidance and navigation computer and the other spacecraft systems for mission event sequencing and real-time ground control during missions AS-202, Apollo 4, and Apollo 6. The development of this unmanned programer is traced from the initial concept through the flight test phase. Detailed discussions of hardware development problems are given with the resulting solutions. The mission control programer functioned correctly without any flight anomalies for all missions. The Apollo 4 mission control programer was reused for the Apollo 6 flight, thus being one of the first subsystems to be reflown on an Apollo space flight. Accession ID: 75N27024 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975018952.pdf Document ID: 19750018952 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-22 59. APOLLO EXPERIENCE REPORT: GUIDANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEMS: AUTOMATED CONTROL SYSTEM FOR UNMANNED MISSION AS-201 HOLLOWAY, G. F. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7991; JSC-S-431 , 19750701; JUL 1, 1975 THE APOLLO COMMAND MODULE HEAT SHIELD AND APOLLO COMMAND AND SERVICE MODULE/SATURN LAUNCH VEHICLE STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY WERE EVALUATED IN AN UNMANNED TEST FLIGHT. AN AUTOMATED CONTROL SYSTEM WAS DEVELOPED TO PROVIDE THE MISSION EVENT SEQUENCING, THE REAL-TIME GROUND CONTROL INTERFACE, AND THE BACKUP ATTITUDE REFERENCE SYSTEM FOR THE UNMANNED FLIGHT. THE REQUIRED MISSION EVENTS, THE DESIGN LOGIC, THE REDUNDANCY CONCEPT, AND THE GROUND-SUPPORT-EQUIPMENT CONCEPT ARE DESCRIBED AND SOME DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM AREAS ARE DISCUSSED. THE MISSION EVENT TIME LINE AND THE REAL-TIME GROUND COMMAND LIST ARE INCLUDED TO PROVIDE AN OUTLINE OF THE CONTROL SYSTEM CAPABILITIES AND REQUIREMENTS. THE MISSION WAS ACCOMPLISHED WITH THE AUTOMATED CONTROL SYSTEM, WHICH FUNCTIONED WITHOUT FLIGHT ANOMALIES. Accession ID: 75N27027 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975018955.pdf Document ID: 19750018955 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-03-29 60. Apollo experience report: Guidance and control systems: Command and service module entry monitor subsystem Reina, B., Jr.; Patterson, H. G. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7859; JSC-S-405 , 19750101; Jan 1, 1975 The conceptual aspects of the command and service module entry monitor subsystem, together with an interpretation of the displays and their associated relationship to entry trajectory control, are presented. The entry monitor subsystem is described, and the problems encountered during the developmental phase and the first five manned Apollo flights are discussed in conjunction with the design improvements implemented. Accession ID: 75N13906 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975005834.pdf Document ID: 19750005834 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 61. Apollo experience report: Guidance and control systems: CSM service propulsion system gimbal actuators Mcmahon, W. A. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7969; JSC-S-444 , 19750701; Jul 1, 1975 The service propulsion system gimbal actuators of the Apollo command and service module were developed, modified, and qualified between February 1962 and April 1968. The development of these actuators is described as the result of extensive testing, retesting, and modification of the initial design. Successful completion of each mission without anomalies attributable to the actuators indicated that the particular configuration (modification) in use was adequate for the flight profile imposed. Accession ID: 75N25980 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975017908.pdf Document ID: 19750017908 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 62. Apollo experience report: Guidance and control systems; lunar module mission programer Vernon, J. A. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7949; JSC-S-414 , 19750401; Apr 1, 1975 A review of the concept, operational requirements, design, and development of the lunar module mission programer is presented, followed by a review of component and subsystem performance during design-feasibility, design-verification, and qualification tests performed in the laboratory. The system was further proved on the unmanned Apollo 5 mission. Several anomalies were detected, and satisfactory solutions were found. These problems are defined and examined, and the corrective action taken is discussed. Suggestions are given for procedural changes to be used if future guidance and control systems of this type are to be developed. Accession ID: 75N21310 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975013238.pdf Document ID: 19750013238 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 63. Apollo experience report: Launch escape propulsion subsystem Townsend, N. A. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7083; MSC-S-343 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973 The Apollo launch escape propulsion subsystem contained three solid rocket motors. The general design, development, and qualification of the solid-propellant pitch-control, tower-jettison, and launch-escape motors of the Apollo launch escape propulsion subsystem were completed during years 1961 to 1966. The launch escape system components are described in general terms, and the sequence of events through the ground-based test programs and flight-test programs is discussed. The initial ground rules established for this system were that it should use existing technology and designs as much as possible. The practicality of this decision is proved by the minimum number of problems that were encountered during the development and qualification program. Accession ID: 73N18902 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973010175.pdf Document ID: 19730010175 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 64. Apollo experience report: Lunar module communications system Dietz, R. H.; Rhoades, D. E.; Davidson, L. J. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6974; MSC-S-324 , 19720901; Sep 1, 1972 The development of the lunar module communications system is traced from the initial concept to the operational system used on manned lunar missions. The problems encountered during the development, the corrective actions taken, and recommendations for similar equipment in future programs are included. The system was designed to provide communications between the lunar module and the manned space flight network, between the lunar module and the command and service module, and between the lunar module and the extravehicular crewmen. The system provided the equipment necessary for voice, telemetry, and television communications; ranging information; and various communications links. Accession ID: 72N30905 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972023255.pdf Document ID: 19720023255 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 65. Apollo experience report: Lunar module display and control subsystem Farkas, A. J. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6722; MSC-S-285 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972 The lunar module display and control subsystem equipment is described with emphasis on major problems and their solutions. Included in the discussion of each item is a description of what the item does and how the item is constructed. The development, hardware history, and testing for each item are also presented. Accession ID: 72N19901 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972012251.pdf Document ID: 19720012251 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 66. Apollo experience report: Lunar module electrical power subsystem Campos, A. B. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6977; MSC-S-337 , 19720901; Sep 1, 1972 The design and development of the electrical power subsystem for the lunar module are discussed. The initial requirements, the concepts used to design the subsystem, and the testing program are explained. Specific problems and the modifications or compromises (or both) imposed for resolution are detailed. The flight performance of the subsystem is described, and recommendations pertaining to power specifications for future space applications are made. Accession ID: 72N32848 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972025198.pdf Document ID: 19720025198 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 67. Apollo experience report: Lunar module environmental control subsystem Gillen, R. J.; Brady, J. C.; Collier, F. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6724; MSC-S-296 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972 A functional description of the environmental control subsystem is presented. Development, tests, checkout, and flight experiences of the subsystem are discussed; and the design fabrication, and operational difficulties associated with the various components and subassemblies are recorded. Detailed information is related concerning design changes made to, and problems encountered with, the various elements of the subsystem, such as the thermal control water sublimator, the carbon dioxide sensing and control units, and the water section. The problems associated with water sterilization, water/glycol formulation, and materials compatibility are discussed. The corrective actions taken are described with the expection that this information may be of value for future subsystems. Although the main experiences described are problem oriented, the subsystem has generally performed satisfactorily in flight. Accession ID: 72N20845 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972013195.pdf Document ID: 19720013195 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 68. Apollo experience report: Lunar module instrumentation subsystem Obrien, D. E., III; Woodfill, J. R., IV NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6845; MSC-S-294 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972 The design concepts and philosophies of the lunar module instrumentation subsystem are discussed along with manufacturing and systems integration. The experience gained from the program is discussed, and recommendations are made for making the subsystem more compatible and flexible in system usage. Characteristics of lunar module caution and warning circuits are presented. Accession ID: 72N25856 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972018206.pdf Document ID: 19720018206 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 69. Apollo experience report: Lunar module landing gear subsystem Rogers, W. F. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6850; MSC-S-316 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972 The development of the lunar module landing gear subsystem through the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission is presented. The landing gear design evolved from the design requirement, which had to satisfy the structural, mechanical, and landing performance constraints of the vehicle. Extensive analyses and tests were undertaken to verify the design adequacy. Techniques of the landing performance analysis served as a primary tool in developing the subsystem hardware and in determining the adequacy of the landing gear for toppling stability and energy absorption. The successful Apollo 11 lunar landing mission provided the first opportunity for a complete flight test of the landing gear under both natural and induced environments. Accession ID: 72N25903 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972018253.pdf Document ID: 19720018253 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 70. Apollo experience report: Lunar module landing radar and rendezvous radar Rozas, P.; Cunningham, A. R. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6849; MSC-S-311 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972 A developmental history of the Apollo lunar module landing and rendezvous radar subsystems is presented. The Apollo radar subsystems are discussed from initial concept planning to flight configuration testing. The major radar subsystem accomplishments and problems are discussed. Accession ID: 72N24171 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972016521.pdf Document ID: 19720016521 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 71. Apollo experience report: Lunar module reaction control system Vaughan, C. A.; Villemarette, R.; Karakulko, W.; Blevins, D. R. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6740; MSC-S-315 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972 The design, development and qualification of the reaction control system for the Apollo lunar module are described. The lunar module reaction control system used many of the components developed and qualified for the service module reaction control system. The system was qualified for manned flight during the unmanned Apollo 5 mission on January 22 and 23, 1968, and has operated satisfactorily during all manned lunar module flights including Apollo 11, the first manned landing on the moon. Accession ID: 72N21887 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972014237.pdf Document ID: 19720014237 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 72. Apollo experience report: Lunar module structural subsystem Weiss, S. P. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7084; MSC-S-345 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973 In the Apollo Program, the lunar-orbit rendezvous mode was used for the lunar-landing mission. To accomplish the lunar landing, a lunar module spacecraft was built. A description of the design requirements for the structural subsystem and of the structural configuration and the method of design verification are given. A discussion is presented of several problems encountered and the corrective actions taken during the designing, manufacturing, and testing of the lunar module. Accession ID: 73N18901 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973010174.pdf Document ID: 19730010174 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 73. Apollo experience report: Manned thermal-vacuum testing of spacecraft Mclane, J. C., Jr. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7610; JSC-S-388 , 19740301; Mar 1, 1974 Manned thermal-vacuum tests of the Apollo spacecraft presented many first-time problems in the areas of test philosophy, operational concepts, and program implementation. The rationale used to resolve these problems is explained and examined critically in view of actual experience. The series of 12 tests involving 1517 hours of chamber operating time resulted in the disclosure of numerous equipment and procedural deficiencies of significance to the flight mission. Test experience and results in view of subsequent flight experience confirmed that thermal-vacuum testing of integrated manned spacecraft provides a feasible, cost-effective, and safe technique with which to obtain maximum confidence in spacecraft flight worthiness early in the program. Accession ID: 74N20543 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974012430.pdf Document ID: 19740012430 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 74. Apollo experience report: Mission evaluation team postflight documentation Dodson, J. W.; Cordiner, D. H. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-8023; JSC-S-441 , 19751101; Nov 1, 1975 The various postflight reports prepared by the mission evaluation team, including the final mission evaluation report, report supplements, anomaly reports, and the 5-day mission report, are described. The procedures for preparing each report from the inputs of the various disciplines are explained, and the general method of reporting postflight results is discussed. Recommendations for postflight documentation in future space programs are included. The official requirements for postflight documentation and a typical example of an anomaly report are provided as appendixes. Accession ID: 76N10162 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1976003074.pdf Document ID: 19760003074 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 75. Apollo experience report: Mission planning for Apollo entry Graves, C. A.; Harpold, J. C. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6725; MSC-S-305 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972 The problems encountered and the experience gained in the entry mission plans, flight software, trajectory-monitoring procedures, and backup trajectory-control techniques of the Apollo Program should provide a foundation upon which future spacecraft programs can be developed. Descriptions of these entry activities are presented. Also, to provide additional background information needed for discussion of the Apollo entry experience, descriptions of the entry targeting for the Apollo 11 mission and the postflight analysis of the Apollo 10 mission are presented. Accession ID: 72N20841 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972013191.pdf Document ID: 19720013191 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 76. Apollo experience report: Mission planning for lunar module descent and ascent Bennett, F. V. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6846; MSC-S-295 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972 The premission planning, the real-time situation, and the postflight analysis for the Apollo 11 lunar descent and ascent are described. A comparison between premission planning and actual results is included. A navigation correction capability, developed from Apollo 11 postflight analysis was used successfully on Apollo 12 to provide the first pinpoint landing. An experience summary, which illustrates typical problems encountered by the mission planners, is also included. Accession ID: 72N25855 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972018205.pdf Document ID: 19720018205 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 77. Apollo experience report: Onboard navigational and alignment software Savely, R. T.; Cockrell, B. F.; Pines, S. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6741; MSC-S-317 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972 The onboard navigational and alignment routines used during the nonthrusting phases of an Apollo mission are discussed as to their limitations, and alternate approaches that have more desirable capabilities are presented. A more efficient procedure for solving Kepler's equation, which is used in the calculation of Kepler's problem and Lambert's problem is included, and a sixth-order predictor scheme with a Runge-Kutta starter is recommended for numerical integration. The extension of the rendezvous navigation state to include angle biases and the use of a fixed coordinate system is also evaluated. Accession ID: 72N20843 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972013193.pdf Document ID: 19720013193 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 78. Apollo experience report: Photographic equipment and operations during manned space-flight programs Kuehnel, H. A. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6972; MSC-309 , 19720901; Sep 1, 1972 The evolution of crew-operated photographic equipment and the procedures for manned space-flight photographic operations are reviewed. The establishment of program requirements is described. Photographic operations are discussed, including preflight testing and inflight operations. Accession ID: 72N32852 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972025202.pdf Document ID: 19720025202 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 79. Apollo experience report: Postflight testing of command modules Hamilton, D. T. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7435; JSC-S-365 , 19730901; Sep 1, 1973 Various phases of the postflight testing of the command modules used in the Apollo Program are presented. The specific tasks to be accomplished by the task force recovery teams, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, (formerly the Manned Spacecraft Center) and the cognizant contractors/subcontractors are outlined. The means and methods used in postflight testing and how such activities evolved during the Apollo Program and were tailored to meet specific test requirements are described. Action taken to resolve or minimize problems or anomalies discovered during the flight, the postflight test phase, or mission evaluation is discussed. Accession ID: 73N31773 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973023041.pdf Document ID: 19730023041 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 80. Apollo experience report: Potable water system Sauer, R. L.; Calley, D. J. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7291; MSC-07508 , 19730601; Jun 1, 1973 A description of the design and function of the Apollo potable water system is presented. The command module potable water is supplied as a byproduct of the fuel cells. The cells, located in the service module, function primarily to supply electrical energy to the spacecraft. The source of the lunar module potable water is three tanks, which are filled before lift-off. The technique of supplying the water in each of these cases and the problems associated with materials compatibility are described. The chemical and microbiological quality of the water is reviewed, as are efforts to maintain the water in a microbially safe condition for drinking and food mixing. Accession ID: 73N24874 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973016147.pdf Document ID: 19730016147 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 81. Apollo experience report: Power generation system Bell, D., III; Plauche, F. M. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7142; MSC-S-347 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973 A comprehensive review of the design philosophy and experience of the Apollo electrical power generation system is presented. The review of the system covers a period of 8 years, from conception through the Apollo 12 lunar-landing mission. The program progressed from the definition phase to hardware design, system development and qualification, and, ultimately, to the flight phase. Several problems were encountered; however, a technology evolved that enabled resolution of the problems and resulted in a fully manrated power generation system. These problems are defined and examined, and the corrective action taken is discussed. Several recommendations are made to preclude similar occurrences and to provide a more reliable fuel-cell power system. Accession ID: 73N19873 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973011146.pdf Document ID: 19730011146 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-07-20 82. Apollo experience report: Pressure vessels Ecord, G. M. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6975; MSC-S-327 , 19720901; Sep 1, 1972 The Apollo spacecraft pressure vessels, associated problems and resolutions, and related experience in evaluating potential problem areas are discussed. Information is provided that can be used as a guideline in the establishment of baseline criteria for the design and use of lightweight pressure vessels. One of the first practical applications of the use of fracture-mechanics technology to protect against service failures was made on Apollo pressure vessels. Recommendations are made, based on Apollo experience, that are designed to reduce the incidence of failure in pressure-vessel operation and service. Accession ID: 72N31880 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972024230.pdf Document ID: 19720024230 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 83. Apollo experience report: Problem reporting and corrective action system Adams, T. J. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7586; JSC-S-384 , 19740201; Feb 1, 1974 The Apollo spacecraft Problem Reporting and Corrective Action System is presented. The evolution from the early system to the present day system is described. The deficiencies and the actions taken to correct them are noted, as are management controls for both the contractor and NASA. Significant experience gained from the Apollo Problem Reporting and Corrective Action System that may be applicable to future manned spacecraft is presented. Accession ID: 74N16561 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974008448.pdf Document ID: 19740008448 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 84. Apollo experience report: Processing of lunar samples in a sterile nitrogen atmosphere Mcpherson, T. M. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6858; MSC-S-332 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972 A sterile nitrogen atmosphere processing cabinet line was installed in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory to process returned lunar samples with minimum organic contamination. Design and operation of the cabinet line were complicated by the requirement for biological sterilization and isolation, which necessitated extensive filtration, leak-checking, and system sterilization before use. Industrial techniques were applied to lunar sample processing to meet requirements for time-critical experiments while handling a large flow of samples. Accession ID: 72N25099 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972017449.pdf Document ID: 19720017449 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 85. Apollo experience report: Protection against radiation English, R. A.; Benson, R. E.; Bailey, J. V.; Barnes, C. M. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7080; MSC-S-329 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973 Radiation protection problems on earth and in space are discussed. Flight through the Van Allen belts and into space beyond the geomagnetic shielding was recognized as hazardous before the advent of manned space flight. Specialized dosimetry systems were developed for use on the Apollo spacecraft, and systems for solar-particle-event warning and dose projection were devised. Radiation sources of manmade origin on board the Apollo spacecraft present additional problems. Methods applied to evaluate and control or avoid the various Apollo radiation hazards are discussed. Accession ID: 73N18899 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973010172.pdf Document ID: 19730010172 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 86. Apollo experience report: Protection of life and health Wooley, B. C. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6856; MSC-S-328 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972 The development, implementation, and effectiveness of the Apollo Lunar Quarantine Program and the Flight Crew Health Stabilization Program are discussed as part of the broad program required for the protection of the life and health of U.S. astronauts. Because the goal of the Apollo Program has been the safe transport of men to the moon and back to earth, protection of the astronauts and of the biosphere from potentially harmful lunar contaminants has been required. Also, to ensure mission success, the continuing good health of the astronauts before and during a mission has been necessary. Potential applications of specific aspects of the health and quarantine programs to possible manned missions to other planets are discussed. Accession ID: 72N25100 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972017450.pdf Document ID: 19720017450 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 87. Apollo experience report: Real-time auxiliary computing facility development Allday, C. E. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6855; MSC-S-326 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972 The Apollo real time auxiliary computing function and facility were an extension of the facility used during the Gemini Program. The facility was expanded to include support of all areas of flight control, and computer programs were developed for mission and mission-simulation support. The scope of the function was expanded to include prime mission support functions in addition to engineering evaluations, and the facility became a mandatory mission support facility. The facility functioned as a full scale mission support activity until after the first manned lunar landing mission. After the Apollo 11 mission, the function and facility gradually reverted to a nonmandatory, offline, on-call operation because the real time program flexibility was increased and verified sufficiently to eliminate the need for redundant computations. The evaluation of the facility and function and recommendations for future programs are discussed in this report. Accession ID: 72N25223 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972017573.pdf Document ID: 19720017573 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 88. Apollo experience report: Real-time display system Sullivan, C. J.; Burbank, L. W. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-8316; JSC-S-461 , 19760901; Sep 1, 1976 The real time display system used in the Apollo Program is described; the systematic organization of the system, which resulted from hardware/software trade-offs and the establishment of system criteria, is emphasized. Each basic requirement of the real time display system was met by a separate subsystem. The computer input multiplexer subsystem, the plotting display subsystem, the digital display subsystem, and the digital television subsystem are described. Also described are the automated display design and the generation of precision photographic reference slides required for the three display subsystems. Accession ID: 76N31240 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1976024152.pdf Document ID: 19760024152 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 89. Apollo experience report: Reliability and quality assurance Sperber, K. P. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7438; JSC-S-371 , 19730901; Sep 1, 1973 The reliability of the Apollo spacecraft resulted from the application of proven reliability and quality techniques and from sound management, engineering, and manufacturing practices. Continual assessment of these techniques and practices was made during the program, and, when deficiencies were detected, adjustments were made and the deficiencies were effectively corrected. The most significant practices, deficiencies, adjustments, and experiences during the Apollo Program are described in this report. These experiences can be helpful in establishing an effective base on which to structure an efficient reliability and quality assurance effort for future space-flight programs. Accession ID: 73N31769 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973023037.pdf Document ID: 19730023037 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 90. Apollo experience report: S-band system signal design and analysis Rosenberg, H. R. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6723; MSC-S-288 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972 A description is given of the Apollo communications-system engineering-analysis effort that ensured the adequacy, performance, and interface compatibility of the unified S-band system elements for a successful lunar-landing mission. The evolution and conceptual design of the unified S-band system are briefly reviewed from a historical viewpoint. A comprehensive discussion of the unified S-band elements includes the salient design features of the system and serves as a basis for a better understanding of the design decisions and analyses. The significant design decisions concerning the Apollo communications-system signal design are discussed providing an insight into the role of systems analysis in arriving at the current configuration of the Apollo communications system. Analyses are presented concerning performance estimation (mathematical-model development through real-time mission support) and system deficiencies, modifications, and improvements. Accession ID: 72N19903 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972012253.pdf Document ID: 19720012253 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 91. Apollo experience report: Safety activities Rice, C. N. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7950; JSC-S-422 , 19750401; Apr 1, 1975 A description is given of the flight safety experiences gained during the Apollo Program and safety, from the viewpoint of program management, engineering, mission planning, and ground test operations was discussed. Emphasis is placed on the methods used to identify the risks involved in flight and in certain ground test operations. In addition, there are discussions on the management and engineering activities used to eliminate or reduce these risks. Accession ID: 75N21308 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975013236.pdf Document ID: 19750013236 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 92. Apollo experience report: Service propulsion subsystem Gibson, C. R.; Wood, J. A. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7375; JSC-S-378 , 19730801; Aug 1, 1973 The significant service propulsion subsystem development, qualification, and flight experience from the early portion of the Apollo Program through the first lunar-landing mission is presented. Particular emphasis is given to problems encountered and solutions used to eliminate the problems. Accession ID: 73N31763 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973023031.pdf Document ID: 19730023031 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 93. Apollo experience report: Simulation of manned space flight for crew training Woodling, C. H.; Faber, S.; Vanbockel, J. J.; Olasky, C. C.; Williams, W. K.; Mire, J. L. C.; Homer, J. R. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7112; MSC-S-346 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973 Through space-flight experience and the development of simulators to meet the associated training requirements, several factors have been established as fundamental for providing adequate flight simulators for crew training. The development of flight simulators from Project Mercury through the Apollo 15 mission is described. The functional uses, characteristics, and development problems of the various simulators are discussed for the benefit of future programs. Accession ID: 73N19876 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973011149.pdf Document ID: 19730011149 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 94. Apollo experience report: Spacecraft heating environment and thermal protection for launch through the atmosphere of the earth Dotts, R. L. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7085; MSC-S-350 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973 The techniques that were used to define the aerothermodynamic environment of the Apollo spacecraft during the boost phase and to predict the structural temperatures of the spacecraft are discussed. The wind-tunnel and radiant-heating tests that were used to support the analytical predictions are discussed. The analytical predictions are discussed. The accuracy of the boost-phase heating-analysis techniques is shown by comparing the techniques with flight data. The analytical techniques for predicting heating characteristics and structural temperatures of the spacecraft were adequate for predicting the temperatures of the Apollo spacecraft during the boost phase. Accession ID: 73N18903 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973010176.pdf Document ID: 19730010176 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 95. Apollo experience report: Spacecraft pyrotechnic systems Falbo, M. J.; Robinson, R. L. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7141; MSC-S-340 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973 Pyrotechnic devices were used successfully in many systems of the Apollo spacecraft. The physical and functional characteristics of each device are described. The development, qualification, and performance tests of the devices and the ground-support equipment are discussed briefly. Recommendations for pyrotechnic devices on future space vehicles are given. Accession ID: 73N19878 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973011151.pdf Document ID: 19730011151 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 96. Apollo experience report: Spacecraft relative motion and recontact analyses Mcadams, R. E.; Gott, C. J.; Williamson, M. L. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7920; JSC-S-421 , 19750401; Apr 1, 1975 Potential collision or accidental recontact problems between the spacecraft and other space vehicles (or components) existed during most of the Apollo missions. These problems were identified before each Apollo flight, and appropriate solutions for eliminating or minimizing the chance of collision were determined through relative motion analyses. A summary of the identification, solution, and analysis process for some of the more significant of these separation problems is presented. In addition, the scope of responsibility, the development of the study effort, and the computer simulation development, which supported the analysis process, are described. Accession ID: 75N20416 Document ID: 19750012344 No Digital Version Available - Order This Document from CASI Updated/Added to NTRS: 2004-11-03 97. Apollo experience report: Spacecraft structural windows Pigg, O. E.; Weiss, S. P. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7439; JSC-S-377 , 19730901; Sep 1, 1973 The window structural design and verification experience is presented for the Apollo command and lunar modules. This report presents window design philosophy, design criteria, hardware description, and qualification and acceptance test programs and discusses the problems encountered and solutions developed in these areas. The structural characteristics of glass are not generally well understood by designers. The optics and instrument glass covers were not considered to be structural components and thus were not normally subjected to the design, qualification, and acceptance standards necessary to preclude failures. These two factors contributed significantly to window problems on both Apollo spacecraft. Accession ID: 73N31770 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973023038.pdf Document ID: 19730023038 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 98. Apollo experience report: Spacecraft structure subsystem Smith, P. D. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7780; JSC-S-400 , 19741001; Oct 1, 1974 The flightworthiness of the Apollo spacecraft structure was verified primarily through a rigorous, vehicle level, ground test program and flight tests. The failures and anomalies encountered during this testing were the major factors considered in determining necessary modifications to the basic design of the spacecraft structure. In this report, these failures, their causes, and their resolutions are discussed. A description of the spacecraft structure and discussions of the ground and flight test programs are presented. Accession ID: 74N34339 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974026226.pdf Document ID: 19740026226 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 99. Apollo experience report: Structural loads due to maneuvers of the command and service module/lunar module Rutkowski, M. J. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6719; MSC-S-280 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972 Analyses were performed to determine the structural loads caused by maneuvers of the docked Apollo command and service module/lunar module (CSM/LM). Results of CSM/LM docked interface loads analyses and service-propulsion-system engine support structure load analyses are compared with the structural allowable loads of the CSM/LM docked interface and the service-propulsion-system engine thrust mount, respectively, for different phases of spaceflight operations. An analysis also was performed to investigate the loads that resulted from the failure case in which the LM descent propulsion system is started in the full-throttle position. Accession ID: 72N19906 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972012256.pdf Document ID: 19720012256 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 100. Apollo experience report: Systems and flight procedures development Kramer, P. C. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7436; JSC-S-366 , 19730901; Sep 1, 1973 This report describes the process of crew procedures development used in the Apollo Program. The two major categories, Systems Procedures and Flight Procedures, are defined, as are the forms of documentation required. A description is provided of the operation of the procedures change control process, which includes the roles of man-in-the-loop simulations and the Crew Procedures Change Board. Brief discussions of significant aspects of the attitude control, computer, electrical power, environmental control, and propulsion subsystems procedures development are presented. Flight procedures are subdivided by mission phase: launch and translunar injection, rendezvous, lunar descent and ascent, and entry. Procedures used for each mission phase are summarized. Accession ID: 73N31772 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973023040.pdf Document ID: 19730023040 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 101. Apollo experience report: Television system Coan, P. P. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7476; JSC-S-300 , 19731101; Nov 1, 1973 The progress of the Apollo television systems from the early definition of requirements through the development and inflight use of color television hardware is presented. Television systems that have been used during the Apollo Program are discussed, beginning with a description of the specifications for each system. The document describes the technical approach taken for the development of each system and discusses the prototype and engineering hardware built to test the system itself and to perform the testing to verify compatibility with the spacecraft systems. Problems that occurred during the design and development phase are described. Finally, the flight hardware, operational characteristics, and performance during several Apollo missions are described, and specific recommendations for the remaining Apollo flights and future space missions are made. Accession ID: 74N10814 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974002701.pdf Document ID: 19740002701 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 102. Apollo experience report: Test and checkout Mechelay, J. E. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7683; JSC-S-392 , 19740501; May 1, 1974 The problem areas encountered during the development of the acceptance testing and preflight checkout requirements and procedures for Apollo spacecraft are discussed. Recommendations are given for cases in which methods used in the Apollo program are considered to apply to future space flight programs. Accession ID: 74N23399 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974015286.pdf Document ID: 19740015286 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 103. Apollo experience report: The AN/ARD-17 direction finding system Chase, W. R.; Middleton, W. A. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7886; JSC-S-416 , 19750301; Mar 1, 1975 This report contains a statement of the operational philosophy and requirements leading to the development of the AN/ARD-17 direction-finding system. The technical problems encountered and the solutions devised in the AN/ARD-17 development are discussed. An evaluation of the system under actual operational conditions is included. Accession ID: 75N18273 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975010201.pdf Document ID: 19750010201 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 104. Apollo experience report: The application of a computerized visualization capability to lunar missions Hyle, C. T.; Lunde, A. N. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6853; MSC-S-323 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972 The development of a computerized capability to depict views from the Apollo spacecraft during a lunar mission was undertaken before the Apollo 8 mission. Such views were considered valuable because of the difficulties in visualizing the complex geometry of the Earth, Moon, Sun, and spacecraft. Such visualization capability originally was desired for spacecraft attitude verification and contingency situations. Improvements were added for later Apollo flights, and results were adopted for several real time and preflight applications. Some specific applications have included crewmember and ground control personnel familiarization, nominal and contingency mission planning, definition of secondary attitude checks for all major thrust maneuvers, and preflight star selection for navigation and for platform alinement. The use of this computerized visualization capability should prove valuable for any future space program as an aid to understanding the geometrical relationships between the spacecraft and the celestial surroundings. Accession ID: 72N25600 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972017950.pdf Document ID: 19720017950 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 105. Apollo experience report: The cryogenic storage system Chandler, W. A.; Rice, R. R.; Allgeier, R. K., Jr. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7288; MSC-S-321 , 19730601; Jun 1, 1973 A review of the design, development, and flight history of the Apollo cryogenic storage system and of selected components within the system is presented. Discussions are presented on the development history of the pressure vessels, heaters, insulation, and selected components. Flight experience and operational difficulties are reported in detail to provide definition of the problems and applicable corrective actions. Accession ID: 73N25889 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973017162.pdf Document ID: 19730017162 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 106. Apollo experience report: The development of design-loads criteria, methods, and operational procedures for prelaunch, lift-off, and midboost conditions Mackey, A. C.; Schwartz, R. D. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7373; JSC-S-342 , 19730801; Aug 1, 1973 The prelaunch, lift-off, and midboost conditions that are important to the design of spacecraft are described. Original Apollo design concepts that were deficient in realistic and accurate analysis of spacecraft structural loads in a wind environment also are included. Important improvements in design criteria, mathematical models, wind-monitoring procedures, and loads analyses are discussed. Recommendations for future programs are presented. Accession ID: 73N29875 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973021143.pdf Document ID: 19730021143 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 107. Apollo experience report: The docking system Langley, R. D. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6854; MSC-S-325 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972 The decision to accomplish the lunar landing mission by use of the lunar orbit rendezvous technique required that a docking system be developed to allow: (1) spacecraft modules to be structurally joined, (2) intravehicular transfer of the crew and equipment, and (3) separation of the modules. The basic design criteria of the docking system, the evolution process, and the various docking concepts considered for the Apollo program are presented. Docking systems that were considered for the Apollo program included both impact and nonimpact systems; a probe and drogue impact system was selected. Physical and functional descriptions of the probe and drogue, the crew transfer tunnel, and docking ring latches are presented for both the early configuration and the present configuration as influenced by the development and qualification test programs. In addition, preflight checkout activity and mission performance of the system are discussed. Accession ID: 72N25857 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972018207.pdf Document ID: 19720018207 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 108. Apollo experience report: The problem of stress-corrosion cracking Johnson, R. E. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7111; MSC-S-344 , 19730301; Mar 1, 1973 Stress-corrosion cracking has been the most common cause of structural-material failures in the Apollo Program. The frequency of stress-corrosion cracking has been high and the magnitude of the problem, in terms of hardware lost and time and money expended, has been significant. In this report, the significant Apollo Program experiences with stress-corrosion cracking are discussed. The causes of stress-corrosion cracking and the corrective actions are discussed, in terminology familiar to design engineers and management personnel, to show how stress-corrosion cracking can be prevented. Accession ID: 73N19875 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1973011148.pdf Document ID: 19730011148 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 109. Apollo experience report: The role of flight mission rules in mission preparation and conduct Keyser, L. W. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7822; JSC-S-417 , 19741101; Nov 1, 1974 The development of flight mission rules from the mission development phase through the detailed mission-planning phase and through the testing and training phase is analyzed. The procedure for review of the rules and the coordination requirements for mission-rule development are presented. The application of the rules to real-time decision making is outlined, and consideration is given to the benefit of training ground controllers and flightcrews in the methods of determining the best response to a nonnominal in-flight situation for which no action has been preplanned. The Flight Mission Rules document is discussed in terms of the purpose and objective thereof and in terms of the definition, the development, and the use of mission rules. Accession ID: 75N10965 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1975002893.pdf Document ID: 19750002893 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-06-10 110. Apollo experience report: Thermal design of Apollo lunar surface experiments package Harris, R. S., Jr. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6738; MSC-S-310 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972 The evolution of the thermal design of the Apollo lunar surface experiments package central station from the basic concept to the final flight hardware is discussed, including results of development, prototype, and qualification tests that were used to verify that the flight hardware would operate adequately on the lunar surface. In addition, brief discussions of the thermal design of experiments included in the experiments package are presented. The flight thermal performance is compared with analytical results and thermal-vacuum test results, and design modifications for future lunar surface experiment packages are presented. Accession ID: 72N20842 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972013192.pdf Document ID: 19720013192 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 111. Apollo experience report: Thermal protection from engine-plume environments Taylor, J. T. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6844; MSC-S-293 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972 Portions of the combined Apollo spacecraft (the command and service module and the lunar module) are subjected to the impingement of hot exhaust gases from the various propulsion systems of the modules. The configurations of the vehicles and the sources of impinging engine plumes are described. A typical Apollo mission is outlined. Protection and design-verification methods are discussed. Finally, recommendations are made for future spacecraft programs. Accession ID: 72N25922 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972018272.pdf Document ID: 19720018272 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 112. Apollo experience report: Thermal protection subsystem Pavlosky, J. E.; St.leger, L. G. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-7564; JSC-S-383 , 19740101; Jan 1, 1974 The Apollo command module was the first manned spacecraft to be designed to enter the atmosphere of the earth at lunar-return velocity, and the design of the thermal protection subsystem for the resulting entry environment presented a major technological challenge. Brief descriptions of the Apollo command module thermal design requirements and thermal protection configuration, and some highlights of the ground and flight testing used for design verification of the system are presented. Some of the significant events that occurred and decisions that were made during the program concerning the thermal protection subsystem are discussed. Accession ID: 74N15536 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1974007423.pdf Document ID: 19740007423 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 113. Apollo experience report: Very high frequency ranging system Panter, W. C.; Shores, P. W. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6851; MSC-S-320 , 19720601; Jun 1, 1972 The history of the Apollo very-high-frequency ranging system development program is presented from the program-planning stage through the final-test and flight-evaluation stages. Block diagrams of the equipment are presented, and a description of the theory of operation is outlined. A sample of the distribution of errors measured in the aircraft-flight test program is included. The report is concluded with guidelines or recommendations for the management of development programs having the same general constraints. Accession ID: 72N25187 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972017537.pdf Document ID: 19720017537 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 114. Apollo experience report: Voice communications techniques and performance Dabbs, J. H.; Schmidt, O. L. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6739; MSC-S-313 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972 The primary performance requirement of the spaceborne Apollo voice communications system is percent word intelligibility, which is related to other link/channel parameters. The effect of percent word intelligibility on voice channel design and a description of the verification procedures are included. Development and testing performance problems and the techniques used to solve the problems are also discussed. Voice communications performance requirements should be comprehensive and verified easily; the total system must be considered in component design, and the necessity of voice processing and the associated effect on noise, distortion, and cross talk should be examined carefully. Accession ID: 72N20844 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972013194.pdf Document ID: 19720013194 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 end |
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Found more Apollo Experience Reports.
The Apollo Experience Reports. Holman, D. N. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) International Technical Communications Conference, Houston, TX, May 9-12, 1973 , 19730501; May 1, 1973 This paper presents some of the problems and procedures in producing the Apollo Experience Reports, a series of about 121 documents covering the major technical system and subsystem experience in the design concepts for the Apollo Project, NASA's manned lunar landing program. This series of documents replaced technical conferences to document Apollo experience, and met the need to document crew/hardware interface experience. The purpose of these reports is to provide guidance for future programs of the magnitude and complexity of the Apollo Project and to convey very specific information to a selective segment of the engineering and technical management sectors of the aerospace community. Accession ID: 73A34300 Document ID: 19730049498 No Digital Version Available - Go to Tips on Ordering Updated/Added to NTRS: 2004-11-03 Apollo experience reports: Window contamination Leger, L. J.; Bricker, R. W. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-6721; MSC-S-284 , 19720301; Mar 1, 1972 The problem of window contamination in the Apollo command module is reviewed. All five command module windows were contaminated while in earth orbit on the first three manned Apollo flights. The contamination sources were identified and eliminated. Preflight testing of lunar module windows showed that no serious contamination should occur, and this conclusion was verified in subsequent manned flights. The command module window designs and materials are described, the window contamination sources are identified, and the inflight and chemical analyses of the contamination are outlined. The corrective actions that were taken are reviewed. For the lunar module, the window design and materials and the preflight and fight evaluations are described. Window design recommendations are made. Accession ID: 72N19907 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1972012257.pdf Document ID: 19720012257 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-05-17 Apollo experiment report: Lunar-sample processing in the lunar receiving laboratory high-vacuum complex White, D. R. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) NASA-TN-D-8298; JSC-S-459; JSC-07272 , 19760801; Aug 1, 1976 A high-vacuum complex composed of an atmospheric decontamination system, sample-processing chambers, storage chambers, and a transfer system was built to process and examine lunar material while maintaining quarantine status. Problems identified, equipment modifications, and procedure changes made for Apollo 11 and 12 sample processing are presented. The sample processing experiences indicate that only a few operating personnel are required to process the sample efficiently, safely, and rapidly in the high-vacuum complex. The high-vacuum complex was designed to handle the many contingencies, both quarantine and scientific, associated with handling an unknown entity such as the lunar sample. Lunar sample handling necessitated a complex system that could not respond rapidly to changing scientific requirements as the characteristics of the lunar sample were better defined. Although the complex successfully handled the processing of Apollo 11 and 12 lunar samples, the scientific requirement for vacuum samples was deleted after the Apollo 12 mission just as the vacuum system was reaching its full potential. Accession ID: 76N30249 http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/ca...1976023161.pdf Document ID: 19760023161 Updated/Added to NTRS: 2005-07-20 end |
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