Water-Based Perpetual Motion Machines in Living Systems

Perpetual motion of water in the "floating water bridge" system, plus hints that the effect may play a crucial role in living systems:

https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1603/1603.07896.pdf
Adam D. Wexler et al., Magnetic resonance imaging of flow and mass transfer in electrohydrodynamic liquid bridges: "MR phase contrast imaging reveals that within the bridge section two separate counter propagating flows pass one above the other in the bridge. [...] Two counter current flows are present in the bridge (figure 9b), one flowing over the other as they cross from one beaker to the other."

https://www.wetsus.nl/home/wetsus-ne...n-innovation/1
"The water movement is bidirectional, i.e., it simultaneously flows in both directions... [...] There is practically nothing ordinary about the water in an active floating bridge, and this is no esoteric experiment, as the strength and shape of the electric field we apply in the water bridge is nearly ubiquitous throughout nature. It turns out that if we examine the electric fields present in nature, such as those in living cells, around soil particles, or in clouds, we find that the field strengths are on the same order of magnitude - megavolts per meter. Which incidentally is the same in the water bridge, not to mention inside many electrochemical and biochemical fuel cells that are now being used to develop the next generation of resource recovery technologies. Megavolts per meter seems to be this kind of universal constant of field strength in aqueous systems. It's such an enticing observation that, during my defense, one of my opponents made a point to ask whether I thought this was just a coincidence or indicated some deeper truth that we are as yet unaware. Of course I had to answer the latter, as I am a firm believer that nature is quite deliberate in its construction and there are really no accidents. [...] The floating water bridge is a long-lost piece of the puzzle in understanding why water is such an unusual substance. What we had missed was that, in liquids there exists an intrinsic disequilibrium which continuously drives the system around within a big basin of possible configurations; and water is again exceptional. When we apply the electric field, we perturb the dynamics and change the shape of the attractor basin. This in turn changes the flow of energy through the system and may even liberate stored energy that is inaccessible when the liquid is in the ground state."

Note that some "stored energy" was "inaccessible" and is now "liberated". This "stored energy" is AMBIENT HEAT. We have a fundamental mechanism of utilization of ambient heat (no need for a temperature gradient) that has remained hidden for too long, thanks to the inclination of mankind to blind itself by imposing false restrictive principles - in this case the second law of thermodynamics. In an electric field, water is capable of undergoing eternal motion and the energy source behind this is heat absorbed from the surroundings. The absorbed heat eventually returns to the surroundings, due to friction. However the eternal motion can be harnessed - then heat absorbed from the surroundings will be converted into work, in violation of the second law of thermodynamics.

The floating water bridge is a relatively complicated system - it would be difficult to extract the underlying fundamental physics from it. Fortunately, the same fundamental physics is present in the much simpler capacitor-in-dielectric-liquid system.

In the electric field between two capacitor plates (or, generally, two opposite electric charges) water develops a specific force (pressure) which, like other forces, can cause motion and produce work:

http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teachin...es/node46.html
"However, in experiments in which a capacitor is submerged in a dielectric liquid the force per unit area exerted by one plate on another is observed to decrease... [...] This apparent paradox can be explained by taking into account the difference in liquid pressure in the field filled space between the plates and the field free region outside the capacitor."

http://www.amazon.com/Classical-Elec...iglink21401-20
Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky, Melba Phillips, Classical Electricity and Magnetism, pp.115-116: "Thus the decrease in force that is experienced between two charges when they are immersed in a dielectric liquid can be understood only by considering the effect of the PRESSURE OF THE LIQUID ON THE CHARGES themselves."

http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-T.../dp/0763738271
Tai Chow, Introduction to Electromagnetic Theory: A Modern Perspective, p. 267: "The strictly electric forces between charges on the conductors are not influenced by the presence of the dielectric medium. The medium is polarized, however, and the interaction of the electric field with the polarized medium results in an INCREASED FLUID PRESSURE ON THE CONDUCTORS that reduces the net forces acting on them."

Crucial questions a If the pressure that emerges between the plates is allowed to produce work, what source of energy will be used? And what molecular mechanisms will be responsible for the work production? I tried to answer such questions in 2004 but the paper was not very well written:

http://www.gsjournal.net/old/valev/valev2.htm
Biased Thermal Motion and the Second Law of Thermodynamics (August 12, 2004)

Let me offer a clearer (I believe) explanation. Consider a constant-charge parallel-plate capacitor with a polarized SOLID dielectric between the plates:

http://www.gsjournal.net/old/valev/val1.gif

Since the molecules of the dielectric material are polarized, they generate an electric field which counteracts the original field and so reduces the voltage between the plates. On the other hand, the attraction between the plates increases (the polarization obviously reinforces the original attraction).

If the dielectric is LIQUID and the plates are totally immersed in it, the attraction between the plates surprisingly decreases, due to the pressure that emerges in the space between the plates. We have a high pressure between the plates and a lower pressure outside the capacitor so if we punch a small hole in one of the plates, there will be an ETERNAL FLOW through the hole, from inside (between the plates) to outside. In other words, we will have a SYSTEM IN DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM. The eternal flow can be harnessed to do work, in violation of the second law of thermodynamics.

The system can violate the second law in a more traditional way. If the plates of the capacitor are only partially immersed, the pressure between them pushes the liquid upwards:

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc...=rep1&type=pdf
I. BREVIK, EXPERIMENTS IN PHENOMENOLOGICAL ELECTRODYNAMICS AND THE ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY-MOMENTUM TENSOR, pp. 143-144: "We shall first give some supplementary comments on the well known situation shown in fig. 1, where two parallel condenser plates are partially immersed in a dielectric liquid. When a horizontal electric field E is applied between the plates, the liquid will rise within the condenser to some equilibrium height h."

http://www.academia.edu/25650739/Flu..._and_stability
I. Brevik, Fluids in electric and magnetic fields: Pressure variation and stability, Can. J . Phys. (1982): "Fig. 1. Two charged condenser plates partly immersed in a dielectric liquid. [...] Fig. 2. The hydrostatic pressure variation from point 1 to point 5 in Fig. 1."

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHNwvfXUYb4
Rise in Liquid Level Between Plates of a Capacitor

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T6KAH1JpdPg
Liquid Dielectric Capacitor

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACDxurDAmyg
Chapter 11.6.2: Force on a liquid dielectric

But the rising dielectric liquid can do useful work, e.g. by lifting some floating weight, and here is the crucial question again: At the expense of what energy is the work done? Since, by switching the field on and off, we do no work on the system, the energy supplier can only be the ambient heat. That is, the system can cyclically lift floating weights at the expense of heat absorbed from the surroundings, in violation of the second law of thermodynamics.

What is the molecular mechanism behind the effect? Here is a schematic presentation of water dipoles in the electrical field:

http://www.gsjournal.net/old/valev/val2.gif

If it were not for the indicated (with an arrow) dipole, other dipoles in the picture are perfectly polarized as if there were no thermal motion. Of course, this is an oversimplification – thermal motion is a factor which constantly disturbs the polarization order. However the crucial point is that, as can be inferred from the picture, any thermal disturbance contributes to the creation of a pressure between the plates. Consider the indicated dipole. It has just received a strong thermal stroke and undergone rotation. As a result, it pushes adjacent dipoles electrostatically, towards the plates. Macroscopically, the sum of all such disturbances is expressed as a pressure exerted on the plates. One can also say, somewhat roughly, that the indicated dipole has absorbed heat and now, by pushing adjacent dipoles, is trying to convert it into work.

In general terms, electric fields manage to channel the chaotic thermal motion into a macroscopically expressed force capable of doing macroscopic work. In 2002 I tried, for the first time, to call the attention of the scientific community to the effect (but failed):

"In the chemical example, dynamical equilibrium is established in the presence of catalysts that selectively favor either the forward or reverse reaction - a property that is by no means indisputable. (Rather, the denial of this property is an essential dogma in chemistry). Yet there is another example in which the principle of dynamical equilibrium is, in my view, obvious.. [...] ...as two vertical constant-charge capacitor plates partially dip into a pool of a liquid dielectric (e.g. water), the liquid between them rises high above the surface of the rest of the liquid in the pool. Evidently, if one punches a macroscopic hole in one of the plates, nothing could prevent the liquid between the plates from leaking out through the hole and generating an eternal waterfall outside the capacitor. This hypothesis has been discussed on many occasions but so far no serious counter-argument has been raised." Pentcho Valev, The Law of Self-Acting Machines and Irreversible Processes with Reversible Replicas. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AIPC..643..430V

I believe the proper analysis of the behavior of water in an electric field will lay the foundations of an entirely new worldview.

Pentcho Valev

An incredible situation in science: Scientists watch the video below, see a breathtaking circular motion apparently able to produce an unlimited amount of work, but the question "What is the energy source behind this?" is never asked:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17UD1goTFhQ
"The Formation of the Floating Water Bridge including electric breakdowns"

The question is too dangerous. The answer, "Ambient heat", implies revolution but also catastrophe in science:

http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/o/orwe...hapter2.9.html
"Crimestop means the faculty of stopping short, as though by instinct, at the threshold of any dangerous thought. It includes the power of not grasping analogies, of failing to perceive logical errors, of misunderstanding the simplest arguments if they are inimical to Ingsoc, and of being bored or repelled by any train of thought which is capable of leading in a heretical direction. Crimestop, in short, means protective stupidity."

Pentcho Valev