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Japan has the next Chernobyl apparently.
If you plot the energy per nucleon versus atomic weight of every
isotope known, you will see that everything lighter than Iron-56 gains energy when its nucleus fuses together. You will also see that everything heavier than Iron-56 gains energy when its nucleus breaks apart (fizzes). This is the physical basis of fission and fusion energy. About 1% of the rest mass energy of Uranium can be released by fission. About 8% of the rest mass energy of Hydrogen can be released by fusion. So, the science of nuclear transformation can be a source of tremendous energy for humanity. This is why Leo Szilard, inventor of the nuclear reactor, the nuclear bomb, and the nuclear rocket, studied nuclear physics in the 1920s following his involvement in World War One. Szilard felt that confined to Earth humanity would fight and court danger. As a result, we would be condemned to endless war. He felt that if we released the power of the atom war would exterminate humanity, while at the same time releasing those with the appropriate drive and skills, from the confines of the Earth. He wrote in a letter to Jacob Brownowski in 1931, “This was what mankind needed, if I wanted to contribute something to save mankind, then I would probably go into nuclear physics, because only through the liberation of atomic energy could we obtain the means which would enable man not only to leave the Earth but to leave the solar system.” He achieved this end. And there has been a fight behind the scenes ever since about how to use this energy source going forward. In the 1950s after World War Two, there was a fight about how much information should be allowed into the commercial side of nuclear energy. There are those within the US military who didn't want any commercial nuclear program. There are others who didn't want any restraint on knowledge. We got only part of the story about nuclear power at that time. As is true with wiki-leaks today, the CIA and other agencies helped shape public opinion using leaked information and then issuing press releases about it. Klaus Fuchs and the Rosenbergs were the scape goats and patsies in this program. This leak occurred at the time we knew the Soviets would have a bomb anyway, and was spun to enlarge the US military budgets while at the same time restricting commercial access to needed knowledge on the basis it would be a security threat to the US to have this information known. Both fission and fusion release energy. This can be done by a variety of methods. Neutron mediated reactions are the easiest to carry out, but other particles and energies can be used to bring about nuclear transformations - whether making light things heavier or heavy things lighter. Neutrons can for example be used to bring about fusion - adding a neutron to a light nucleus makes it heavier, releasing energy. This isn't well known outside the military community since it was argued that there are lots of easily separated isotopes that could be used to make nuclear weapons and light isotopes are easier to separate - deuterium for example can use a rather modest centrifuge to separate it from protium when bound as water. Neutrons can also be used to destabilize large nucleii causing them to break apart. The most difficult to separate isotopes were offered to the commercial sector. The military kept the more advanced systems secret. Those more advanced systems went into the development of a new class of nuclear powered aircraft. Those were held at secret military bases and now form the basis of a continuity of government psy op - based in part on the proven success of War of the Worlds to motivate the public with awe and fear - leading to the modern mythos of UFOs as outlined by Carl Jung. That is, the myth of the UFO is perpetrated in the media and theater and the popular press in such a way that if the USA ceases to exist in any conventional sense, or is challenged in any other way, it has the resources using advanced atomic powered aircraft to influence events in the world and in its former territory, by pretending to be visiting aliens that want to help (or harm as the case may be) humanity. Of course, this entire operation would not be believed if we had bases on the moon, or mars, or if we had widespread use of nuclear powered commercial aircraft and automobiles. In any event, with neutron mediated nuclear transformations, the nuclei created as a result of adding a neutron must release more neutrons to have the possibility of a self-sustaining chain reaction. When these conditions are met given the speed of the nuclear process, ALL of a given mass of reacting material is converted to reaction products and lots of energy - in a very short time - millionths of second. All that must be done is to set them off. To achieve this with a neutron flux system, a critical mass is required. Less than this mass will allow neutrons to leave the mass before they contribute to the process. More than this mass assures the prompt conversion of the entire mass to reaction products and energy. The first atomic bomb design - the Thin Man - or Little Boy - consists of two cannons pointed at one another with shells made of sub critical fissile material. The second atomic bomb design - the Fat Man - consists of a spherical or cylindrical shell surrounded by shaped plastic explosive - to compress that shell to criticality. The third design - Small Man - compresses a solid subcritical mass to higher density - bringing it to criticality that way. As mentioned above neutron mediated fusion can occur. That is, given a strong source of neutrons, a wide range of lightweight materials can be packed around a bomb to enhance its yield. Understanding these processes give rise to new understanding of the nucleus and from that, new processes to build reaction cycles. A simple and hard to achieve fusion process not involving neutrons is thermonuclear fusion. This is how the sun works at its center. Criticality is replaced by the Lawson criterion. That is, heat not neutrons are the driving force. For fusion to be sustained, heat must be added to a plasma by the reaction faster than it leaves the plasma. This condition is easily achieved in the Teller-Ulam bomb design. Here, an atomic bomb is detonated at the focus of a parabolic reflector of special design. Think of a flash light bulb at the center of a reflector making a beam. That beam of neutrons and gamma rays falls on an identical reflector focusing the neutrons and gamma rays to a point offset from the original detonation point. At that second point is placed material like Lithium Deuteride - that fuses when compressed by intense gamma ray and neutron bombardment. In this way, a kiloton fission yield bomb can be multiplied into a megaton thermonuclear fusion yield bomb. The important detail for reactor designers is the reflectors. Those reflectors are classified. This was an important argument back in the 1950s about making fundamentally safe nuclear reactors. Because two designs are possible; A supercritical design that requires active control of neutron absorbing control rods - that if anything at all happened to those control rods - would lead to an irreversible melt down. or A subcritical design that operates with passive control of neutron reflecting controls - that if anything happened to those reflectors - would lead to a natural shut down of the reaction. Widespread use of subcritical fission systems would be safe - in both commercial and academic settings. The ability to make them critical with neutron reflectors would allow a wide range of safe reliable energy sources. It would also allow independent replication of nearly all the experimental results providing a deep seated understanding of nuclear reactions across the entire periodic table. This would likely result in widespread use of nuclear energy. And widespread capability for independent agencies to create new types of nuclear bombs and new type of self propelled delivery systems. So, the decision was taken to restrict commercial reactors to the super-critical design. It is likely that elements who didn't want even this within the US military, have shaped the development of commercial nuclear power in such a way as to lead to its eventual abandonment. Of which stuxnet and the present reporting of the difficulties in Japan may be the end result. All that's needed for this to happen is for a supercritical mass to be present. |
#2
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Japan has the next Chernobyl apparently.
On Mar 18, 10:19*am, wrote:
If you plot the energy per nucleon versus atomic weight of every isotope known, you will see that everything lighter than Iron-56 gains energy when its nucleus fuses together. * You will also see that everything heavier than Iron-56 gains energy when its nucleus breaks apart (fizzes). *This is the physical basis of fission and fusion energy. * About 1% of the rest mass energy of Uranium can be released by fission. *About 8% of the rest mass energy of Hydrogen can be released by fusion. So, the science of nuclear transformation can be a source of tremendous energy for humanity. *This is why Leo Szilard, inventor of the nuclear reactor, the nuclear bomb, and the nuclear rocket, studied nuclear physics in the 1920s following his involvement in World War One. *Szilard felt that confined to Earth humanity would fight and court danger. *As a result, we would be condemned to endless war. *He felt that if we released the power of the atom war would exterminate humanity, while at the same time releasing those with the appropriate drive and skills, from the confines of the Earth. *He wrote in a letter to Jacob Brownowski in 1931, “This was what mankind needed, if I wanted to contribute something to save mankind, then I would probably go into nuclear physics, because only through the liberation of atomic energy could we obtain the means which would enable man not only to leave the Earth but to leave the solar system.” He achieved this end. And there has been a fight behind the scenes ever since about how to use this energy source going forward. In the 1950s after World War Two, there was a fight about how much information should be allowed into the commercial side of nuclear energy. *There are those within the US military who didn't want any commercial nuclear program. *There are others who didn't want any restraint on knowledge. *We got only part of the story about nuclear power at that time. As is true with wiki-leaks today, the CIA and other agencies helped shape public opinion using leaked information and then issuing press releases about it. *Klaus Fuchs and the Rosenbergs were the scape goats and patsies in this program. *This leak occurred at the time we knew the Soviets would have a bomb anyway, and was spun to enlarge the US military budgets while at the same time restricting commercial access to needed knowledge on the basis it would be a security threat to the US to have this information known. Both fission and fusion release energy. *This can be done by a variety of methods. *Neutron mediated reactions are the easiest to carry out, but other particles and energies can be used to bring about nuclear transformations - whether making light things heavier or heavy things lighter. *Neutrons can for example be used to bring about fusion - adding a neutron to a light nucleus makes it heavier, releasing energy. *This isn't well known outside the military community since it was argued that there are lots of easily separated isotopes that could be used to make nuclear weapons and light isotopes are easier to separate - deuterium for example can use a rather modest centrifuge to separate it from protium when bound as water. *Neutrons can also be used to destabilize large nucleii causing them to break apart. *The most difficult to separate isotopes were offered to the commercial sector. *The military kept the more advanced systems secret. *Those more advanced systems went into the development of a new class of nuclear powered aircraft. *Those were held at secret military bases and now form the basis of a continuity of government psy op - based in part on the proven success of War of the Worlds to motivate the public with awe and fear - leading to the modern mythos of UFOs as outlined by Carl Jung. *That is, the myth of the UFO is perpetrated in the media and theater and the popular press in such a way that if the USA ceases to exist in any conventional sense, or is challenged in any other way, it has the resources using advanced atomic powered aircraft to influence events in the world and in its former territory, by pretending to be visiting aliens that want to help (or harm as the case may be) humanity. Of course, this entire operation would not be believed if we had bases on the moon, or mars, or if we had widespread use of nuclear powered commercial aircraft and automobiles. In any event, with neutron mediated nuclear transformations, the nuclei created as a result of adding a neutron must release more neutrons to have the possibility of a self-sustaining chain reaction. When these conditions are met given the speed of the nuclear process, ALL of a given mass of reacting material is converted to reaction products and lots of energy - in a very short time - millionths of second. * All that must be done is to set them off. To achieve this with a neutron flux system, a critical mass is required. * *Less than this mass will allow neutrons to leave the mass before they contribute to the process. *More than this mass assures the prompt conversion of the entire mass to reaction products and energy. The first atomic bomb design - the Thin Man - or Little Boy - consists of two cannons pointed at one another with shells made of sub critical fissile material. *The second atomic bomb design - the Fat Man - consists of a spherical or cylindrical shell surrounded by shaped plastic explosive - to compress that shell to criticality. *The third design - Small Man - compresses a solid subcritical mass to higher density - bringing it to criticality that way. As mentioned above neutron mediated fusion can occur. *That is, given a strong source of neutrons, a wide range of lightweight materials can be packed around a bomb to enhance its yield. *Understanding these processes give rise to new understanding of the nucleus and from that, new processes to build reaction cycles. A simple and hard to achieve fusion process not involving neutrons is thermonuclear fusion. *This is how the sun works at its center. Criticality is replaced by the Lawson criterion. *That is, heat not neutrons are the driving force. *For fusion to be sustained, heat must be added to a plasma by the reaction faster than it leaves the plasma. This condition is easily achieved in the Teller-Ulam bomb design. Here, an atomic bomb is detonated at the focus of a parabolic reflector of special design. *Think of a flash light bulb at the center of a reflector making a beam. *That beam of neutrons and gamma rays falls on an identical reflector focusing the neutrons and gamma rays to a point offset from the original detonation point. *At that second point is placed material like Lithium Deuteride - that fuses when compressed by intense gamma ray and neutron bombardment. In this way, a kiloton fission yield bomb can be multiplied into a megaton thermonuclear fusion yield bomb. The important detail for reactor designers is the reflectors. Those reflectors are classified. This was an important argument back in the 1950s about making fundamentally safe nuclear reactors. Because two designs are possible; A supercritical design that requires active control of neutron absorbing control rods - that if anything at all happened to those control rods - would lead to an irreversible melt down. or A subcritical design that operates with passive control of neutron reflecting controls - that if anything happened to those reflectors - would lead to a natural shut down of the reaction. Widespread use of subcritical fission systems would be safe - in both commercial and academic settings. * The ability to make them critical with neutron reflectors would allow a wide range of safe reliable energy sources. *It would also allow independent replication of nearly all the experimental results providing a deep seated understanding of nuclear reactions across the entire periodic table. This would likely result in widespread use of nuclear energy. And widespread capability for independent agencies to create new types of nuclear bombs and new type of self propelled delivery systems. So, the decision was taken to restrict commercial reactors to the super-critical design. It is likely that elements who didn't want even this within the US military, have shaped the development of commercial nuclear power in such *a way as to lead to its eventual abandonment. Of which stuxnet and the present reporting of the difficulties in Japan may be the end result. All that's needed for this to happen is for a supercritical mass to be present. On Mar 18, 11:55 am, Robert Clark wrote: : : I found this article that gives the total of the spent fuel rods at : the six-reactor plant as 3,400 tons, and the total fuel in the reactor : cores as 877 tons: : : Plutonium in troubled reactors, spent fuel pools. : Published March 18, 2011 : Associated Press http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/03...nt-fuel-pools/ : : The amount of fuel at Chernobyl was only about 170 to 180 tons. So : these spent fuel rods have the potential to release 20 times as much : radioactive material as at Chernobyl. : Also, we can no longer be assured the containment vessels will hold : around the reactor cores since at least one and perhaps two appear to : have been cracked by the hydrogen explosions. If that radioactive : material is also released it would then total 25 times as much : radioactive material as at Chernobyl. : : Bob Clark 1% of that 3400 tonnes in spent fuel as being plutonium is 34 tonnes or merely 5000 thermonuclear bombs worth. Gee whiz, what could possibly go wrong, not to mention the 7% Pu in their MOX fuel that’s in the badly damaged No.3 reactor vessel, plus those other two badly damage reactor vessels is worth at least another hundred bombs. All that's left is for Godzilla to show up. So do tell us, William Mook, where's that nifty Mokenerg hydrogen that'll only cost us $100/tonne? Why are you holding out? http://translate.google.com/# Brad Guth, Brad_Guth, Brad.Guth, BradGuth, BG / “Guth Usenet” |
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