A FORCE OF GRAVITY DOES NOT EXIST

THE MECHANICS OF
THE UNIVERSE

Copyright 1984-2006 Allen C. Goodrich

No force is necessary to cause orbital motion.
The planets orbit the sun at a special mean orbital
radius L to conserve total energy. The modified
first law of thermodynamics , which states that the
total energy of the universe is a constant, is the
fundamental equation of the universe. Any mass
with orbital motion has kinetic and potential
energies which depend on its velocity and mean
orbital radius L from the center of the mass of
the rest of the effective universe. The mass travels at
this orbital radius because this is the only
orbital radius where no force or change of total
energy is necessary to maintain the orbit.The sum
of its kinetic and potential energies is a constant
and the magnitudes of kinetic and potential energies are nearly equal.

m (2 pi L)^2 / t^2 + G m(M-m) /L = A CONSTANT.
(if no charges are present)
+ Delta m(2 pi L)^2/T^2 = - Delta Gm(M-m)/L

What's so important about this modified first law of thermodynamics?
Kinetic energy m (2 pi L)^2 / t^2 of a mass m is orbital motion
relative to the rest of the effective universe (M-m) and potential
energy G(M-m) m / L, where L is the mean orbital radius, are nearly
equal at equilibrium, where no energy change occurs and the total
energy is constant. At equilibrium, any change of kinetic energy must
be accompanied by an equal and opposite, sign, change of potential
energy.

The universe has been found to be expanding
at an accelerating rate. The potential energy of the
universe is continually decreasing and the kinetic
energy is continually increasing. Again, to conserve
the total energy relative to the rest of the universe.


This is why the modified first law is so important. The conservation of
total energy must be maintained
relative to the rest of the expanding universe. Kinetic
and potential energies must be computed relative to
the rest of the expanding universe.

This modified first law leads to the conclusion that
the force of gravity and the velocity of light are
misleading illusions.

The definition of Kinetic and Potential Energies
is most important to an understanding that these
energies are relative to the rest of the effective
universe, not just relative to any other mass.
Kinetic energy is mass m times the
square of the velocity relative to the rest of the
effective universe. For example the kinetic energy
of the earth is effectively relative to the sun plus
the rest of the planets of the solar systen.
Potential energy is the product
of the mass m times the mass of the rest of the
effective universe M-m divided by the distance L
between their effective centers of mass.
M is the mass of the entire effective universe.
t is the orbital time for one complete revolution.
G is the gravitational constant.
Once this is clearly understood, the modified
First Law of Thermodynamics becomes the
Fundamental Equatiion of the Universe.
This equation ,then, defines the photon and the
rest of the universe.

The Thomas R. Young two slit diffraction pattern,
the complete logic of quantum mechanics, the
true nature of gravitation, the fact that light does
not have a mass or a velocity, all become quite
obvious. This is a simple solution to so many of
the problems that baffled scientists for hundreds
of years.
We remember that Sir Isaac Newton proposed
the force of gravity F_g = k m_1 m_2 / L^2.
Scientists have known that action at a distance
without the transfer of energy was not possible.
A force of gravity would not be possible without
the transfer of energy. The amount of energy
required to cause the so called force of gravity
to make the planets travel in any orbit other than
their equilibrium orbits about the sun would be tremendous and is not
available.
Another explanation is necessary.
Einstein and other scientists have
assumed that masses change the shape of
space time. These explanations have their
problems.

No problems exist if the modified first law
of thermodynamice is used.This is the
fundamental equation of the universe.

One night when I was walking on
Myrtle Beach in the light of the full moon,
the full moon was at its highest point in the
sky, and the beach was very wide.
The lowest tide was present. This is not
what would be expected according to the
gravitational theory. The gravitational theory
states that the tide should be very high.
One can find this explained in most older
dictionaries or encyclopedias. The water
of the ocean is shown bulging on the side of
the earth directly under the full moon.
The tides never occur in this way.
This discrepancy with the law of gravity is
explained by the requirement for the time
required for the water to flow due to the force .
No one has bothered to explain that the
water would have to flow at more than
1000 miles per hour to complete this picture.
This flow would wash all of the continents
away in one day, Here, we have a big problem
with the force of gravity .

The NOAA U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey
has monitored the tides at many ocean ports for
many years and this data is available.
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory has plotted
the position and phases of the moon with
changes of time. This data is also available.
No one has previously published a correlation
ot these two sets of data. If they had, it would
become very obvious that invariably the lowest
tide occurred when the full moon and new moon
were exactly directly at their highest point in the sky.
It would have been obvious that the lowest tide
also occurred on the opposite side of the earth.
Not at all consistant with the existing
gravitational theory. However, this is predicted
by the modified first law of thermodynamics,
when the kinetic and potential energies are
relative to the rest of the effective universe.
If one calculates the kinetic and potential
energies of the planets and moons,at mean
orbital distance L, one finds that the two are
nearly equal in magnitude.
This is the only mean orbital distance where a
positive change of kinetic energy equals a
negative change of potential energy. In the
expanding universe this is necessary for
equilibriun motion where there is no energy
transfer. A force or transfer of total energy
would be necessary to make the planets travel
at any other mean orbital radius.
Nature obeys the modified first law of
thermodynamics.
The assumption of a force of gravity, with its
energy transfer, action at a distance, is not
necessary to explain orbital motion.
Gravitation is explained by the modified
first law of thermodynamics.

The Thomas R. Young's two slit diffraction
pattern is also explained by the modified
first law of thermodynamics if one uses the
charges e in this fundamental equation for
the calculation of kinetic and potential energies.

Delta e_1 (2 pi L)^2 / t^2 = Delta-K e_1 e_2 /
4 pi E_o L.

Where e_2 is the charge of the rest of the
effective universe and . e_1 is the orbital
electron. E_o is the dielectric constant.
Here, the masses would have little effect by
comparison and can be neglected.
The kinetic energy change of the electron
would then be a function of a change of
potential energy relative to the rest of the
effective universe.
The energy of the electron of the atom
on the diffraction pattern screen would be
a function of the rest of the effective universe.
The electron would sense the fact that one
or two of the slits was open and the
Thomas R Young diffraction pattern is explained.

We now have the basis for a new
quantum mechanics.
Light , that is observed as a change of the
kinetic energy of the electron, which has the
correct energy density (time) , direction and
frequency, relative to the rest of the expanding
universe, is not a particle, but a function of the
potential energy change of the rest of the
effective universe .
The four fundamental forces - strong, weak,
electromagnetic and gravitational - are likewise
illusions that result from Newton's error of
interpretation of the mathematics. A force is not
possible without the transfer of energy. The
graviton is not necessary for equilibrium motion
where no energy transfer takes place.
The modified first law of thermodynamics says
that the total energy of the universe is a constant
in the absence of a force and energy transfer.
Orbital moton is necessary to the conservation of
total energy.
Kinetic and potential energies of masses and
charges are conserved by orbital motion.