Old Caltech Telescope Yields New Titan Science

Caltech News Release
For Immediate Release
September 22, 2003

Old Caltech Telescope Yields New Science

Contact: Mark Wheeler
(626) 395-8733


PASADENA, Calif. - Meet Sarah Horst, throwback. The planetary science
major, a senior at the California Institute of Technology, spent six
months engaged in a bit of old-time telescope observing. The work led
to some breakthrough research about Saturn's moon Titan, and
indirectly led to funding for a new telescope at Caltech's Palomar
Observatory.

Horst, 21, was looking for a part-time job in the summer of her
sophomore year, and was hired by Mike Brown, an associate professor
of planetary astronomy. Brown and graduate student Antonin Bouchez
knew there had been previous evidence of "weather" on Titan in the
form of clouds. But that evidence was elusive. "Someone would look
one year and think they saw a cloud, then look the next year and not
see a cloud," explains Brown. "What we were after was a way to look
at Titan, night after night after night."

The problem, of course, is that all of the large telescopes like Keck
are incredibly busy, booked by astronomers from around the world who
use the precious time for their own line of research. So Brown and
Bouchez knew that obtaining large amounts of time for a single
project like this was not going to happen.

The solution: Use an old teaching telescope--the hoary 14-inch
Celestron telescope located on top of Caltech's Robinson Lab--to do
cutting edge science that couldn't be done at the largest telescopes
in the world, in Hawaii.

Though the power of the Robinson telescope is weak, and light
pollution from Pasadena strong, which prevents imaging the actual
clouds, the light reflecting from clouds could be imaged (the more
clouds, the more light that's reflected). All that was needed was
someone who could come night after night and take multiple images.

Enter Horst, the self-described "lowly undergraduate." For months,
Horst spent her evenings in Robinson. "I did the setup, which
involved a wheel that contained four light filters," she explains.
Each filter would capture a different wavelength of light. Software
switched the filters; all she had to do, says Horst, was to orientate
and focus the telescope.

Now, modern-day astronomers have it relatively easy when using their
telescope time. Sure they're up all night, but they sit on a
comfortable chair in a warm room, hot coffee close at hand, and do
their observing through a computer monitor that's connected to a
telescope.

Not Horst. She did it the old way, in discomfort. "A lot of times in
December or January I'd go in late at night, and it would be
freezing," says Horst, who runs the 800-meter for the Caltech track
team. "I'd wrap myself up in blankets." Horst spent hours in the
dark, since the old dome itself had to be dark. "I couldn't even
study," she says, "although sometimes I tried to read by the light of
the moon."

A software program written by Bouchez plotted the light intensity
from each image on a graph. When a particular image looked promising,
Bouchez contacted Brown. As a frequent user of the Keck Observatory,
which is powerful enough to take an image of the actual clouds, Brown
was able to call colleagues who were using the Keck that night and
quickly convince them that something exciting was going on. "It only
took about ten minutes to get a quick image of Titan," says Brown.
"The funny part was having to explain to them that we knew there were
clouds because we had seen the evidence in our 14-inch telescope in
the middle of the L.A. basin."

The result was "Direct Detection of Variable Tropospheric Clouds Near
Titan's South Pole," which appeared in the December 19 journal
Nature. It included this acknowledgement: "We thank . . . S. Horst
for many nights of monitoring Titan in the cold."

The paper has helped Brown obtain the funding to build a new 24-inch
custom-built telescope. It will be placed in its own building atop
Palomar Mountain, on the grounds of Caltech's existing observatory.
It's also roboticized; Brown will control the scope from Pasadena via
a computer program he has written.

He'll use it for further observation of Titan and for other imaging,
as well, such as fast-moving comets. "Most astronomy is big," notes
Brown; "big scopes looking at big, unchanging things, like galaxies.
I like to look at changing things, which led to this telescope."

What really made this project unique, though, according to Brown, is
the Robinson scope. "Sarah was able to do something with this little
telescope in Pasadena that no one in the world, on any of their
larger professional telescopes on high, dark mountaintops, had been
able to do," he says. "Sometimes a good idea and stubbornness are
better than the largest telescope in town."

For Horst, while the work wasn't intellectually challenging--"a
trained monkey could have done it," she says with a laugh--it was,
nonetheless, "a cool project. Everything here is so theoretical and
tedious, and so classroom orientated. So in that way it was a nice
experience and reminded me what real science was about."

Who would've thought? And I've been using that scope several times in the
past month to observe Mars, but not for anything but my own pleasure.
--
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Pinprick holes in a colorless sky
Let inspired figures of light pass by
The Mightly Light of ten thousand suns
Challenges infinity, and is soon gone




"Ron Baalke" wrote in message
...
Caltech News Release
For Immediate Release
September 22, 2003

Old Caltech Telescope Yields New Science

Contact: Mark Wheeler
(626) 395-8733


PASADENA, Calif. - Meet Sarah Horst, throwback. The planetary science
major, a senior at the California Institute of Technology, spent six
months engaged in a bit of old-time telescope observing. The work led
to some breakthrough research about Saturn's moon Titan, and
indirectly led to funding for a new telescope at Caltech's Palomar
Observatory.

Old Caltech Telescope Yields New Science

Very inspiring! Nice that another telescope will be built for comet
observing, etc.

"Ron Baalke" wrote in message
...
Caltech News Release
For Immediate Release
September 22, 2003

Old Caltech Telescope Yields New Science

Contact: Mark Wheeler
(626) 395-8733


PASADENA, Calif. - Meet Sarah Horst, throwback. The planetary science
major, a senior at the California Institute of Technology, spent six
months engaged in a bit of old-time telescope observing. The work led
to some breakthrough research about Saturn's moon Titan, and
indirectly led to funding for a new telescope at Caltech's Palomar
Observatory.

Horst, 21, was looking for a part-time job in the summer of her
sophomore year, and was hired by Mike Brown, an associate professor
of planetary astronomy. Brown and graduate student Antonin Bouchez
knew there had been previous evidence of "weather" on Titan in the
form of clouds. But that evidence was elusive. "Someone would look
one year and think they saw a cloud, then look the next year and not
see a cloud," explains Brown. "What we were after was a way to look
at Titan, night after night after night."

The problem, of course, is that all of the large telescopes like Keck
are incredibly busy, booked by astronomers from around the world who
use the precious time for their own line of research. So Brown and
Bouchez knew that obtaining large amounts of time for a single
project like this was not going to happen.

The solution: Use an old teaching telescope--the hoary 14-inch
Celestron telescope located on top of Caltech's Robinson Lab--to do
cutting edge science that couldn't be done at the largest telescopes
in the world, in Hawaii.


Longer ago than I wish to admit, I was a postdoc at Mt Wilson and Palomar
and there was an interesting 1/10 scale working model of the Palomar 200-in
on the roof at Cal Tech. I used it a few times. I recall that it was
originally built to test mechanical ideas used in the mounting of the big
scope (probably c. 1935-40).

Does anyone know if it is still there and in a usable state? Light
pollution was pretty fierce and LA basin air pollution did not help either,
but you could get a decent view of Saturn or Jupiter with it.

--
Mike Dworetsky

(Remove "pants" spamblock to send e-mail)


Though the power of the Robinson telescope is weak, and light
pollution from Pasadena strong, which prevents imaging the actual
clouds, the light reflecting from clouds could be imaged (the more
clouds, the more light that's reflected). All that was needed was
someone who could come night after night and take multiple images.

Enter Horst, the self-described "lowly undergraduate." For months,
Horst spent her evenings in Robinson. "I did the setup, which
involved a wheel that contained four light filters," she explains.
Each filter would capture a different wavelength of light. Software
switched the filters; all she had to do, says Horst, was to orientate
and focus the telescope.

Now, modern-day astronomers have it relatively easy when using their
telescope time. Sure they're up all night, but they sit on a
comfortable chair in a warm room, hot coffee close at hand, and do
their observing through a computer monitor that's connected to a
telescope.

Not Horst. She did it the old way, in discomfort. "A lot of times in
December or January I'd go in late at night, and it would be
freezing," says Horst, who runs the 800-meter for the Caltech track
team. "I'd wrap myself up in blankets." Horst spent hours in the
dark, since the old dome itself had to be dark. "I couldn't even
study," she says, "although sometimes I tried to read by the light of
the moon."

A software program written by Bouchez plotted the light intensity
from each image on a graph. When a particular image looked promising,
Bouchez contacted Brown. As a frequent user of the Keck Observatory,
which is powerful enough to take an image of the actual clouds, Brown
was able to call colleagues who were using the Keck that night and
quickly convince them that something exciting was going on. "It only
took about ten minutes to get a quick image of Titan," says Brown.
"The funny part was having to explain to them that we knew there were
clouds because we had seen the evidence in our 14-inch telescope in
the middle of the L.A. basin."

The result was "Direct Detection of Variable Tropospheric Clouds Near
Titan's South Pole," which appeared in the December 19 journal
Nature. It included this acknowledgement: "We thank . . . S. Horst
for many nights of monitoring Titan in the cold."

The paper has helped Brown obtain the funding to build a new 24-inch
custom-built telescope. It will be placed in its own building atop
Palomar Mountain, on the grounds of Caltech's existing observatory.
It's also roboticized; Brown will control the scope from Pasadena via
a computer program he has written.

He'll use it for further observation of Titan and for other imaging,
as well, such as fast-moving comets. "Most astronomy is big," notes
Brown; "big scopes looking at big, unchanging things, like galaxies.
I like to look at changing things, which led to this telescope."

What really made this project unique, though, according to Brown, is
the Robinson scope. "Sarah was able to do something with this little
telescope in Pasadena that no one in the world, on any of their
larger professional telescopes on high, dark mountaintops, had been
able to do," he says. "Sometimes a good idea and stubbornness are
better than the largest telescope in town."

For Horst, while the work wasn't intellectually challenging--"a
trained monkey could have done it," she says with a laugh--it was,
nonetheless, "a cool project. Everything here is so theoretical and
tedious, and so classroom orientated. So in that way it was a nice
experience and reminded me what real science was about."

Mike Dworetsky wrote:

Longer ago than I wish to admit, I was a postdoc at Mt Wilson and Palomar
and there was an interesting 1/10 scale working model of the Palomar 200-in
on the roof at Cal Tech. I used it a few times. I recall that it was
originally built to test mechanical ideas used in the mounting of the big
scope (probably c. 1935-40).

Does anyone know if it is still there and in a usable state? Light
pollution was pretty fierce and LA basin air pollution did not help either,
but you could get a decent view of Saturn or Jupiter with it.

It's not there now but I don't know where it is.

Mike Simmons

On Thu, 25 Sep 2003 14:10:09 +0000 (UTC), "Mike Dworetsky"
wrote:

Longer ago than I wish to admit, I was a postdoc at Mt Wilson and Palomar
and there was an interesting 1/10 scale working model of the Palomar 200-in
on the roof at Cal Tech. I used it a few times. I recall that it was
originally built to test mechanical ideas used in the mounting of the big
scope (probably c. 1935-40).

Does anyone know if it is still there and in a usable state? Light
pollution was pretty fierce and LA basin air pollution did not help either,
but you could get a decent view of Saturn or Jupiter with it.

I used to use that scope, too. It was wonderful, being up on top of Robinson
with a real piece of history. It was an excellent performer, too, although quite
limited being in the middle of Pasadena.

Unfortunately, in what I consider a huge misjudgment, it got traded away to some
school somewhere in exchange for a C14. Terrible mistake. I've no idea where the
Hale model is these days, but not where it belongs, at Caltech.

_________________________________________________

Chris L Peterson
Cloudbait Observatory
http://www.cloudbait.com

About the Hale telescope 1/200 scale model on a roof at Caltech:
Chris L Peterson wrote Unfortunately, in
what I consider a huge misjudgment, it got traded away to some school
somewhere in exchange for a C14. Terrible mistake. I've no idea where
the Hale model is these days, but not where it belongs, at Caltech.

Many years ago, in the Caltech alumni magazine "Engineering &
Science", there was an article about that telescope, and a photograph
of it being lifted out of the dome by a crane. I think that the
article said that the telescope had developed problems that made it
unsuitable for use on the roof. I do not remember now what the
problems were, but it hurt to see that photograph. Particularly,
dangling from the crane like that, the telescope looked downright
sick.

When I was a sophomore, a brilliant freshman, Paul Minning, took
me and some others to that telescope, and taught us how to use it.
As I recall, any student who was competent with that telescope, could
check out a key and use the telescope at any time when it was not
being used for formal instruction.

Later, there was an article in that same magazine, about an
overhaul of the Hale 200-inch telescope. My recollection is that
some of the worn out bearings were too inaccessible to be repaired or
replaced. I do not remember whether those bad bearings now degrade
the telescope's performance significantly.

The late Professor Jesse Greenstein was the head of the Astronomy
Department then. He was a friend to all students who were interested
in astronomy, even if they were not majoring in astronomy. I wish
that I had known him better. There was a nice article about him in
"Engineering & Science", and I think also on this news group, after
he passed away.

Dick Alvarez
alvarez at alumni dot caltech dot edu

In article ,
"Mike Dworetsky" writes:
Longer ago than I wish to admit, I was a postdoc at Mt Wilson and Palomar
and there was an interesting 1/10 scale working model of the Palomar 200-in
on the roof at Cal Tech.

As others noted, the Hale telescope model was replaced by a Celestron
14, probably the same one used for the Titan monitoring reported in
the press release.

My dim memory is that the model was traded to a museum, possibly one
at Corning glass works. I think the model had stopped working, and
as so often is the case, there wasn't any obvious source of funds to
restore it. Also, its optical quality was never very good. The C14
is almost certainly a better telescope, but it has nowhere near the
character of the old model. (Despite the press release, I don't
think the C14 is all that old.)

I'm a little surprised Mike Brown is building a new 24-inch telescope
at Palomar instead of adapting the existing one at Mt. Wilson. Or is
that gone as well?

--
Steve Willner Phone 617-495-7123
Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
(Please email your reply if you want to be sure I see it; include a
valid Reply-To address to receive an acknowledgement. Commercial
email may be sent to your ISP.)

Steve Willner wrote:

I'm a little surprised Mike Brown is building a new 24-inch telescope
at Palomar instead of adapting the existing one at Mt. Wilson. Or is
that gone as well?

The 24-inch at Mt. Wilson is in use by the Telescopes in Education (TIE)
program (http://tie.jpl.nasa.gov/tie/index.html). It was returned to
Mount Wilson from storage at Palomar (it's a Caltech instrument; Mt.
Wilson is not affiliated with Caltech) where it went after finishing its
stint at White Mountain years ago.

Mike Simmons