Galileo (NOT Einstein) is inventor of Second postulate of Relativity

Galileo (NOT Einstein) is inventor of Second postulate of
Relativity

Einstein’s June 1905, paper is known as Special Theory of
Relativity?
The reference to this paper

http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/

In this paper Einstein stated two postulates and here we will discuss
the second postulate.
Part I
Second postulate of Special Relativity as re-stated by
Einstein
(i) “The laws by which the states of physical systems undergo change
are not affected, whether these changes of state be referred to the one
or the other of two systems of co-ordinates in uniform translatory
motion�.

It refer to that law of physics are the same, if two systems or
observers are UNIFROM MOTION (zero acceleration).
I t is well known that in this paper Einstein did not give any REFRENCE
to the existing literature, which implies that all this postulate is
his work .
Part II
Galileo is inventor of Second postulate of special Relativity.
Galileo has given second postulate of Special Theory in his book
Galileo’ Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems),
Ref.
Galileo, G. 1632, Dialogues concerning the two chief world systems,
trans. S.Drake, 2nd edition 1967, University of California Press.
For this book was published by Galileo in 1632 and was persecuted for
this book.
Galileo quoted an example in the Dialogue [14] , that if a ship is
moving with uniform velocity then from motion of fish in bottle one can
not judge that whether ship is moving with uniform velocity or at rest.
Thus Galileo stated

“ the mechanical laws of physics are the same for every observer
moving uniformly with constant speed in a straight line".

It refer to that law of physics are the same, if two systems or
observers are UNIFROM MOTION (zero acceleration).
The Einstein has simply re-stated in 1905, the existing in the
literature since 273 years. It is against ethics of research. Einstein
should have given due credit to Galileo. Even at this time it I not too
late to honour Galileo for basics of Special Theory of Relativity.

Ref BOOK 100 Years of E=mc2
https://www.novapublishers.com/catal...oducts_id=4554
(Book will be published in Dec. 2006, By NOVA Science, New York, USA)

Even Pope John has pardoned Galileo in 1992 for the book, he was
persecuted.

https://www.novapublishers.com/catal...oducts_id=4554



Second Post
Which mathematical equation from Einstein’s Sep. 1905 derivation
predicts that when Light Energy is emitted, MASS OF BODY INCREASES?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Which mathematical equation from Einstein’s Sep. 1905
derivation predicts that when Light Energy is emitted, MASS OF BODY
INCREASES?

BRIEF

Einstein has speculated E= Δm c2 from L= Δm c2 in his Sep 1905
paper. This derivation ( under SPECIAL CONDITIONS) predicts that when
Light Energy is emitted mass of body decreases. It is true. But the
same derivation under general conditions ALSO predicts that when body
emits light energy its mass must increase. It is inconsistent
prediction from Einstein’s derivation and contradiction of Law of
Conservation of Matter or Energy. Einstein did not discuss this aspect
in his work. This aspect is highlighted here.

For details
https://www.novapublishers.com/catal...oducts_id=4554
( book will be published in Dec 2006 , by NOVA Science in New York ,
USA)

1. What is Einstein’s Sep 1905 paper in few words?.

AJAY SHARMA : In this paper Einstein derived a relationship between
Light energy emitted (L) and corresponding decrease in mass (Δm =
Mb-Ma ) as
L = ( Mb-Ma)c2 or Mb–Ma = L/c2
From here Einstein speculated E=mc2
Practically, Einstein considered a body at rest emitting light energy.
Einstein measured the magnitude of light energy in a moving system. And
then he derived a relation between ENERGY EMITTED (L) and DECREASE IN
MASS (Δm) of body.

2. Under which conditions Einstein derived this equation L = Δmc2 ?

AJAY SHARMA: In Einstein’s derivation , there are four variables i.e.

(a) Number of light waves emitted by body
(b) Magnitude of energy of light waves
(c) Angles at which waves are emitted by body
(d) Velocity of measuring system w.r.t. body emitting light energy.

Einstein took SPECIAL CONDITIONS to derive L =mc2 and speculated from
it E=mc2

(a) Einstein took , Just two light waves
(b) Energy of light wave is equal
(c) Waves are emitted in opposite directions
(d) Velocity measuring system w.r.t body is in classical region.

Thus under these conditions Einstein’s derivation is OK. The result
is
When body emits light energy, its mass decreases i.e. L = ( Mb-Ma)c2

It is correct.

3. What about Law of Conservation of momentum?

AJAY SHARMA : After emission of light energy body
(i) May remain at rest.
(ii) May tend to move
(iii) May move apparently or visibly
the law of conservation of momentum is always obeyed. The velocity of
recoil can be calculated by applying equation,
Initial Momentum = Final Momentum
The velocity of recoil of gun is determined by this method.
Einstein has considered first case ONLY.

4. Which is the mathematical equation obtained by Einstein in Sep 1905
paper which predict that
When light energy is emitted, mass decreases?

AJAY SHARMA: The final equation in this regard is
Δm = L /c2
or Ma ( mass of body after emission) = Mb ( mass of body before
emission) – L/c2
Thus mass of body decreases when light energy is emitted.
Einstein has derived this equation under SPECIAL CONDITIONS by
considering two light waves of equal energy( 0.5L each ) , emitted in
opposite directions etc.

5. Which is mathematical equation which follows from Einstein’s
derivation and implies that
when Light Energy is Emitted mass of body Increases?

AJAY SHARMA There are numerous equations to this fact
which follows from Einstein’s Sep 1905 derivation and predict that
when
Light Energy is emitted, Mass of Body Increases.
It is contradiction of LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER OR ENERGY.

One case is e.g. when body emits TWO LIGHT WAVES of energies 0.501L
and 0.499L , emitted in OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS. Thus all conditions are
same as that in Einstein’s derivation except magnitude of Light
energy (Einstein has taken energy equal to 0.5L each).

Exactly repeating the calculation as done by Einstein in Sep 1905 paper
we get

Δ m = Mass of body before emission (Mb)–Mass of body after emission
(Ma)
= – 0.004L/cv + L/c2
(16)
or Ma = 0.004L/cv – L/c2 + Mb
Thus
Mass of body after emission of light energy (Ma)
= Positive Quantity + Mass of body before
emission.
Hence mass Increases, when light energy is emitted.

It is not CORRECT prediction FROM Einstein’s derivation.


Third Post
Why Einstein’s Sep 1905 derivation CONTRADICTS Law of
Conservation of Matter?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Why Einstein’s Sep 1905 derivation CONTRADICTS Law of Conservation
of Matter ?
Part I
Reason for this incorrect deductions.
The central equation in Einstein derivation is very complex .
(i) The basic equation Einstein used is

ℓ* = ℓ{1 – v cos φ/c } /√[1 – v2 /c2] (1)
â„“* is light energy measured in moving in frame and â„“ is energy
measured in rest frame. Einstein has given eq.(1) in his June 1905
paper, known as Special Theory of Relativity and called eq.(1) as
Doppler principle for any velocities whatever. Link for paper of
Special Theory of Relativity
http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/
(ii) Thus there are many variables in derivation.

(a) Number of light waves
(b) Magnitude of energy of light waves
(c) Angles at which waves are emitted
(d) Velocity of measuring system w.r.t. body emitting light energy.

Einstein took special conditions to derive L =mc2 or E=mc2

(a) Einstein took , Just two light waves
(b) Energy of light wave is equal
(c) Waves are emitted in opposite directions
(d) Velocity measuring system w.r.t body is in classical region.

Thus under these SPECIAL conditions Einstein’s derivation is OK. The
result is
When body emits light energy , its mass decreases.

Part III

Experimentally law of inter conversion of mass energy holds good in all
cases. Theoretically large number of cases is possible (Einstein ‘s
derivation is valid under these conditions also).
(p) Body may emit large number of waves
(q) The waves may be emitted at different angles.
(r) The waves may have different energies.
(t) Velocity may be in relativistic region.

THUS UNDER GEENRAL CONDITIONS EINTEIN’S SEP. 27 1905 DERIVATION DOES
NOT WORK WELL.
You have commented about sign CHANGE it follows from Einstein’s
derivation, hence it has limitation.
If you think , I have INCORRECTLY induced it , let me know. Write down
the correct equations for the readers.

So Einstein’s Sep 1905 derivation is true under special conditions
only. This is the THEME of the paper.
References
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
If somebody disagree then one can write to Editor Physics Essays
addressing the following issues.

What is Einstein’s Sep 1905 paper?
What are conditions under which it is derived?
What is Planck’s observation regarding it?
Under what conditions experimentally it holds good?
Why Einstein did not generalize the same?
How to generalize it under all conditions?
What is Ajay Sharma’s Interpretation?
How Ajay Sharma’s paper is different from Einstein’s Sep 1905
paper.
How Editors/referees who have published it are WRONG?
How Ajay Sharma’s interpretation is incorrect (if it)?
What are the correct interpretations AND EQAUTIONS?
My paper answers all above questions.
It follows from Einstein’s derivation under legitimate conditions,(in
some cases) that
when Light Energy is Emitted , mass of body INCREASES.
It is incorrect deduction from Einstein’s derivation.

Part IV
References.

References of Einstein’s work
..
A.Einstein, Annalen der Physik 18 (1905) 639-641.
.. DOES THE INERTIA OF A BODY DEPEND
UPON ITS ENERGY-CONTENT?
Weblink is
Einstein’s 27 Sep 1905 paper available at
http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/E_mc2/www/

PartII
References of Ajay Sharma’s work

My work is available at
A. Sharma, Physics Essays, 17 (2004) 195-222.
�The Origin of Generalized Mass-Energy Equation �E = Ac2 �M; and
its applications in General physics and Cosmology�.
http://www.burningbrain.org/pdf/ajaysharma_einstein.pdf

For details
https://www.novapublishers.com/catal...oducts_id=4554


International Conferences
It has been accepted for presentation over 55 conferences all over the
world
--------------------------------------few of them
1. Sharma, A. presented in 19th International Conference on the
Applications of Accelerators in Research and Industry , 20-25
August , 2006 Fort Worth Texas, USA

2. A. Sharma, Abstract Book 38th European Group of Atomic Systems
(
Euro physics Conference) Isachia (Naples) Italy (2006) 53.

3. A. Sharma , Abstract Book , A Century After Einstein Physics 2005 ,

10-14 April 2005 ( Organizer Institute of Physics , Bristol )
University of Warwick , ENGLAND

4. A. Sharma presented in 5th British gravity Conference , OXFORD
ENGLAND

5. A. Sharma,. Proc. Int. Conf. on Computational Methods in
Sciences and Engineering 2003 World Scientific Co. USA ,
(2003) 585.
6. A. Sharma, Proc. Int. Conf. on Number, Time, Relativity United
Physical Society of Russian Federation, Moscow, (2004) 81
plus more
--------------------------------------
Book 100 Years of E=mc2
For details
https://www.novapublishers.com/catal...oducts_id=4554

( book will be published in Dec 2006 , by NOVA Science in New York ,
USA)

AJAY SHARMA 5 NOV 2006

physicsajay wrote:
Galileo (NOT Einstein) is inventor of Second postulate of
Relativity

Einstein’s June 1905, paper is known as Special Theory of
Relativity?
The reference to this paper

http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/

In this paper Einstein stated two postulates and here we will discuss
the second postulate.
Part I
Second postulate of Special Relativity as re-stated by
Einstein
(i) “The laws by which the states of physical systems undergo change
are not affected, whether these changes of state be referred to the one
or the other of two systems of co-ordinates in uniform translatory
motion�.

It refer to that law of physics are the same, if two systems or
observers are UNIFROM MOTION (zero acceleration).
It is well known that in this paper Einstein did not give any REFRENCE
to the existing literature, which implies that all this postulate is
his work .

I disagree that simply because Einstein does not provide a reference
implies that he is saying that it is his idea. In his time this
principle of relativity was common sense to everyone in physics.

Your position would be rather like criticizing someone for not giving a
reference to Euler everytime they use the number e.

Stephen Montgomery-Smith wrote:

I disagree that simply because Einstein does not provide a reference
implies that he is saying that it is his idea. In his time this
principle of relativity was common sense to everyone in physics.

The principle of relativity was know by physicists from Galileo to
Lorentz. Poincare assumed the principle as did Einstein. Einstein's
originality lay in combining the principle of relativity with the
constancy of the speed of light in vacuo independent of the movement of
the source. These two postulates together yield up electrodynamics. Time
dilation and length contraction are -consequences- of the two
postulates. They do not have to be assumed ad hoc. Another brilliancy of
Einstein was making mechanics consistent with electrodynamics, by making
mechanics Lorentz invariant.

Bob Kolker

"Bob Kolker" wrote in message
...
Stephen Montgomery-Smith wrote:

I disagree that simply because Einstein does not provide a reference
implies that he is saying that it is his idea. In his time this
principle of relativity was common sense to everyone in physics.

The principle of relativity was know by physicists from Galileo to
Lorentz. Poincare assumed the principle as did Einstein. Einstein's
originality lay in combining the principle of relativity with the
constancy of the speed of light in vacuo independent of the movement of
the source. These two postulates together yield up electrodynamics. Time
dilation and length contraction are -consequences- of the two
postulates. They do not have to be assumed ad hoc. Another brilliancy of
Einstein was making mechanics consistent with electrodynamics, by making
mechanics Lorentz invariant.


And I don't see Heisenberg giving credit to Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
for the uncertainty principle either.

"Perception of an
Object costs
Precise the Object's loss.
Perception in itself a gain
Replying to its price;
The Object Absolute is nought,
Perception sets it fair,
And then upbraids a Perfectness
That situates so far."


"Heisenberg uncertainty principle ..states that when measuring
conjugate quantities, which are pairs of observables of a single
elementary particle, increasing the accuracy of the measurement
of one quantity increases the uncertainty of the simultaneous
measurement of the other quantity"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle



s











Bob Kolker

AJAY SHARMA wrote:
Galileo (NOT Einstein) is inventor of Second postulate of Relativity [...]

And you just found this out?

Next time, pay attention in class.

--- Christopher Heckman

Proginoskes wrote:
AJAY SHARMA wrote:
Galileo (NOT Einstein) is inventor of Second postulate of Relativity [....]

And you just found this out?

Next time, pay attention in class.

--- Christopher Heckman
----------------------AJAY SHARMA respond to Hechman--------------

Reference of Existing literature
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativity

References of Einstein's work
Title of Einstein's paper ( June 2006) , which is well known as
SPECILA THEORY OF RELATIVITY
Title of paper
ON THE ELECTRODYNAMICS OF MOVING BODIES.

Print Reference
Einstein, A. Annalen der Physik, 17 891-921 (1905).
Web. Reference
http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativity
The two postulates are quoted in section

§ 2. On the Relativity of Lengths and Times
The following reflexions are based on the principle of relativity and
on the principle of the constancy of the velocity of light. These two
principles we define as follows:--
1. The laws by which the states of physical systems undergo change are
not affected, whether these changes of state be referred to the one or
the other of two systems of co-ordinates in uniform translatory motion.

Any ray of light moves in the ``stationary'' system of co-ordinates
with the determined velocity c, whether the ray be emitted by a
stationary or by a moving body.

So whatever I have written is based upon these facts.
Further references
100 Years of E=mc2
(Book will be published in Dec. 2006 , By NOVA Science, New York,
USA)

https://www.novapublishers.com/catal...oducts_id=4554

AJAY SHARMA 5TH Nov 2006.

jonathan wrote:



And I don't see Heisenberg giving credit to Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
for the uncertainty principle either.

Poetry is subjective non quantative blather. The Uncertainty Principle
is mathematically precise.

Bob Kolker

Bob Kolker wrote:
Stephen Montgomery-Smith wrote:

I disagree that simply because Einstein does not provide a reference
implies that he is saying that it is his idea. In his time this
principle of relativity was common sense to everyone in physics.

The principle of relativity was know by physicists from Galileo to
Lorentz. Poincare assumed the principle as did Einstein. Einstein's
originality lay in combining the principle of relativity with the
constancy of the speed of light in vacuo independent of the movement of
the source. These two postulates together yield up electrodynamics. Time
dilation and length contraction are -consequences- of the two
postulates. They do not have to be assumed ad hoc. Another brilliancy of
Einstein was making mechanics consistent with electrodynamics, by making
mechanics Lorentz invariant.

Bob Kolker

==============Ajay Sharma responds============
Thus should Galileo be given credit for doing pioneering work in the
field of SPECILA THEORY OF RELATIVITY.
It is the basic question.
See the references below.
Existing reference
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativity
Einstein's references
Title of Einstein's paper ( June 2006) , which is well known as
SPECILA THEORY OF RELATIVITY
Title of paper
ON THE ELECTRODYNAMICS OF MOVING BODIES.

Print Reference
Einstein, A. Annalen der Physik, 17 891-921 (1905).
Web. Reference
http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/
The two postulates are quoted in section

§ 2. On the Relativity of Lengths and Times
The following reflexions are based on the principle of relativity and
on the principle of the constancy of the velocity of light. These two
principles we define as follows:--
1. The laws by which the states of physical systems undergo change are
not affected, whether these changes of state be referred to the one or
the other of two systems of co-ordinates in uniform translatory motion.

Any ray of light moves in the ``stationary'' system of co-ordinates
with the determined velocity c, whether the ray be emitted by a
stationary or by a moving body.

So whatever I have written is based upon these facts.
Further references
100 Years of E=mc2
(Book will be published in Dec. 2006 , By NOVA Science, New York,
USA)

https://www.novapublishers.com/catal...oducts_id=4554

AJAY SHARMA 5TH Nov 2006.

Bob Kolker wrote:
Stephen Montgomery-Smith wrote:

I disagree that simply because Einstein does not provide a reference
implies that he is saying that it is his idea. In his time this
principle of relativity was common sense to everyone in physics.

The principle of relativity was know by physicists from Galileo to
Lorentz. Poincare assumed the principle as did Einstein. Einstein's
originality lay in combining the principle of relativity with the
constancy of the speed of light in vacuo independent of the movement of
the source. These two postulates together yield up electrodynamics. Time
dilation and length contraction are -consequences- of the two
postulates. They do not have to be assumed ad hoc. Another brilliancy of
Einstein was making mechanics consistent with electrodynamics, by making
mechanics Lorentz invariant.

Bob Kolker
--------------------------------
Thus should Galileo be given credit for doing pioneering work in the
field of SPECILA THEORY OF RELATIVITY.
It is the basic question.
See the references below.
--------------
Existing reference
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativity
Einstein's references
Title of Einstein's paper ( June 2006) , which is well known as
SPECILA THEORY OF RELATIVITY
Title of paper
ON THE ELECTRODYNAMICS OF MOVING BODIES.

Print Reference
Einstein, A. Annalen der Physik, 17 891-921 (1905).
Web. Reference
http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/
The two postulates are quoted in section

§ 2. On the Relativity of Lengths and Times
The following reflexions are based on the principle of relativity and
on the principle of the constancy of the velocity of light. These two
principles we define as follows:--
1. The laws by which the states of physical systems undergo change are
not affected, whether these changes of state be referred to the one or
the other of two systems of co-ordinates in uniform translatory motion.

Any ray of light moves in the ``stationary'' system of co-ordinates
with the determined velocity c, whether the ray be emitted by a
stationary or by a moving body.

So whatever I have written is based upon these facts.
Further references
100 Years of E=mc2
(Book will be published in Dec. 2006 , By NOVA Science, New York,
USA)

https://www.novapublishers.com/catal...oducts_id=4554

AJAY SHARMA 5TH Nov 2006.

physicsajay wrote:




==============Ajay Sharma responds============
Thus should Galileo be given credit for doing pioneering work in the
field of SPECILA THEORY OF RELATIVITY.

See Einstein's preface to an edition of Galileo's Dialogs on the Two
World Systems. There you will find what you seek.

Einstein assumed the Principle of Relativity was well know. What was
novel in his paper was combining that with the constancy of the speed of
light idependent of the motion of the source.

From this he derived the Lorentz contraction formulas implying the
shortening of distances and the slowing of clocks. Lorentz -assumed- the
contraction ad hoc. Einstein derived it from his two postulates (the
principle of relativity and the constancy of the speed of light).

Bob Kolker


Bob Kolker


Bob Kolker