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Time Crystals: Great Revolution or Media Hype?



 
 
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  #1  
Old February 26th 17, 06:47 PM posted to sci.astro
Pentcho Valev
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Default Time Crystals: Great Revolution or Media Hype?

In Einstein's schizophrenic world statements and their negations harmoniously coexist (doublethink):

"For months now, there's been speculation that researchers might have finally created time crystals - strange crystals that have an atomic structure that repeats not just in space, but in time, putting them in constant oscillation WITHOUT ENERGY. Now it's official - researchers have just reported in detail how to make and measure these bizarre crystals. And two independent teams of scientists claim they've actually created time crystals in the lab based off this blueprint, confirming the existence of an entirely new phase of matter. [...] Imagine it like jelly - when you tap it, it repeatedly jiggles. The same thing happens in time crystals, but the big difference here is that the motion occurs WITHOUT ANY ENERGY." http://www.sciencealert.com/scientis...-time-crystals

"In 2016, new research showed that time crystals could still exist in theory, but ONLY IF THERE WAS SOME EXTERNAL DRIVING FORCE. The idea was that the time regularity would be somehow dormant, hidden from view, and that ADDING A LITTLE ENERGY would bring it to life and unveil it. This solved the paradox of perpetual motion, and brought new hopes for the existence of time crystals." https://phys.org/news/2017-02-crysta...sts-state.html

Time crystals in the absence of external energy supply are impossible. If the external energy is ambient heat, then the next Great Revolution in Science is just around the corner. If the external energy is different from ambient heat, then the respective time crystals are nothing but media hype.

Pentcho Valev
  #2  
Old February 27th 17, 11:50 AM posted to sci.astro
Pentcho Valev
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Default Time Crystals: Great Revolution or Media Hype?

A time crystal violating the second law of thermodynamics can easily be obtained by submerging a capacitor in a dielectric liquid, e.g. water:

http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teachin...es/node46.html
"However, in experiments in which a capacitor is submerged in a dielectric liquid the force per unit area exerted by one plate on another is observed to decrease... [...] This apparent paradox can be explained by taking into account the difference in liquid pressure in the field filled space between the plates and the field free region outside the capacitor."

We have a high pressure between the plates and a lower pressure outside the capacitor so if we punch a small hole in one of the plates, there will be an ETERNAL FLOW through the hole, from inside (between the plates) to outside. That is, we will have a SYSTEM IN DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM. The eternal flow can be harnessed to do work, in violation of the second law of thermodynamics.

If the plates of the capacitor are only partially immersed, the pressure between them pushes the liquid upwards:

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc...=rep1&type=pdf
I. BREVIK, EXPERIMENTS IN PHENOMENOLOGICAL ELECTRODYNAMICS AND THE ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY-MOMENTUM TENSOR, pp. 143-144: "We shall first give some supplementary comments on the well known situation shown in fig. 1, where two parallel condenser plates are partially immersed in a dielectric liquid. When a horizontal electric field E is applied between the plates, the liquid will rise within the condenser to some equilibrium height h."

http://www.academia.edu/25650739/Flu..._and_stability
I. Brevik, Fluids in electric and magnetic fields: Pressure variation and stability, Can. J . Phys. (1982): "Fig. 1. Two charged condenser plates partly immersed in a dielectric liquid. [...] Fig. 2. The hydrostatic pressure variation from point 1 to point 5 in Fig. 1."

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHNwvfXUYb4
Rise in Liquid Level Between Plates of a Capacitor

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T6KAH1JpdPg
Liquid Dielectric Capacitor

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACDxurDAmyg
Chapter 11.6.2: Force on a liquid dielectric

But the rising dielectric liquid can do useful work, e.g. by lifting some floating weight, and the crucial question is: At the expense of what energy is the work done? Since, by switching the field on and off, we do no work on the system, the energy supplier can only be the ambient heat. That is, the system can cyclically lift floating weights at the expense of heat absorbed from the surroundings, in violation of the second law of thermodynamics.

In 2002 I proposed the following device (violating the second law of thermodynamics) which is essentially a time crystal:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AIPC..643..430V
AIP Conf. Proc. 643, pp. 430-435, Pentcho Valev 2002: "...as two vertical constant-charge capacitor plates partially dip into a pool of a liquid dielectric (e.g. water), the liquid between them rises high above the surface of the rest of the liquid in the pool. Evidently, if one punches a macroscopic hole in one of the plates, nothing could prevent the liquid between the plates from leaking out through the hole and generating an eternal waterfall outside the capacitor. This hypothesis has been discussed on many occasions but so far no serious counter-argument has been raised."

Here is a schematic picture of the "eternal waterfall":

http://energythic.com/usercontent/3/...PU_caphole.gif

In 2004 I tried to explain the molecular mechanism behind the effect:

http://www.gsjournal.net/old/valev/valev2.pdf
Biased Thermal Motion and the Second Law of Thermodynamics (August 12, 2004)

Pentcho Valev
  #3  
Old February 27th 17, 05:55 PM posted to sci.astro
Pentcho Valev
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Posts: 8,078
Default Time Crystals: Great Revolution or Media Hype?

Time crystals (always violating the second law of thermodynamics) can be as simple as this:

"As I understand it, the basic idea here is that Hydrogen will dissociate more easily on hot Rhenium than hot Tungsten, thus if we have a foil of each metal in a container at a certain temperature, then there will be a gradient set up of H atoms between the two metals with more dissociated Hydrogen at the Rhenium side. Since this takes energy to dissociate, and the recombination gives out energy, then the Tungsten will end up being hotter than the Rhenium and this temperature difference will be maintained without any outside interference. No energy is required to maintain this temperature difference, yet by using thermocouples we can make electricity from that temperature difference." http://revolution-green.com/paradigm-change/

Both the constant temperature gradient and the constant concentration gradient can be harnessed to do work, in violation of the second law of thermodynamics.

Scientists should have noticed that catalysts (or enzymes) OBVIOUSLY violate the second law of thermodynamics. Consider the dissociation-association reaction

A - B + C

which is in equilibrium. Let us assume that the forward reaction

A - B + C

is exothermic while the reverse

B + C - A

is endothermic. We add a catalyst, e.g. a macroscopic catalytic surface, and it starts splitting A efficiently but is unable to get together B and C and join them into A. In other words, the catalytic surface accelerates the forward reaction but fails to accelerate the reverse. This looks realistic - the probability that a B molecule and a C molecule will hit the catalytic center simultaneously, so that the center can combine them, could be vanishingly small. Yet, if this is so, the second law is obviously violated - even at equilibrium, there will be local temperature and concentration gradients at the catalytic surface that can in principle be harnessed to do work.

The above scenario is oversimplified - it is assumed that the reverse reaction is not catalyzed at all. This is not necessary. The reverse reaction can be catalyzed as well, but if the catalytic acceleration in one direction is smaller than the catalytic acceleration in the other, the second law is violated.

Catalysts (enzymes) can violate the second law of thermodynamics by accelerating reversible chemical reactions in one direction and failing to produce the same acceleration in the opposite direction. The effect sounds self-evident and is experimentally confirmed - Wikipedia is now presenting it as a fact:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicatalysis
"Epicatalysis is a newly identified class of gas-surface heterogeneous catalysis in which specific gas-surface reactions shift gas phase species concentrations away from those normally associated with gas-phase equilibrium. [...] A traditional catalyst adheres to three general principles, namely: 1) it speeds up a chemical reaction; 2) it participates in, but is not consumed by, the reaction; and 3) it does not change the chemical equilibrium of the reaction. Epicatalysts overcome the third principle..."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan%27s_Paradox
"Consider a dimeric gas (A2) that is susceptible to endothermic dissociation or exothermic recombination (A2 - 2A). The gas is housed between two surfaces (S1 and S2), whose chemical reactivities are distinct with respect to the gas. Specifically, let S1 preferentially dissociate dimer A2 and desorb monomer A, while S2 preferentially recombines monomers A and desorbs dimer A2. [...]

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...SLTD-Fig1c.jpg

In 2014 Duncan's temperature paradox was experimentally realized, utilizing hydrogen dissociation on high-temperature transition metals (tungsten and rhenium). Ironically, these experiments support the predictions of the paradox and provide laboratory evidence for second law breakdown." [end of quotation]

Pentcho Valev
  #4  
Old February 27th 17, 09:44 PM posted to sci.astro
Pentcho Valev
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Posts: 8,078
Default Time Crystals: Great Revolution or Media Hype?

The "floating water bridge" is analogous to the capacitor-in-dielectric-liquid time crystal - water absorbs heat from the surroundings and uses it to "climb out of the beakers":

http://phys.org/news/2007-09-bridge-...h-voltage.html
"When exposed to a high-voltage electric field, water in two beakers climbs out of the beakers and crosses empty space to meet, forming the water bridge. The liquid bridge, hovering in space, appears to the human eye to defy gravity."

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhBn1ozht-E
The Floating Water Bridge

Pentcho Valev
  #5  
Old March 5th 17, 06:52 PM posted to sci.astro
Pentcho Valev
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Posts: 8,078
Default Time Crystals: Great Revolution or Media Hype?

Nice allegories posted by Frank Wilczek on Twitter:

https://twitter.com/FrankWilczek/sta...90683387953153
Frank Wilczek: "Sunday sermon: Living in a time crystal."

Yet the crucial question remains:

Do time crystals need external energy supply?

Again: In the absence of external energy supply time crystals are impossible. If the external energy is ambient heat, then the next Great Revolution in Science is just around the corner. If the external energy is different from ambient heat, then the respective time crystals are nothing but media hype.

Pentcho Valev
 




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