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National Space Policy: NSDD-42 (issued on July 4th, 1982)



 
 
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Default National Space Policy: NSDD-42 (issued on July 4th, 1982)

National Space Policy
National Security Decision Directive 42
July 4, 1982

http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/codez/...cy/nsdd-42.htm

Complete text:
================================================== ==============

Available in NASA Historical Reference Collection, History Office,
NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC. Page references to original
document in brackets.

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[Editorial headnote: In 1981, its first year in office, the Reagan
administration issued a National Security Decision Directive (NSDD-8,
November 13, 1981) that reiterated the central role of the Space
Transportation System in U.S. space activities. The White House then
initiated a comprehensive space policy review under the direction of
new Science Adviser George Keyworth II. The results of that review
were contained in NSDD-42, issued on July 4, 1982. This directive
replaced NSDD-8 and the three Carter administration space policy
statements, NSDD-37, 42, and 54. It also established as the primary
forum for space policy formulation the National Security Council
Senior Interagency Group (Space)--SIG (Space)--chaired by the
Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs. SIG (Space)
was the locus of policymaking throughout the two terms that Ronald
Reagan was President. -- Roger D. Launius, NASA Chief Historian]


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[1] July 4, 1982

NATIONAL SECURITY DECISION DIRECTIVE NUMBER 42
NATIONAL SPACE POLICY

I. INTRODUCTION AND PRINCIPLES

This directive establishes national policy to guide the conduct of
United States space program and related activities; it supersedes
Presidential Directives 37, 42, and 54, as well as National Security
Decision Directive 8. This directive is consistent with and augments
the guidance contained in existing directives, executive orders, and
law. The decisions outlined in this directive provide the broad
framework and the basis for the commitments necessary for the conduct
of United States space programs.
The Space Shuttle is to be a major factor in the future evolution of
United States space programs. It will continue to foster cooperation
between the national security and civil efforts to ensure efficient
and effective use of national resources. Specifically, routine use of
the manned Space Shuttle will provide the opportunity to understand
better and evaluate the role of man in space, to increase the utility
of space programs, and to expand knowledge of the space environment.

The basic goals of United States space policy are to: (a) strengthen
the security of the United States; (b) maintain United States space
leadership; (c) obtain economic and scientific benefits through the
exploitation of space; (d) expand United States private-sector
investment and involvement in civil space and space-related
activities; (e) promote international cooperative activities that are
in the national interest; and (f) cooperate with other nations in
maintaining the freedom of space for all activities that enhance the
security and welfare of mankind.

[2] The United States space program shall be conducted in accordance
with the following basic principles:

A. The United States is committed to the exploration and use of outer
space by all nations for peaceful purposes and for the benefit of all
mankind. [Sentence deleted during declassification review]

B. The United States rejects any claims to sovereignty by any nation
over outer space or celestial bodies, or any portion thereof, and
rejects any limitations on the fundamental right to acquire data from
space.

C. The United States considers the space systems of any nation to be
national property with the right of passage through the operations in
space without interference. Purposeful interference with space systems
shall be viewed as infringement upon sovereign rights.

D. The United States encourages domestic commercial exploration of
space capabilities, technology, and systems for national economic
benefit. These activities must be consistent with national security
concerns, treaties, and international agreements.

E. The United States will conduct international cooperative
space-related activities that achieve sufficient scientific,
political, economic, or national security benefits for the nation.

F. [Paragraph deleted in declassification review]

G. The United States Space Transportation System (STS) is the primary
space launch system for both national security and civil government
missions. STS capabilities and capacities shall be developed to meet
appropriate national needs and shall be available to authorized users
-- domestic and foreign, commercial, and governmental.

[3] H. The United States will pursue activities in space in support of
its right of self-defense.

I. The United States will continue to study space arms control
options. The United States will consider verifiable and equitable arms
control measures that would ban or otherwise limit testing and
deployment of specific weapons systems should those measures be
compatible with United States national security. The United States
will oppose arms control concepts or legal regimes that seek general
prohibitions on the military or intelligence use of space.


II. SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

The Space Transportation System (STS) is composed of the Space
shuttle, associated upper stages, and related facilities. The
following policies shall govern the development and operation of the
STS:

A. The STS is a vital element of the United States space program and
is the primary space launch system for both United States national
security and civil government missions. The STS will be afforded the
degree of survivability and security protection required for a
critical national space resource.

B. The first priority of the STS program is to make the system fully
operational and cost-effective in providing routine access to space.

C. The United States is fully committed to maintaining world
leadership in space transportation with an STS capacity sufficient to
meet appropriate national needs. The STS program requires sustained
commitments by all affected departments and agencies. The United
States will continue to develop the STS through the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in cooperation with the
Department of Defense (DoD). Enhancements of STS operational
capability, upper stages, and efficient methods of deploying and
retrieving payloads should be pursued as national requirements are
defined.

D. United States Government spacecraft should be designed to take
advantage of the unique capabilities of the STS. The completion of
transition to the Shuttle should occur as expeditiously as practical.

[4] E. [Paragraph deleted in declassification review]

F. Expandable launch vehicle operations shall be continued by the
United States Government until the capabilities of the STS are
sufficient to meet its needs and obligations. Unique national security
considerations may dictate developing special-purpose launch
capabilities.

G. For the near-term, the STS will continue to be managed and operated
in an institutional arrangement consistent with the current NASA/DoD
Memoranda of Understanding. Responsibility will remain in NASA for
operational control of the STS for civil missions and in the DoD for
operational control of the STS for national security missions. Mission
management is the responsibility of the mission agency. As the STS
operations mature, options will be considered for possible transition
to a different institutional structure.

H. Major changes to STS program capabilities will require Presidential
approval.


III. CIVIL SPACE PROGRAM

The United States shall conduct civil space programs to expand
knowledge of the Earth, its environment, the solar system, and the
universe; to develop and promote selected civil applications of space
technology; to preserve the United States leadership in critical
aspects of space science, applications, and technology; and to further
United States domestic and foreign policy objectives. Consistent with
the National Aeronautics and Space Act, the following policies shall
govern the conduct of the civil space program.

A. Science, Applications, and Technology: United States Government
civil programs shall continue a balanced strategy of research,
development, operations, and exploration for science, applications,
and technology. The key objectives of these programs are to:

(1) Preserve the United States preeminence in critical major space
activities to enable continued exploitation and exploration of space.

[5] (2) Conduct research and experimentation to expand understanding
of: (a) astrophysical phenomena and the origin and evolution of the
universe, through long-term astrophysical observation; (b) the Earth,
its environment, and its dynamic relation with the Sun; (c) the origin
and evolution of the solar system, through solar, planetary, and lunar
sciences and exploration; and (d) the space environment and technology
required to advance knowledge in the biological sciences.

(3) Continue to explore the requirements, operational concepts, and
technology associated with permanent space facilities.

(4) Conduct appropriate research and experimentation in advanced
technology and systems to provide a basis for future civil space
applications.

B. Private Sector Participation: The United States Government will
provide a climate conducive to expanded private sector investment and
involvement in civil space activities, with due regard to public
safety and national security. Private sector space activities will be
authorized and supervised or regulated by the government to the extent
required by treaty and national security.

C. International Cooperation: United States cooperation in
international civil activities will:

(1) Support the public, nondiscriminatory direct readout of data from
Federal civil systems to foreign ground stations and provision of data
to foreign users under specified conditions.

(2) Continue cooperation with other nations by conducting joint
scientific and research programs that yield sufficient benefits to the
United States in areas such as access to foreign scientific and
technological expertise, and access to foreign research and
development facilities, and that serve other national goals. All
international space ventures must be consistent with United States
technology-transfer policy.

D. Civil Operational Remote Sensing: Management of Federal civil
operational remote sensing is the responsibility of the Department of
Commerce. The Department of Commerce will: (a) aggregate Federal needs
for civil operational remote sensing to be met by either the private
sector or the Federal government; (b) identify needed civil
operational system research and development objectives; and (c) in
coordination with other departments or agencies, provide for
regulation of private-sector operational remote sensing systems.

[6] [Page deleted in declassification review]

[7] [Page deleted in declassification review]

[8] [Paragraph deleted in declassification review]

(1) The fact that the United States conducts satellite
photoreconnaissance for peaceful purposes, including intelligence
collection and the monitoring of arms control agreements, is
unclassified. The fact that such photoreconnaissance includes a
near-real-time capability and is used to provide defense related
information for indications and warning is also unclassified. All
other details, facts and products concerning the national foreign
intelligence space program are subject to appropriate classification
and security controls.

(2) [Paragraph deleted in declassification review]


VI. INTER-SECTOR RESPONSIBILITIES

[Paragraphs A-F deleted in declassification review]

[9] G. The United States Government will maintain and coordinate
separate national security and civil operational space systems when
differing needs of the sectors dictate.


VII. IMPLEMENTATION

Normal interagency coordinating mechanisms will be employed to the
maximum extent possible to implement the policies enunciated in this
directive. To provide a forum to all Federal agencies for their policy
views, to review and advise on proposed changes to national space
policy, and to provide for orderly and rapid referral of space policy
issues to the President for decisions as necessary, a Senior
Interagency Group (SIG) on Space shall be established. The SIG (Space)
will be chaired by the Assistant to the President for National
Security Affairs and will include the Deputy or Under Secretary of
State, Deputy or Under Secretary of Defense, Deputy or Under Secretary
of Commerce, Director of Central Intelligence, Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff, Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency,
and the [10] Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration. Representatives of the Office of Management and Budget
and the Office of Science and Technology Policy will be include as
observers. Other agencies or departments will participate based on the
subjects to be addressed.
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