Polarized clouds on Mars, further evidence for liquid water in Solis Lacus, Mars?

At the October, 2004 40th Vernadsky-Brown Conference was presented a
report that observed polarization in the refelected light from clouds
on Mars by the Hubble telescope:

35 - POLARIZATION CLOUDS IN THE MARTIAN ATMOSPHE HUBBLE SPACE
TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS. V. Kaydash, Yu. Shkuratov, M. Kreslavsky, G.
Videen, M. Wolff, J. Bell.
The 40th Vernadsky/Brown Microsymposium on Comparative Planetology.
October 11-13, 2004, Moscow Russia
http://www.geokhi.ru/~planetology/th...dash_et_al.pdf

Polarization of light is known to be produced by round liquid water
drops as opposed to randomly oriented multi-faceted ice crystals. The
process is described he

Estimate of the global distribution of stratiform supercooled liquid
water clouds using the LITE lidar.
Robin J. Hogan, Mukunda D. Behera,1 Ewan J. O'Connor, and Anthony J.
Illingworth
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 31, L05106,
doi:10.1029/2003GL018977, 2004
http://www.met.rdg.ac.uk/clouds/publ...mixedphase.pdf

Depolarization ratio
http://lidar.ssec.wisc.edu/papers/pp_thes/node20.htm


The figures shown in the Vernadsky/Brown report show the clouds with
the high polarization extend over the Solis Lacus region. The
observations were taken in southern Summer on Mars in 2003. Earlier
Viking evidence had shown this seasonal period may be when water is
released in Solis Lacus:

From: Robert Clark )
Subject: Will Mars Odyssey prove liquid water in Solis Lacus, Mars?
Newsgroups: sci.astro
Date: 2003-08-08 21:51:54 PST
http://groups.google.com/groups?selm...g.g oogle.com

Images from Mars Express have also shown autumn clouds or fogs in
Solis that may contact the ground and form liquid water:

From: Robert Clark )
Subject: Further on liquid water in Solis Lacus, Mars.
Newsgroups: sci.astro, alt.sci.planetary, sci.physics,
sci.geo.meteorology
Date: 2004-10-09 13:39:43 PST
http://groups.google.com/groups?selm...g.g oogle.com



Bob Clark

Hi,

Does that mean "rain" in laymens terms?

regards,
Paul


"Robert Clark" wrote in message
m...
At the October, 2004 40th Vernadsky-Brown Conference was presented a
report that observed polarization in the refelected light from clouds
on Mars by the Hubble telescope:

35 - POLARIZATION CLOUDS IN THE MARTIAN ATMOSPHE HUBBLE SPACE
TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS. V. Kaydash, Yu. Shkuratov, M. Kreslavsky, G.
Videen, M. Wolff, J. Bell.
The 40th Vernadsky/Brown Microsymposium on Comparative Planetology.
October 11-13, 2004, Moscow Russia
http://www.geokhi.ru/~planetology/th...dash_et_al.pdf

Polarization of light is known to be produced by round liquid water
drops as opposed to randomly oriented multi-faceted ice crystals. The
process is described he

Estimate of the global distribution of stratiform supercooled liquid
water clouds using the LITE lidar.
Robin J. Hogan, Mukunda D. Behera,1 Ewan J. O'Connor, and Anthony J.
Illingworth
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 31, L05106,
doi:10.1029/2003GL018977, 2004
http://www.met.rdg.ac.uk/clouds/publ...mixedphase.pdf

Depolarization ratio
http://lidar.ssec.wisc.edu/papers/pp_thes/node20.htm


The figures shown in the Vernadsky/Brown report show the clouds with
the high polarization extend over the Solis Lacus region. The
observations were taken in southern Summer on Mars in 2003. Earlier
Viking evidence had shown this seasonal period may be when water is
released in Solis Lacus:

From: Robert Clark )
Subject: Will Mars Odyssey prove liquid water in Solis Lacus, Mars?
Newsgroups: sci.astro
Date: 2003-08-08 21:51:54 PST


ogle.com

Images from Mars Express have also shown autumn clouds or fogs in
Solis that may contact the ground and form liquid water:

From: Robert Clark )
Subject: Further on liquid water in Solis Lacus, Mars.
Newsgroups: sci.astro, alt.sci.planetary, sci.physics,
sci.geo.meteorology
Date: 2004-10-09 13:39:43 PST


ogle.com



Bob Clark

It could be rain. Or it could be low lying fogs that contain liquid water.

Bob Clark

"News" wrote in message ...
Hi,

Does that mean "rain" in laymens terms?

regards,
Paul


"Robert Clark" wrote in message
m...
At the October, 2004 40th Vernadsky-Brown Conference was presented a
report that observed polarization in the refelected light from clouds
on Mars by the Hubble telescope:

35 - POLARIZATION CLOUDS IN THE MARTIAN ATMOSPHE HUBBLE SPACE
TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS. V. Kaydash, Yu. Shkuratov, M. Kreslavsky, G.
Videen, M. Wolff, J. Bell.
The 40th Vernadsky/Brown Microsymposium on Comparative Planetology.
October 11-13, 2004, Moscow Russia
http://www.geokhi.ru/~planetology/th...dash_et_al.pdf

Polarization of light is known to be produced by round liquid water
drops as opposed to randomly oriented multi-faceted ice crystals. The
process is described he

Estimate of the global distribution of stratiform supercooled liquid
water clouds using the LITE lidar.
Robin J. Hogan, Mukunda D. Behera,1 Ewan J. O'Connor, and Anthony J.
Illingworth
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 31, L05106,
doi:10.1029/2003GL018977, 2004
http://www.met.rdg.ac.uk/clouds/publ...mixedphase.pdf

Depolarization ratio
http://lidar.ssec.wisc.edu/papers/pp_thes/node20.htm


The figures shown in the Vernadsky/Brown report show the clouds with
the high polarization extend over the Solis Lacus region. The
observations were taken in southern Summer on Mars in 2003. Earlier
Viking evidence had shown this seasonal period may be when water is
released in Solis Lacus:

From: Robert Clark )
Subject: Will Mars Odyssey prove liquid water in Solis Lacus, Mars?
Newsgroups: sci.astro
Date: 2003-08-08 21:51:54 PST


ogle.com

Images from Mars Express have also shown autumn clouds or fogs in
Solis that may contact the ground and form liquid water:

From: Robert Clark )
Subject: Further on liquid water in Solis Lacus, Mars.
Newsgroups: sci.astro, alt.sci.planetary, sci.physics,
sci.geo.meteorology
Date: 2004-10-09 13:39:43 PST


ogle.com



Bob Clark

thank you Bob.

"Robert Clark" wrote in message
om...
It could be rain. Or it could be low lying fogs that contain liquid water.

Bob Clark

"News" wrote in message
...
Hi,

Does that mean "rain" in laymens terms?

regards,
Paul


"Robert Clark" wrote in message
m...
At the October, 2004 40th Vernadsky-Brown Conference was presented a
report that observed polarization in the refelected light from clouds
on Mars by the Hubble telescope:

35 - POLARIZATION CLOUDS IN THE MARTIAN ATMOSPHE HUBBLE SPACE
TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS. V. Kaydash, Yu. Shkuratov, M. Kreslavsky, G.
Videen, M. Wolff, J. Bell.
The 40th Vernadsky/Brown Microsymposium on Comparative Planetology.
October 11-13, 2004, Moscow Russia
http://www.geokhi.ru/~planetology/th...dash_et_al.pdf

Polarization of light is known to be produced by round liquid water
drops as opposed to randomly oriented multi-faceted ice crystals. The
process is described he

Estimate of the global distribution of stratiform supercooled liquid
water clouds using the LITE lidar.
Robin J. Hogan, Mukunda D. Behera,1 Ewan J. O'Connor, and Anthony J.
Illingworth
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 31, L05106,
doi:10.1029/2003GL018977, 2004
http://www.met.rdg.ac.uk/clouds/publ...mixedphase.pdf

Depolarization ratio
http://lidar.ssec.wisc.edu/papers/pp_thes/node20.htm


The figures shown in the Vernadsky/Brown report show the clouds with
the high polarization extend over the Solis Lacus region. The
observations were taken in southern Summer on Mars in 2003. Earlier
Viking evidence had shown this seasonal period may be when water is
released in Solis Lacus:

From: Robert Clark )
Subject: Will Mars Odyssey prove liquid water in Solis Lacus, Mars?
Newsgroups: sci.astro
Date: 2003-08-08 21:51:54 PST



ogle.com

Images from Mars Express have also shown autumn clouds or fogs in
Solis that may contact the ground and form liquid water:

From: Robert Clark )
Subject: Further on liquid water in Solis Lacus, Mars.
Newsgroups: sci.astro, alt.sci.planetary, sci.physics,
sci.geo.meteorology
Date: 2004-10-09 13:39:43 PST



ogle.com



Bob Clark

A mist or freezing dew of some sort may account for Opportunity's
cleaned solar panels. That would be a boon for pending missions, if
dust occlusion could be eliminated by entering moist crater locations.

kk


"News" wrote in message ...
thank you Bob.

"Robert Clark" wrote in message
om...
It could be rain. Or it could be low lying fogs that contain liquid water.

Bob Clark

"News" wrote in message
...
Hi,

Does that mean "rain" in laymens terms?

regards,
Paul


"Robert Clark" wrote in message
m...
At the October, 2004 40th Vernadsky-Brown Conference was presented a
report that observed polarization in the refelected light from clouds
on Mars by the Hubble telescope:

35 - POLARIZATION CLOUDS IN THE MARTIAN ATMOSPHE HUBBLE SPACE
TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS. V. Kaydash, Yu. Shkuratov, M. Kreslavsky, G.
Videen, M. Wolff, J. Bell.
The 40th Vernadsky/Brown Microsymposium on Comparative Planetology.
October 11-13, 2004, Moscow Russia
http://www.geokhi.ru/~planetology/th...dash_et_al.pdf

Polarization of light is known to be produced by round liquid water
drops as opposed to randomly oriented multi-faceted ice crystals. The
process is described he

Estimate of the global distribution of stratiform supercooled liquid
water clouds using the LITE lidar.
Robin J. Hogan, Mukunda D. Behera,1 Ewan J. O'Connor, and Anthony J.
Illingworth
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 31, L05106,
doi:10.1029/2003GL018977, 2004
http://www.met.rdg.ac.uk/clouds/publ...mixedphase.pdf

Depolarization ratio
http://lidar.ssec.wisc.edu/papers/pp_thes/node20.htm


The figures shown in the Vernadsky/Brown report show the clouds with
the high polarization extend over the Solis Lacus region. The
observations were taken in southern Summer on Mars in 2003. Earlier
Viking evidence had shown this seasonal period may be when water is
released in Solis Lacus:

From: Robert Clark )
Subject: Will Mars Odyssey prove liquid water in Solis Lacus, Mars?
Newsgroups: sci.astro
Date: 2003-08-08 21:51:54 PST



ogle.com

Images from Mars Express have also shown autumn clouds or fogs in
Solis that may contact the ground and form liquid water:

From: Robert Clark )
Subject: Further on liquid water in Solis Lacus, Mars.
Newsgroups: sci.astro, alt.sci.planetary, sci.physics,
sci.geo.meteorology
Date: 2004-10-09 13:39:43 PST



ogle.com



Bob Clark

Seasonal Trend in Water Vapor Seen from Orbit
"The seasonal trend in the amount of water vapor in Mars' atmosphere,
as observed by thermal emission spectrometer on NASA's Mars Global
Surveyor orbiter, varies by latitude. This plot starts near the
beginning of fall in the southern hemisphere for the year before the
Mars Exploration Rover mission began and ends on August 30, 2004,
slightly more than one martian year later. Purple represents no water
while red represents about 50 precipitable micrometers, which is about
10,000 times less than on Earth. The units of time along the horizontal
axis are given in longitude of the Sun (Ls) as measured in a
Mars-centered coordinate system, a way to reflect the elliptical nature
of Mars' orbit. On this scale, Mars is farthest from the Sun at about
74, which also corresponds to late fall in the southern hemisphere.
"During the period when Mars is farthest from the Sun, the migration of
water vapor from the northern polar region combines with lowered
atmospheric temperatures to produce conditions that allow formation of
clouds such as seen in the image "Clouds over 'Endurance' on Sol 290" .
Opportunity is further north than Spirit is, so there is a distinct
difference in the amount of water vapor available to form water-ice
clouds over the two sites. To date, Spirit has not seen any discrete,
cirrus-like clouds such as Opportunity has photographed. Although water
vapor is expected to reach a maximum abundance for the Opportunity and
Spirit sites near spring equinox (Ls 180 or about March 2005), the
atmospheric temperatures will very likely have warmed sufficiently to
prevent formation of the type of clouds that Opportunity has observed
recently. "
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/galle...20041213a.html

Perhaps Spirit and Opportunity won't see the thin, cirrus clouds seen
over Meridiani, but perhaps they will see thicker clouds that could
hold precipitation. Below I discuss the observations from Hubble during
late southern Spring on Mars in 2003 that showed clouds extending into
southern, near equatorial latitudes.
This would be consistent with the observations from the HEND
instrument on Mars Odyssey that found increases in near surface water
during this period. Note though that since this is in late Spring into
early Summer, the ground temperatures can rise to above freezing during
daytime and any water frost deposits there (or precipitated ice) would
be expected to melt to liquid during the times of late morning to early
afternoon.



Bob Clark

=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3 D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3 D=3D=3D=3D
Newsgroups: sci.astro,alt.sci.planetary,sci.physics,sci.geo.me teorology
From: (Robert Clark)
Date: 2 Nov 2004 18:11:37 -0800
Local: Tues, Nov 2 2004 6:11 pm
Subject: Polarized clouds on Mars, further evidence for liquid water in
Solis Lacus, Mars?

At the October, 2004 40th Vernadsky-Brown Conference was presented a
report that observed polarization in the refelected light from clouds
on Mars by the Hubble telescope:

35 - POLARIZATION CLOUDS IN THE MARTIAN ATMOSPHE HUBBLE SPACE
TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS. V. Kaydash, Yu. Shkuratov, M. Kreslavsky, G.
Videen, M. Wolff, J. Bell.
The 40th Vernadsky/Brown Microsymposium on Comparative Planetology.
October 11-13, 2004, Moscow Russia
http://www.geokhi.ru/~planetology/th...dash_et_al.pdf

Polarization of light is known to be produced by round liquid water
drops as opposed to randomly oriented multi-faceted ice crystals. The
process is described he

Estimate of the global distribution of stratiform supercooled liquid
water clouds using the LITE lidar.
Robin J. Hogan, Mukunda D. Behera,1 Ewan J. O'Connor, and Anthony J.
Illingworth
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 31, L05106,
doi:10.1029/2003GL018977, 2004
http://www.met.rdg.ac.uk/clouds/publ...mixedphase.pdf

Depolarization ratio
http://lidar.ssec.wisc.edu/papers/pp_thes/node20.htm

The figures shown in the Vernadsky/Brown report show the clouds with
the high polarization extend over the Solis Lacus region. The
observations were taken in southern Summer on Mars in 2003. Earlier
Viking evidence had shown this seasonal period may be when water is
released in Solis Lacus:

From: Robert Clark )
Subject: Will Mars Odyssey prove liquid water in Solis Lacus, Mars?
Newsgroups: sci.astro
Date: 2003-08-08 21:51:54 PST
http://groups-beta.google.com/group/...791dcf09a0317e

Images from Mars Express have also shown autumn clouds or fogs in
Solis that may contact the ground and form liquid water:

From: Robert Clark )
Subject: Further on liquid water in Solis Lacus, Mars.
Newsgroups: sci.astro, alt.sci.planetary, sci.physics,
sci.geo.meteorology
Date: 2004-10-09 13:39:43 PST
http://groups-beta.google.com/group/...4907a1d49c5b84


Bob Clark

=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3 D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3 D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
Newsgroups: sci.astro, alt.sci.planetary, sci.physics, sci.geo.geology,
sci.geo.meteorology
From: "Robert Clark"
Date: 25 Dec 2004 12:58:34 -0800
Local: Sat, Dec 25 2004 12:58 pm
Subject: More on "Frost on the rover solar panels".

Imaging at the Opportunity rover landing site in Meridiani Planum
confirms observations using the HEND instrument on Mars Observer that
water/ice is deposited near the equator seasonally on Mars:

Space Sciences
Whoa! Frost on the solar panels?
Posted by Robert Clark on 12/14/2004 7:32:38 AM
In Reply to: Sabkha or playa, take your pick... posted by Nick Hoffman
on 12/13/2004 6:23:08 PM
http://habitablezone.com/space/messages/360805.html

However, the HEND instrument shows the greatest amount is deposited
during southern Summer:

47 - EVIDENCE OF THE SEASONAL REDISTRIBUTION OF WATER IN THE SURFICIAL
MARTIAN REGOLITH BASED ON ANALYSIS OF THE HEND MAPPING DATA.
R=2EO. Kuzmin, E.V. Zabalueva, I.G. Mitrofanov, M.L. Litvak, A.V.
Parshukov, V.Yu. Grin'kov, W. Boynton, R.S. Saunders.
"As it well seen from fig.1b,c,d, two distinctive "hollows" of
neutrons flux reduction have been appeared in the northern hemisphere
during northern summer at Ls=3D130=B0-170=B0 and in first half of northern
winter at Ls=3D270=B0-330=B0, being extended from high to low latitudes. At
that, later "hollow" (Ls=3D270=B0-330=B0) is characterized by much
stronger reduction of the neutrons flux and it traces from northern
polar region up to low latitudes in the southern hemisphere. The first
"hollow" is related with periods of the northern middle summer,
while the second one - with of the southern middle summer. In both
case the residual polar caps serve as main source of the water in the
Martian atmosphere."
p=2E 2
http://www.geokhi.ru/~planetology/th...zmin_et_al.pdf

Opportunity landed just barely after this time in southern Summer at
about LS 340=B0 (LS stands for solar longitude and indicates Mars
position in its orbit.)
However, it is notable that Spirit did land near the end of the time
period of Ls=3D270=B0-330=B0. Spirit is closer to the southern pole and
this may explain how could experience deposition during this period
while apparently not during the current northern Summer. Then the
controversial indications of mud at the Spirit landing site early in
the mission may indeed have been indications of this summer-time water
deposition.
Opportunity has observed clouds during the current water deposition
period and since the amount of atmospherically deposited water is
greater during southern Summer, we would expect the cloud density to be
even greater then. Indeed it could be of sufficient density to allow
precipitation which could reach the ground as rain.
The next Ls=3D270=B0-330=B0 period begins in August, 2005.

Come on Opportunity!
Bob Clark

=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3 D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3 D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D

Seasonal Trend in Water Vapor Seen from Orbit
"The seasonal trend in the amount of water vapor in Mars' atmosphere,
as observed by thermal emission spectrometer on NASA's Mars Global
Surveyor orbiter, varies by latitude. This plot starts near the
beginning of fall in the southern hemisphere for the year before the
Mars Exploration Rover mission began and ends on August 30, 2004"


When Mars reaches perihelion will be in late southern Spring. This will
be in July, 2005. It would be expected that the melting of the southern
ice cap and subsequent exposure of water ice would result in a great
increase in the amount of water in the atmosphere. However, the data
shown in the graph only goes back to the southern Fall so they may not
be including the high water content in late Spring and early Summer.
The Hubble images show the clouds over Meridiani in late Spring of
2003. This is when I'm suggesting clouds will again appear over
Meridiani in 2005, not the March 2005 mentioned in the news release.


Bob Clark

Robert Clark wrote:
Seasonal Trend in Water Vapor Seen from Orbit
"The seasonal trend in the amount of water vapor in Mars' atmosphere,
as observed by thermal emission spectrometer on NASA's Mars Global
Surveyor orbiter, varies by latitude. This plot starts near the
beginning of fall in the southern hemisphere for the year before the
Mars Exploration Rover mission began and ends on August 30, 2004,
slightly more than one martian year later. Purple represents no water
while red represents about 50 precipitable micrometers, which is
about
10,000 times less than on Earth. The units of time along the
horizontal
axis are given in longitude of the Sun (Ls) as measured in a
Mars-centered coordinate system, a way to reflect the elliptical
nature
of Mars' orbit. On this scale, Mars is farthest from the Sun at about
74, which also corresponds to late fall in the southern hemisphere.
"During the period when Mars is farthest from the Sun, the migration
of
water vapor from the northern polar region combines with lowered
atmospheric temperatures to produce conditions that allow formation
of
clouds such as seen in the image "Clouds over 'Endurance' on Sol 290"
..
Opportunity is further north than Spirit is, so there is a distinct
difference in the amount of water vapor available to form water-ice
clouds over the two sites. To date, Spirit has not seen any discrete,
cirrus-like clouds such as Opportunity has photographed. Although
water
vapor is expected to reach a maximum abundance for the Opportunity
and
Spirit sites near spring equinox (Ls 180 or about March 2005), the
atmospheric temperatures will very likely have warmed sufficiently to
prevent formation of the type of clouds that Opportunity has observed
recently. "

http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/galle...20041213a.html

Perhaps Spirit and Opportunity won't see the thin, cirrus clouds seen
over Meridiani, but perhaps they will see thicker clouds that could
hold precipitation. Below I discuss the observations from Hubble
during
late southern Spring on Mars in 2003 that showed clouds extending
into
southern, near equatorial latitudes.
This would be consistent with the observations from the HEND
instrument on Mars Odyssey that found increases in near surface water
during this period. Note though that since this is in late Spring
into
early Summer, the ground temperatures can rise to above freezing
during
daytime and any water frost deposits there (or precipitated ice)
would
be expected to melt to liquid during the times of late morning to
early
afternoon.



Bob Clark

=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3 D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3 D=3D=3D=3D=3D
Newsgroups:
sci.astro,alt.sci.planetary,sci.physics,sci.geo.me teorology
From: (Robert Clark)
Date: 2 Nov 2004 18:11:37 -0800
Local: Tues, Nov 2 2004 6:11 pm
Subject: Polarized clouds on Mars, further evidence for liquid water
in
Solis Lacus, Mars?

At the October, 2004 40th Vernadsky-Brown Conference was presented a
report that observed polarization in the refelected light from clouds
on Mars by the Hubble telescope:

35 - POLARIZATION CLOUDS IN THE MARTIAN ATMOSPHE HUBBLE SPACE
TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS. V. Kaydash, Yu. Shkuratov, M. Kreslavsky, G.
Videen, M. Wolff, J. Bell.
The 40th Vernadsky/Brown Microsymposium on Comparative Planetology.
October 11-13, 2004, Moscow Russia
http://www.geokhi.ru/~planetology/th...dash_et_al.pdf

Polarization of light is known to be produced by round liquid water
drops as opposed to randomly oriented multi-faceted ice crystals. The
process is described he

Estimate of the global distribution of stratiform supercooled liquid
water clouds using the LITE lidar.
Robin J. Hogan, Mukunda D. Behera,1 Ewan J. O'Connor, and Anthony J.
Illingworth
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 31, L05106,
doi:10.1029/2003GL018977, 2004
http://www.met.rdg.ac.uk/clouds/publ...mixedphase.pdf

Depolarization ratio
http://lidar.ssec.wisc.edu/papers/pp_thes/node20.htm

The figures shown in the Vernadsky/Brown report show the clouds with
the high polarization extend over the Solis Lacus region. The
observations were taken in southern Summer on Mars in 2003. Earlier
Viking evidence had shown this seasonal period may be when water is
released in Solis Lacus:

From: Robert Clark )
Subject: Will Mars Odyssey prove liquid water in Solis Lacus, Mars?
Newsgroups: sci.astro
Date: 2003-08-08 21:51:54 PST
http://groups-beta.google.com/group/...791dcf09a0317e

Images from Mars Express have also shown autumn clouds or fogs in
Solis that may contact the ground and form liquid water:

From: Robert Clark )
Subject: Further on liquid water in Solis Lacus, Mars.
Newsgroups: sci.astro, alt.sci.planetary, sci.physics,
sci.geo.meteorology
Date: 2004-10-09 13:39:43 PST
http://groups-beta.google.com/group/...4907a1d49c5b84


Bob Clark

=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3 D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3 D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
Newsgroups: sci.astro, alt.sci.planetary, sci.physics,
sci.geo.geology,
sci.geo.meteorology
From: "Robert Clark"
Date: 25 Dec 2004 12:58:34 -0800
Local: Sat, Dec 25 2004 12:58 pm
Subject: More on "Frost on the rover solar panels".

Imaging at the Opportunity rover landing site in Meridiani Planum
confirms observations using the HEND instrument on Mars Observer that
water/ice is deposited near the equator seasonally on Mars:

Space Sciences
Whoa! Frost on the solar panels?
Posted by Robert Clark on 12/14/2004 7:32:38 AM
In Reply to: Sabkha or playa, take your pick... posted by Nick
Hoffman
on 12/13/2004 6:23:08 PM
http://habitablezone.com/space/messages/360805.html

However, the HEND instrument shows the greatest amount is deposited
during southern Summer:

47 - EVIDENCE OF THE SEASONAL REDISTRIBUTION OF WATER IN THE
SURFICIAL
MARTIAN REGOLITH BASED ON ANALYSIS OF THE HEND MAPPING DATA.
R.O. Kuzmin, E.V. Zabalueva, I.G. Mitrofanov, M.L. Litvak, A.V.
Parshukov, V.Yu. Grin'kov, W. Boynton, R.S. Saunders.
"As it well seen from fig.1b,c,d, two distinctive "hollows" of
neutrons flux reduction have been appeared in the northern hemisphere
during northern summer at Ls=3D130=B0-170=B0 and in first half of
northern
winter at Ls=3D270=B0-330=B0, being extended from high to low latitudes.
At
that, later "hollow" (Ls=3D270=B0-330=B0) is characterized by much
stronger reduction of the neutrons flux and it traces from northern
polar region up to low latitudes in the southern hemisphere. The
first
"hollow" is related with periods of the northern middle summer,
while the second one - with of the southern middle summer. In both
case the residual polar caps serve as main source of the water in the
Martian atmosphere."
p. 2
http://www.geokhi.ru/~planetology/th...zmin_et_al.pdf

Opportunity landed just barely after this time in southern Summer at
about LS 340=B0 (LS stands for solar longitude and indicates Mars
position in its orbit.)
However, it is notable that Spirit did land near the end of the time
period of Ls=3D270=B0-330=B0. Spirit is closer to the southern pole and
this may explain how could experience deposition during this period
while apparently not during the current northern Summer. Then the
controversial indications of mud at the Spirit landing site early in
the mission may indeed have been indications of this summer-time
water
deposition.
Opportunity has observed clouds during the current water deposition
period and since the amount of atmospherically deposited water is
greater during southern Summer, we would expect the cloud density to
be
even greater then. Indeed it could be of sufficient density to allow
precipitation which could reach the ground as rain.
The next Ls=3D270=B0-330=B0 period begins in August, 2005.

Come on Opportunity!
Bob Clark
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