Flying discs have very high aerodynamic efficiency

Aerodynamically, flying discs are intriguing because of their simplicity and because they have exceptional flying capabilities. A flying disc is both an airfoil and a gyroscope. The airfoil produces lift. The gyroscope provides stability.

From an aerodynamicist's point of view, a flying disc is a mystery because a flying disc is essentially a wing of low aspect ratio.

The AR of a wing is defined to be the square of its span divided by the wing's planform area. The planform area of a disc is its circulr projection, and the span is equal to its diameter D. Thus, the aspect ratio of a disk at zero angle of attack is simple 4/pi() = 1.273.

Generally, a wing with high AR has high L/D. A wing with low AR has low A/D. High performance gliders have long wings and AR as high as 40 with a correspondingly high L/D of 40. A fighter plane on the other hand has low AR and low LD both under 5.

The direct correlation derives from the cross flow around the wing tips which result in wing tip vortices while reduce lift. Greater AR reduces wing tip vortices relative to overall lift generated by the rest of the wing. The L/D is simply equal to the cotangent of the glide angle.

Now, the interesting thing about flying discs, and the cause of the mystery for the aerodynamicist, is that from the foregoing aerodynamic analysis we could expect a flying disc to have a glide angle of 38.1 degrees. Yet, such a steep descent is not the case when we look at the flight of a rotating disc! Most discs have a glide angle of less than 8 degrees which give them a L/D of seven! This is as good as a Cessna 172!

Wind tunnel experiments carried demonstrated lift-to-drag ratios of eight under optimum conditions for angle of attack, wind speed and rotation rate.

So, its clear that rotating flying discs possess considerable aerodynamic efficiency for its low aspect ratio. Its gyroscopic stability make discs even more attractive! With angular momentum a rotating disc is able to resist small distrubances in pitch and roll. Thus, flying discs don't need tail surfaces and the drag and lift penalty they impose.

Discs do have a tendency to steer to the side during forward flight whenever the center of lift does not coincide with the center of gravity. When this happens the disc will experience an aerodynamic pitching moment. Due to gyroscopic precession, that pitching moment will result in banking to the side. By having the disc rotate along a plane with an opposite bank angle, called the hyzer angle, straight line flight is accomplished. A disc with the correct hyzer angle will preserve its tilt and fly along a straight path.

A spinning disc also experiences another side force known as the Magnus force. Heinrich Magnus, discovered in 1852 that the flow of air over a rotating cylinder creates lift because of differences in the flow speed over advancing and retreating surfaces resulting in a difference in pressure. The Magnus effect is pronounced in spinning golf balls and tennis balls which have large lateral surface areas. A rotating disk has smaller side drift than a ball.

Active laminar flow control (LFC) employs suction of a small quantity of air through aerodynamic surfaces to change the aerodynamic properties of those surfaces. This technique offers the potential for a significant reduction in drag and result in large increases in range and reduction of fuel usage. Reductions in fuel consumed as a result of laminar flow control may be one third of present levels. In the context of flying discs, this has the potential to increase L/D to 24/


LFC for aircraft was first implemented in the late 1930s. In 1939 NACA researchers in Hampton Virginia used LFC on slotted wings which resulted in flight experiments in 1941 using a B-18 airplane.

In Germany and Switzerland during World War 2 Walter Tollmien and Hermann Schlichting demonstrated that boundary layer control was very stable and could be achieved by continually removing extremely small amounts of air on lift surfaces. Werner Pfenninger further optimised multiple suction slots to maximize lift whilst minimizing drag.

In the 1950s John Frost of Avro Canada built a series of aircraft from which the air exited in a ring around the outside of a disc shaped aircraft and was withdrawn from the top of the disc. The VZ-9 AV Avrocar was part of a secret United States military project. The Avrocar provided lift and thrust from a single turborotor with substantial gyroscopic effect, blowing exhaust out the rim of the disc aircraft and applying suction to the top surface to provide VTOL performance.

Avro's 1956 Project 1794 for the US military was a larger-scale flying disc which reached speeds of Mach 4. The project remained classified until 2012..
April,1955 - 31 May, 1956 USAF Contract No. AF33(600)30161

The field of Magneto hydrodynamics (MHD) was initiated by Hannes Alfven for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1970. Alfven described MHD at the academic discipline which studies the dynamics of electrically conducting fluids. These include plasmas, liquid metals and salt water. The word magneto hydro dynamics is derived from magneto - meaning magnetic field, hydro - meaning liquid, and dynamics meaning movement.

MHD plants are efficient and have no moving parts except the working fluids and electrons. For this reason they are light weight and powerful.

Maxwell and Demetriades of STD Resarch Corp. in Arcadia California, reported in 1983 on a lightweight self-excited MHD power generator that produced 4..8 MW and massed only 32 kg. MEMS based systems being far smaller, have favorable scaling properties and have even higher specific kW/kg.

Low temperature radio frequency plasmas have a long history since they are essential to creating efficient lighting systems using plasma discharges.

For converting air to plasma efficiently I developed a 13.56 MHz inductively coupled plasma based RF ion source using MEMS components. This produced high brightness focused ion beams of atmospheric gases to efficiently create and direct high speed plasma flows.

From this Pulsed Plasmoid Propulsion also known as Air-Breathing Electromagnetic Propulsion was developed.

This Electrodeless Lorentz Force (ELF) thruster creates a high-density, magnetized plasmoid known as a Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) by employing a Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF) around a rotating flying disc.

The RMF driven azimuthal currents, coupled with the enhanced axial magnetic field gradient produced by the FRC outside the flux preserving ellipsoid surface generates a whole surface thruster which produces a large axial JxB force that accelerates the plasmoid to high velocity across the surface.

The ELF thruster has been demonstrated to successfully ionize and electromagnetically accelerate air surrounding a disc. Fine control of an array of dispersed elements on the disc surface creates a propulsive skin with the ability to use ambient atmosphere efficiently for propulsion.

Neutral entrainment of surrounding air far beyond the plasmoid boundary layer provide an advanced and highly-efficient electromagnetic acceleration scheme which provides nearly ideal performance through all speed regimes.

On Wednesday, April 15, 2015 at 5:01:44 AM UTC-4, William Mook wrote:
Aerodynamically, flying discs are intriguing because of their simplicity and because they have exceptional flying capabilities. A flying disc is both an airfoil and a gyroscope. The airfoil produces lift. The gyroscope provides stability.

From an aerodynamicist's point of view, a flying disc is a mystery because a flying disc is essentially a wing of low aspect ratio.

The AR of a wing is defined to be the square of its span divided by the wing's planform area. The planform area of a disc is its circulr projection, and the span is equal to its diameter D. Thus, the aspect ratio of a disk at zero angle of attack is simple 4/pi() = 1.273.

Generally, a wing with high AR has high L/D. A wing with low AR has low A/D. High performance gliders have long wings and AR as high as 40 with a correspondingly high L/D of 40. A fighter plane on the other hand has low AR and low LD both under 5.

The direct correlation derives from the cross flow around the wing tips which result in wing tip vortices while reduce lift. Greater AR reduces wing tip vortices relative to overall lift generated by the rest of the wing. The L/D is simply equal to the cotangent of the glide angle.

Now, the interesting thing about flying discs, and the cause of the mystery for the aerodynamicist, is that from the foregoing aerodynamic analysis we could expect a flying disc to have a glide angle of 38.1 degrees. Yet, such a steep descent is not the case when we look at the flight of a rotating disc! Most discs have a glide angle of less than 8 degrees which give them a L/D of seven! This is as good as a Cessna 172!

Wind tunnel experiments carried demonstrated lift-to-drag ratios of eight under optimum conditions for angle of attack, wind speed and rotation rate..

So, its clear that rotating flying discs possess considerable aerodynamic efficiency for its low aspect ratio. Its gyroscopic stability make discs even more attractive! With angular momentum a rotating disc is able to resist small distrubances in pitch and roll. Thus, flying discs don't need tail surfaces and the drag and lift penalty they impose.

Discs do have a tendency to steer to the side during forward flight whenever the center of lift does not coincide with the center of gravity. When this happens the disc will experience an aerodynamic pitching moment. Due to gyroscopic precession, that pitching moment will result in banking to the side. By having the disc rotate along a plane with an opposite bank angle, called the hyzer angle, straight line flight is accomplished. A disc with the correct hyzer angle will preserve its tilt and fly along a straight path.

A spinning disc also experiences another side force known as the Magnus force. Heinrich Magnus, discovered in 1852 that the flow of air over a rotating cylinder creates lift because of differences in the flow speed over advancing and retreating surfaces resulting in a difference in pressure. The Magnus effect is pronounced in spinning golf balls and tennis balls which have large lateral surface areas. A rotating disk has smaller side drift than a ball.

Active laminar flow control (LFC) employs suction of a small quantity of air through aerodynamic surfaces to change the aerodynamic properties of those surfaces. This technique offers the potential for a significant reduction in drag and result in large increases in range and reduction of fuel usage. Reductions in fuel consumed as a result of laminar flow control may be one third of present levels. In the context of flying discs, this has the potential to increase L/D to 24/


LFC for aircraft was first implemented in the late 1930s. In 1939 NACA researchers in Hampton Virginia used LFC on slotted wings which resulted in flight experiments in 1941 using a B-18 airplane.

In Germany and Switzerland during World War 2 Walter Tollmien and Hermann Schlichting demonstrated that boundary layer control was very stable and could be achieved by continually removing extremely small amounts of air on lift surfaces. Werner Pfenninger further optimised multiple suction slots to maximize lift whilst minimizing drag.

In the 1950s John Frost of Avro Canada built a series of aircraft from which the air exited in a ring around the outside of a disc shaped aircraft and was withdrawn from the top of the disc. The VZ-9 AV Avrocar was part of a secret United States military project. The Avrocar provided lift and thrust from a single turborotor with substantial gyroscopic effect, blowing exhaust out the rim of the disc aircraft and applying suction to the top surface to provide VTOL performance.

Avro's 1956 Project 1794 for the US military was a larger-scale flying disc which reached speeds of Mach 4. The project remained classified until 2012.
April,1955 - 31 May, 1956 USAF Contract No. AF33(600)30161

The field of Magneto hydrodynamics (MHD) was initiated by Hannes Alfven for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1970. Alfven described MHD at the academic discipline which studies the dynamics of electrically conducting fluids. These include plasmas, liquid metals and salt water. The word magneto hydro dynamics is derived from magneto - meaning magnetic field, hydro - meaning liquid, and dynamics meaning movement.

MHD plants are efficient and have no moving parts except the working fluids and electrons. For this reason they are light weight and powerful.

Maxwell and Demetriades of STD Resarch Corp. in Arcadia California, reported in 1983 on a lightweight self-excited MHD power generator that produced 4.8 MW and massed only 32 kg. MEMS based systems being far smaller, have favorable scaling properties and have even higher specific kW/kg.

Low temperature radio frequency plasmas have a long history since they are essential to creating efficient lighting systems using plasma discharges.

For converting air to plasma efficiently I developed a 13.56 MHz inductively coupled plasma based RF ion source using MEMS components. This produced high brightness focused ion beams of atmospheric gases to efficiently create and direct high speed plasma flows.

From this Pulsed Plasmoid Propulsion also known as Air-Breathing Electromagnetic Propulsion was developed.

This Electrodeless Lorentz Force (ELF) thruster creates a high-density, magnetized plasmoid known as a Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) by employing a Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF) around a rotating flying disc.

The RMF driven azimuthal currents, coupled with the enhanced axial magnetic field gradient produced by the FRC outside the flux preserving ellipsoid surface generates a whole surface thruster which produces a large axial JxB force that accelerates the plasmoid to high velocity across the surface.

The ELF thruster has been demonstrated to successfully ionize and electromagnetically accelerate air surrounding a disc. Fine control of an array of dispersed elements on the disc surface creates a propulsive skin with the ability to use ambient atmosphere efficiently for propulsion.

Neutral entrainment of surrounding air far beyond the plasmoid boundary layer provide an advanced and highly-efficient electromagnetic acceleration scheme which provides nearly ideal performance through all speed regimes.

A 100kW MHD generator massing 90 grams and burning 1.1 grams per second of hydrogen gas in air was built inside a small flying disc. The exhaust caused the disc surface to spin as described. Using the techniques described a variable exhaust speed electric thruster was made. In horizontal flight 5 km/sec exhaust speeds were achieved producing 4.1 kgf thrust. A disc with a L/D of 24 maintained level flight for a 97 kg disc mass during high speed horizontal flight. At 0.2 km/sec exhaust speed, using entrained air, the same 1 MW power produced 101.5 kgf vertical lift at zero horizontal speed.. Lower exhaust speeds resulted in lower power levels while maintaining level flight at low speeds.

A 2,000 mm diameter ellipsoid 500 mm thick contains 40 kg of slush hydrogen in a central hydrogen tank. It has an inert mass of 10 kg and a payload of 40 kg. This flying disc has the capacity to fly around the world 4.5x !!

This makes for an ideal delivery drone!

This suggests that a 10 MW system carrying 4 metric tons is possible.

A 9.3 meter diameter ellipsoid that's 2.3 meter thick at the center, contains 4 tonnes of slush hydrogen in a central tank and masses 1 tonne inert weight while carrying 4 tonnes of payload or 45 passengers. It takes the vehicle 38 minutes to carry this 10,000 km.

On Wednesday, April 15, 2015 at 5:40:58 AM UTC-4, William Mook wrote:
On Wednesday, April 15, 2015 at 5:01:44 AM UTC-4, William Mook wrote:
Aerodynamically, flying discs are intriguing because of their simplicity and because they have exceptional flying capabilities. A flying disc is both an airfoil and a gyroscope. The airfoil produces lift. The gyroscope provides stability.

From an aerodynamicist's point of view, a flying disc is a mystery because a flying disc is essentially a wing of low aspect ratio.

The AR of a wing is defined to be the square of its span divided by the wing's planform area. The planform area of a disc is its circulr projection, and the span is equal to its diameter D. Thus, the aspect ratio of a disk at zero angle of attack is simple 4/pi() = 1.273.

Generally, a wing with high AR has high L/D. A wing with low AR has low A/D. High performance gliders have long wings and AR as high as 40 with a correspondingly high L/D of 40. A fighter plane on the other hand has low AR and low LD both under 5.

The direct correlation derives from the cross flow around the wing tips which result in wing tip vortices while reduce lift. Greater AR reduces wing tip vortices relative to overall lift generated by the rest of the wing.. The L/D is simply equal to the cotangent of the glide angle.

Now, the interesting thing about flying discs, and the cause of the mystery for the aerodynamicist, is that from the foregoing aerodynamic analysis we could expect a flying disc to have a glide angle of 38.1 degrees. Yet, such a steep descent is not the case when we look at the flight of a rotating disc! Most discs have a glide angle of less than 8 degrees which give them a L/D of seven! This is as good as a Cessna 172!

Wind tunnel experiments carried demonstrated lift-to-drag ratios of eight under optimum conditions for angle of attack, wind speed and rotation rate.

So, its clear that rotating flying discs possess considerable aerodynamic efficiency for its low aspect ratio. Its gyroscopic stability make discs even more attractive! With angular momentum a rotating disc is able to resist small distrubances in pitch and roll. Thus, flying discs don't need tail surfaces and the drag and lift penalty they impose.

Discs do have a tendency to steer to the side during forward flight whenever the center of lift does not coincide with the center of gravity. When this happens the disc will experience an aerodynamic pitching moment. Due to gyroscopic precession, that pitching moment will result in banking to the side. By having the disc rotate along a plane with an opposite bank angle, called the hyzer angle, straight line flight is accomplished. A disc with the correct hyzer angle will preserve its tilt and fly along a straight path.

A spinning disc also experiences another side force known as the Magnus force. Heinrich Magnus, discovered in 1852 that the flow of air over a rotating cylinder creates lift because of differences in the flow speed over advancing and retreating surfaces resulting in a difference in pressure. The Magnus effect is pronounced in spinning golf balls and tennis balls which have large lateral surface areas. A rotating disk has smaller side drift than a ball.

Active laminar flow control (LFC) employs suction of a small quantity of air through aerodynamic surfaces to change the aerodynamic properties of those surfaces. This technique offers the potential for a significant reduction in drag and result in large increases in range and reduction of fuel usage. Reductions in fuel consumed as a result of laminar flow control may be one third of present levels. In the context of flying discs, this has the potential to increase L/D to 24/


LFC for aircraft was first implemented in the late 1930s. In 1939 NACA researchers in Hampton Virginia used LFC on slotted wings which resulted in flight experiments in 1941 using a B-18 airplane.

In Germany and Switzerland during World War 2 Walter Tollmien and Hermann Schlichting demonstrated that boundary layer control was very stable and could be achieved by continually removing extremely small amounts of air on lift surfaces. Werner Pfenninger further optimised multiple suction slots to maximize lift whilst minimizing drag.

In the 1950s John Frost of Avro Canada built a series of aircraft from which the air exited in a ring around the outside of a disc shaped aircraft and was withdrawn from the top of the disc. The VZ-9 AV Avrocar was part of a secret United States military project. The Avrocar provided lift and thrust from a single turborotor with substantial gyroscopic effect, blowing exhaust out the rim of the disc aircraft and applying suction to the top surface to provide VTOL performance.

Avro's 1956 Project 1794 for the US military was a larger-scale flying disc which reached speeds of Mach 4. The project remained classified until 2012.
April,1955 - 31 May, 1956 USAF Contract No. AF33(600)30161

The field of Magneto hydrodynamics (MHD) was initiated by Hannes Alfven for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1970. Alfven described MHD at the academic discipline which studies the dynamics of electrically conducting fluids. These include plasmas, liquid metals and salt water. The word magneto hydro dynamics is derived from magneto - meaning magnetic field, hydro - meaning liquid, and dynamics meaning movement.

MHD plants are efficient and have no moving parts except the working fluids and electrons. For this reason they are light weight and powerful.

Maxwell and Demetriades of STD Resarch Corp. in Arcadia California, reported in 1983 on a lightweight self-excited MHD power generator that produced 4.8 MW and massed only 32 kg. MEMS based systems being far smaller, have favorable scaling properties and have even higher specific kW/kg.

Low temperature radio frequency plasmas have a long history since they are essential to creating efficient lighting systems using plasma discharges.

For converting air to plasma efficiently I developed a 13.56 MHz inductively coupled plasma based RF ion source using MEMS components. This produced high brightness focused ion beams of atmospheric gases to efficiently create and direct high speed plasma flows.

From this Pulsed Plasmoid Propulsion also known as Air-Breathing Electromagnetic Propulsion was developed.

This Electrodeless Lorentz Force (ELF) thruster creates a high-density, magnetized plasmoid known as a Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) by employing a Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF) around a rotating flying disc.

The RMF driven azimuthal currents, coupled with the enhanced axial magnetic field gradient produced by the FRC outside the flux preserving ellipsoid surface generates a whole surface thruster which produces a large axial JxB force that accelerates the plasmoid to high velocity across the surface..

The ELF thruster has been demonstrated to successfully ionize and electromagnetically accelerate air surrounding a disc. Fine control of an array of dispersed elements on the disc surface creates a propulsive skin with the ability to use ambient atmosphere efficiently for propulsion.

Neutral entrainment of surrounding air far beyond the plasmoid boundary layer provide an advanced and highly-efficient electromagnetic acceleration scheme which provides nearly ideal performance through all speed regimes.

A 100kW MHD generator massing 90 grams and burning 1.1 grams per second of hydrogen gas in air was built inside a small flying disc. The exhaust caused the disc surface to spin as described. Using the techniques described a variable exhaust speed electric thruster was made. In horizontal flight 5 km/sec exhaust speeds were achieved producing 4.1 kgf thrust. A disc with a L/D of 24 maintained level flight for a 97 kg disc mass during high speed horizontal flight. At 0.2 km/sec exhaust speed, using entrained air, the same 1 MW power produced 101.5 kgf vertical lift at zero horizontal speed. Lower exhaust speeds resulted in lower power levels while maintaining level flight at low speeds.

A 2,000 mm diameter ellipsoid 500 mm thick contains 40 kg of slush hydrogen in a central hydrogen tank. It has an inert mass of 10 kg and a payload of 40 kg. This flying disc has the capacity to fly around the world 4.5x !!

This makes for an ideal delivery drone!

This suggests that a 10 MW system carrying 4 metric tons is possible.

A 9.3 meter diameter ellipsoid that's 2.3 meter thick at the center, contains 4 tonnes of slush hydrogen in a central tank and masses 1 tonne inert weight while carrying 4 tonnes of payload or 45 passengers. It takes the vehicle 38 minutes to carry this 10,000 km.

So, considering the smaller 100 kW unit - that carries 40 kg around the world 4.5 times.

A delivery drone of immense capability!

Not that I am interested in illegal activity, only mentioning it as representative of the highest value such delivery drones may have;

$100 bills

According to US Treasury Dept $1 million of $100 bills weighs 10 kg. So, 1 kg of $100 bills is worth $100,000 occupying 1.28 litres.

Cocaine

The price of Cocaine according to the FBI $94 per gram, or $94,000 per kg. It occupies 0.82 litres.

These are roughly the same value per unit volume and the same volume per unit weight.

So, encapsulating Cocaine in 1.05 gram capsules and trading them for $100 bills in a combined capsule dispenser/bill validator operating on the disc just described, provides direct retail delivery through Tor or some other dark network.

So we can imagine an automated dispenser with bill acceptor built by MEI a variant of their AE2800 that masses 5 kg - and carries 35 kg payload - converting 35 kg of cocaine grown in the highlands of Colombia delivered anywhere in the world in 3.5 hours and returning to their loading points. Over a 3.5 hour period - $3.5 million worth of cocaine is traded directly for $3.5 million worth of $100 bills. In a 24 hour period $24 million is transacted.

The 40 kg of hydrogen required uses 5.67 GJ of electrical power - or 1,576 kWh - of electricity. At $0.16 per kWh this is $252.16.

In a year a single disc delivers $8.766 billion worth of product directly to end users.

According to the UN 865 metric tons of cocaine is sold each year. That's 865,000 kg per year. At 1 kg per hour 99 discs of the type described would be capable of delivering all cocaine. The difference in retail $94 per gram and wholesale $58 per gram, is the amount 'on the table' for those who have an interest in this approach, which is vastly less labor intensive, more secure, with less probability of loss. The ability to photograph users, and do facial recognition, suggests a wide range of security procedures to be put in place.

Heroin

Heroin prices run over double that of Cocaine prices.

http://www.havocscope.com/black-mark...heroin-prices/

Heroin is denser than cocaine, 746 cc/kg. So, 1 kg of heroin produces 2 kg of $100 bills. The 50 million heroin addicts around the world consume 4,650 metric tons per year. Over 5x as much, and 10x as much money!

Of course, today's heroin traffic is far larger and richer than when Russia occupied Afghanistan. Since America 'liberated' that country, the US military, along with intelligence agencies they control in Turkey and NATO, have turned Afghanistan into the world's major supplier of the drug, delivering 87% of the world's demand.

Geopolitics of Heroin

This of course is a repetition of the time of the Opium wars, where British troops protected the opium fields of Afganistan so Britain could ship the drug into China and destroy that Empire in the 19th century.

At 8.766 tonnes per year for each disc, we would need a total of 531 discs to replace the 36 C5B flights from Afghanistan each year. So, you would have to work closely with DOD, DEA, FBI, HSBC, and others - to assure everyone in ways that would not lead to your immediate death.

99 Discs - Cocaine Trade - 845 MT x $94 million = $79.43B/year
531 Discs - Heroin Trade - 4650 MT x $200 million = $930.00B/year

There are $863.1 billion in $100 notes according to the Federal Reserve. 3/4 of these circulate outside the USA, primarily in the Heroin Trade. HSBC out of Hong Kong was the central point of money laundering for these notes - another echo of the Opium War days of the 19th century.

US Attorney General Eric Holder said of his dismissal of charges against HSBC for laundering $346 billion in one month in 2010, that HSBC and its activities are systemically important, and that prosecution would destabilize US banking system, so dropped charges on that basis.

God help if you you're not systemically important to the US economy.

One can see that the 50 million heroin users world wide are generally high net worth individuals and that control of their drug supply, in an environment where such drug use is nominally illegal, gives those suppliers significant control over these high net worth individuals going forward. This allows the US intelligence community to cast a large shadow around the world controlling world politics and industry.

Cannabis

http://www.havocscope.com/black-mark...ijuana-prices/

Marijuana is $1 per gram in the USA, and up to $100 elsewhere. A kilogram is $1000 - and is equal to currency on a weight basis - at $1 per note. There are 180.6 million users world wide and they spend $141.8 billion on 4,000 metric tons each year.

Weed is a side note compared to Cocaine and Heroin.

* * *

Food

Algae farms producing biomass processed into biochemicals that support cell cultures that are used as feedstock for personal 3D food printers - which prepare the food one cell at a time - cooking and seasoning to perfection.

Cartridges and parts are delivered directly to each person's home, where they print whatever they like provide all needs. Orders and payment go through the open internet services, since food trade is nominally legal.

America spends $713.2 billion per year on food. They consume on average 302.9 billion kg per year. 34.6 million discs are required to deliver food to all Americans.

EU spend $1,647.8 billion per year on food. They consume on average 477.6 billion kg per year. 54.5 million discs are required to deliver food to all Europeans.

Japan spends $509.7 billion per year on food. They consume on average 120.4 billion kg per year. 13.7 million discs are required to deliver food to all Japanese.

China spends $652.9 billion per year on food. They consume on average 1,344.9 billion kg per year. 153.4 million discs are required to deliver food to all Chinese.

* * *

Fuel

There are 1 billion motor vehicles in the world that consume 2.2 trillion litres of diesel and petrol each year weighing 1.7 trillion kg. 197.1 million discs could deliver all this fuel. The cost per litre world wide averages $1.20 generating $2.6 trillion in sales each year.

Overall propulsive efficiency is the efficiency with which the energy contained in a vehicle's propellant is converted into useful energy, to replace losses due to aerodynamic drag, gravity, and acceleration.

Its the proportion of the mechanical energy actually used to propel the aircraft whether applied with a propeller, a jet exhaust, or a rocket exhaust.

Now the ability to entrain neutral air via electromagnetic induction creates a new sort of propeller that is largely immaterial and whose speed and area can change rapidly.

Aerospace vehicles are propelled by heat engines of some kind, usually an internal combustion engine. The efficiency of a heat engine relates how much useful work is output for a given amount of heat energy input.

A heat engine absorbs heat energy from the high temperature heat source, converting part of it to useful work and delivering the rest to the cold temperature heat sink.

In general, the efficiency of a given heat transfer process is the ratio of "what you get out" to "what you put in".

The maximum efficiency of any heat engine depends only on the temperatures it operates between.

From momentum considerations, propulsion requires material to be pushed backwards to push the vehicle forwards. In general, energy efficiency is highest when the air or exhaust gas used to propel the vehicle end up travelling as slow as possible for the required thrust, in the frame of reference of the Earth.

For all airbreathing jet engines the propulsive efficiency is highest when the engine emits an exhaust jet at a speed that is as close as possible to the vehicle velocity.

A corollary of this is that, particularly in air breathing engines, it is more energy efficient to accelerate a large amount of air by a little bit than a small amount by a large amount, even though the thrust is the same.

A rocket engine is usually highly efficient due to the high combustion temperatures and pressures. The remainder is lost as heat energy in the exhaust.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZmMWiZZru4

210 lbs - weight
28 hp - power
18 ft - wingspan

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GjXr5w3M4mc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BjbBH-M0Ic0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOWu3sSLJzA

http://www.google.com/patents/US6315244

A very light weight flying disc admitting a prone pilot - may be considered. Or one where the pilot lies down on his back.

http://www.pribinacup.sk/egc2009/pilots/sp-3257p.jpg

Here's a fellow who uses a periscope to view the outside world.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MDdVNh72TT0

http://link.springer.com/chapter/10....09-0_39#page-1

A 7.5 foot (2.3 m) diameter disk with a 1.88 foot (0.57 m) thickness - admits a pilot laying down along the center. Massing 120 kg (264 lbs).

On Saturday, April 18, 2015 at 1:49:11 PM UTC-4, Fred J. McCall wrote:
William Mook wrote:

On Wednesday, April 15, 2015 at 5:40:58 AM UTC-4, William Mook wrote:
On Wednesday, April 15, 2015 at 5:01:44 AM UTC-4, William Mook wrote:

Mook on Mook on Mook...

Mookie, do you have ANY clue about Usenet?


--
"Ignorance is preferable to error, and he is less remote from the
truth who believes nothing than he who believes what is wrong."
-- Thomas Jefferson

**** off asshole.