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Bioastronautics
Bioastronautics
Bioastronautics, is study of biological adaptations the human body may have during long term space travel, in order to make the best space craft design for manned interplanetary missions. In the field of bioastronautics the following are all valid questions to ask when designing a manned interplanetary space craft with the countermeasure of a capsule in a small radius 1g spin (i.e. human centrifuge). How does a small radius spin induced 1g capsule for long term space flight compare to a human centrifuge? What potential effects does long term exposure to a small radius spin induced 1g environment have on the human equilibrium? What specific effects does long term habitation in a in a small radius spin induced 1g capsule have on the human body, and what human physiological adaptations does the human body make to such an environment? The purpose of conducting the research into the Health and Human Performance (*4) during interplanetary spaceflight, or specific experiments such as the Artificial Gravity / Bed Rest Project - 41 Days (*3) i.e. (the human centrifuge) experiment is to increase our understanding of the human adaptations in a spinning environment on earth, as part of the Bioastronautics Critical Path Road Map (BCPR) (*1), Human Adaptation and Countermeasures Division (HACD)*2. *1 BCPR) the Bioastronautics Critical Path Road Map http://research.hq.nasa.gov/code_u/b...cpr_040204.pdf Space and Life sciences directorate office of Bioastronautics: (BCPR) the Bioastronautics Critical Path Road Map "An approach to risk reduction and management for human space flight: Extending the Boundaries" Page a. Executive summary: "Bioastronautics is the study and management of biological effects of space flight on humans. It establishes tolerances (operating bands) for humans exposed the effects of space travel and develops countermeasures to overcome them. Bioastronautics also develops technologies that make space flight safe and productive." Table 4-2 page 4-3 Discipline Teams and Crosscutting areas "Discipline team: muscle alterations & atrophy, neurovascular adaptation, cardiovascular alterations, immunology, infection, & hematology, environmental effects" and there respective "cross-cutting areas: Human Health an countermeasures (HH&C): Focuses on understanding, characterizing and counteracting the whole body's adaptation to microgravity, enabling healthy astronauts to accomplish mission objectives and return to normal life following a mission."... "Discipline team: psychological adaptation, sleep & circadian rhythm problems, neurobehavioral problems, - cognitive abilities." and there respective "cross-cutting areas: Behavioral Health and Performance (BH&P): Focuses on maintaining the psychosocial and psycho-physiological functions of the crew throughout space missions and providing optimal countermeasures" Table 4-5 page 4-7 Countermeasure readiness level (CRL) technology readiness level (TRL) System prototype Making a space craft for interplanetary travel require the design to be first have to show (#1) "Validation with human subjects in controlled laboratory simulating operational space flight" Then show "Validation with human subjects in actual space flight simulating operational space." Table 5-2 page 5-4 Boundaries cross cutting area: Human health an countermeasure (HH&C)..... 17..Neuro.. Motion sickness frequently occur in crew members during and after g-transitions...Current motion sickness drugs are only partially effective. Though they appear to reduce symptoms, and delay onset, they have significant side effects...While rotational AG (artificial gravity) has great potential as a bone muscle, cardiovascular and vestibular countermeasure, head movements out of plane of rotation may lead to motion sickness. How proactive the AG stimulus is a levels between 0g and 1g and how rapidly and completely humans can adapt is largely un-known and cannot be determined on ground laboratories." *2 http://hacd.jsc.nasa.gov/ "Human Adaptation and Countermeasures Division (HACD) The Human Adaptation and Countermeasures Division (HACD) is responsible for the performance of biomedical research focused on: 1) understanding the normal human response to space flight, and 2) developing, testing, and delivering countermeasures to those untoward responses that may affect crew health, safety, and/or performance during or after space flight missions. The HACD is comprised of two branches. Biomedical Research and Operations Laboratories Branch *3 http://www.bedreststudy.com/Ag.aspx "Artificial Gravity / Bed Rest Project - 41 Days The purpose of this study is to begin to test how a force created by spinning the space craft could be used to replace gravity during long space flights. This so-called "artificial gravity" is the same force that causes you to lean to the side when you go around a corner quickly in a car. For this study, the artificial gravity will be created by spinning research subjects on a human centrifuge. If you are selected to participate in the study, you will be scheduled to spend about 41 days living in the research unit called the General Clinical Research Center (GCRC) at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, TX. During the first 11 days of the study you will be free to move around inside the bed rest facility and do normal things. You will also take part in a number of tests to find out the normal state of your bone, muscle, heart, circulation, and nervous systems, as well as your nutrition and immune status. After the first 11-day period you will spend 21 days confined to strict bed rest, (except for limited times for specific tests or treatments). You will be in bed with your body tilted downward by six degrees (head down, feet up). During this time you will also take part in a number of tests to find out changes in the state of your bone, muscle, heart, circulation, and nervous systems, as well as your nutrition and immune status. If you are assigned to the treatment group, you will spin on the human centrifuge for 1 hour/day during this period. If you are assigned to the control group, you will be placed on the centrifuge for 1 hour/day but you will not have daily spins. During the final 9 days of the study (called the recovery period), you will again be free to move about within the facility, but you cannot leave. Because of the de-conditioning that takes place during bed rest, you will slowly begin normal everyday physical activity." *4 http://exploration.nasa.gov/programs/human.html "Human Health and Performance Human Health and Performance delivers research and technology knowledge and tools in five areas of life sciences that will enable human space exploration: Human health countermeasures, including exercise devices and prescriptions, recommendations for artificial gravity use, understanding and requirements for use of drugs and nutrition, as well as countermeasures for individual body systems Countermeasures and preventive tools to improve potential behavioral health and performance problems such as poor crew psychosocial interactions, individual psychiatric problems, and cognitive capabilities in space exploration crews Tools and techniques to improve medical care delivery to space exploration crews. These include preventive medicine strategies, tools and advanced instrumentation for autonomous medical care, monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as a medical informatics databases Biomedical knowledge and tools to reduce the uncertainty of estimation of space radiation health risks to human crews of acute and life-long carcinogenesis, brain and other tissue non-cancer damage, as well as heredity, fertility and sterility, and to develop and test effectiveness of existing and novel radiation shielding materials New information in exploration biology, which will identify and define the scope of problems which will face future human space explorers during long periods of exposure to space." Tom "Maintaining optimal alertness and neurobehavioral functioning during space operations is critical to enable the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) vision and quota extend humanity's reach to the Moon, Mars and beyond and quota to become a reality." (Mallis, M. M.; DeRoshia, C. W) |
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Bioastronautics
After the first 11-day period you will spend 21 days confined to
strict bed rest, (except for limited times for specific tests or treatments). . . . During the final 9 days of the study (called the recovery period), you will again be free to move about within the facility, but you cannot leave. Because of the de-conditioning that takes place during bed rest, you will slowly begin normal everyday physical activity." Doesn't sound like a very fun study to participate in. Then again, people are willing to get infected by colds in cold studies, so I guess this isn't necessarily worse than that. All in the name of science... |
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Bioastronautics
Jim Kingdon wrote:" Doesn't sound like a very fun study to participate
in. Then again, people are willing to get infected by colds in cold studies, so I guess this isn't necessarily worse than that. All in the name of science..." Yes, im not sure how many people have responded and applied for the study, (I know Im not up for it, not to into roller coaters) but for anybody who is into roller coasters and science the application for volunteers can be found at http://www.bedreststudy.com/Apply.aspx Here is a link to Dr. Cohen's research, into understanding how the spinning artificial gravity counter measure will affect humans during long term space travel. Studies by scientists like Dr. Cohen, are about the effects long term exposure in a spinning artificial gravity will have on the human body, and is necessary for us to by design a manned interplanetary space craft with the countermeasure of a spinning 1g artificial gravity and perform safe and successful manned interplanetary missions were our astronauts can return to a normal life on earth. http://exploration.nasa.gov/articles...nggravity.html "February 7, 2003 : Want to know what 3-g feels like? The Pull of Hypergravity By spinning people in a giant centrifuge for 22 hours at a time, a NASA researcher is learning more about the strange effects of artificial gravity on humans... During the past few summers, Cohen has been spinning research subjects in something far more impressive than a carnival ride. He's been studying engineers, mountain climbers, teachers and other paid volunteers as they live for up to 22 hours in a giant, 58-foot diameter centrifuge. His goal? To learn how humans adjust to changes in gravity--particularly strong gravity. NASA is interested because it's not just microgravity that astronauts experience in space. They're exposed to hypergravity, too: up to 3.2-g at launch, and about 1.4-g on reentry. "Under these conditions," Cohen points out, "fluid weighs more." The heart has to change the way it operates, pumping faster, and working harder to push the blood all the way to the brain. This could cause astronauts to become dizzy or even, in extreme cases, to pass out. By spinning people in his centrifuge, Cohen hopes to learn whether the heart's response can be conditioned. Perhaps if astronauts were exposed to controlled doses of hypergravity before launch or reentry, then they might be able to tolerate high g forces better than they otherwise would have... The participants in Cohen's study have to be less than 5'8" tall--that's because the outer dimensions of the centrifuge cabin are only 7'7" deep by 5'11" wide. "With its padded walls, the subjects barely have enough room to lie down on the cabin's built-in cot," he explains. The cramped cabin is outfitted with a toilet, a TV, and a laptop loaded with computer games, tests and questionnaires. While they're spinning, participants answer questions about stress, fatigue and motion sickness; they perform complex reasoning tasks; and their vital signs, head movements, and general activity are monitored by sensors and cameras. Artificial gravity is a potentially useful tool," notes Cohen, "but it's not a universal panacea." Centrifugal force is not exactly the same as gravity, he explains. If you have a small centrifuge--say, one that might fit in a spaceship--you have to spin it pretty fast to create g levels high enough to be effective. But there's a problem: across the radius of a small centrifuge, g levels change rapidly. "Suppose you're lying on a short-radius centrifuge, with your head near the center, and your feet at the outside, and suppose you have 1-g at your feet. Your head would feel only about 0.2-g, or even less." That's not quite what you would experience in Earth's gravitational field! Rapid spinning creates another concern: if you move your head too quickly while you're inside a fast-moving centrifuge, you might feel uncomfortably like you're tumbling head over heels. This can happen when balance-sensing fluids in the semicircular canals of your inner ear become "confused." Some experiments using centrifuges often include devices that fix the subjects' heads in place, just to prevent that illusion. Traveling through space, however, with your head fixed in place is not practical. Cohen ticks off ways to make centrifugal gravity feasible: Perhaps engineers could develop a centrifuge with a radius of several kilometers, large enough to generate high artificial gravity without rotating fast enough to trigger the tumbling illusion. Rather than using small onboard centrifuges, space travelers might slowly rotate their entire spaceships instead. Alternately, perhaps subjects could be taught to adapt to a rotating environment. The brain is unaccountably good at interpreting strange sensations after they're been around for a while. Witness the way astronauts can be disoriented when they first arrive in space, but soon learn to function in a weightless environment. If humans are spun for long enough, says Cohen, the strange effects of rotation might become familiar. For now, though, Cohen is still trying to determine how different kinds of activities done in hypergravity affect cardiovascular conditioning. Cohen found that his centrifuge riders spent a lot of time lying down, in part because it was more comfortable, and in part because spinning made them drowsy--an effect called "the sopite syndrome." Cohen noted that he was surprised at how strong it was. Going forward, he'd like to examine what happens when they perform a range of predetermined activities, such as standing, in which the g-force places more stress on the heart. Much more research remains to be done. "There are so many options for how best to implement hypergravity most effectively," says Cohen. "Low intensity for long durations, high intensity for short durations, short radius centrifuges, rotating an entire spaceship." We know a lot, he says, but there's much more to learn. It is, after all, a weighty subject."" tom |
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Bioastronautics
The sts-116 mission includes the following experiments in the field of
bioastronautics. http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/162182main_S..._Press_Kit.pdf STS-116 press kit page 79 col 2 par 1 STS-116 Power up for science EXPERIMENTS SHORT-DURATION BIOASTRONAUTICS INVESTIGATION (SDBI) Short Duration Bioastronautics Investigations (SDBIs) are shuttle based, life science payloads, experiments and technology demonstrations. SDBI 1503S Test of Midodrine as a Countermeasure against Postflight Orthostatic Hypotension Presently, there are no medications or treatment to eliminate orthostatic hypotension, a condition that often affects astronauts following spaceflight. Orthostatic hypotension is a sudden fall in blood pressure that occurs when a person assumes a standing position. Symptoms, which generally occur after sudden standing, include dizziness, lightheadedness, blurred vision and a temporary loss of consciousness. Space alters cardiovascular function, and orthostatic hypotension is one of the alterations that negatively impacts crew safety. Susceptibility to orthostatic hypotension is individual, with some astronauts experiencing severe symptoms, while others are less affected. This countermeasure evaluation proposal, sponsored by the Countermeasures Evaluation and Validation Project, is in its second phase of the evaluation of midodrine. It is designed to give the greatest opportunity of measuring the maximum efficacy of the drug. This experiment will measure the effectiveness of midodrine in reducing the incidence and, or, the severity of orthostatic hypotension in returning astronauts. Its effectiveness will be evaluated with an expanded tilt test. SDBI 1493 Monitoring Latent Virus Reactivation and Shedding in Astronauts The objective of this SDBI is to determine the frequency of induced reactivation of latent viruses, latent virus shedding and clinical disease after exposure to the physical, physiological and psychological stressors associated with spaceflight. Induced alterations in the immune response will become increasingly important on long duration missions, with one focus being the potential for reactivation and dissemination or shedding of latent viruses. An example of a latent virus is herpes simplex type 1, which infects 70 to 80 percent of adults. Its manifestation is classically associated with the presence of cold sores, pharyngitis and tonsillitis. It is usually acquired through contact with the saliva, skin or mucous membranes of an infected individual. However, many recurrences are asymptomatic, resulting in shedding of the virus. SDBI 1634 Sleep-Wake Actigraphy and Light Exposure during Spaceflight Subjects will don the Actilight watch as soon as possible upon entering orbit and will wear it continuously throughout the mission on their non dominant wrists outside of their clothing/sleeve. The Actilight watch can be temporarily removed for activities such as spacewalks. Subjects will also complete a short log within 15 minutes of final awakening every morning in flight. The experiment examines the effects of spaceflight on the sleep wake cycles of astronauts during mission. This information could be vital in treating insomnia on Earth and in space." Tom columbiaaccidentinvestigation wrote: Jim Kingdon wrote:" Doesn't sound like a very fun study to participate in. Then again, people are willing to get infected by colds in cold studies, so I guess this isn't necessarily worse than that. All in the name of science..." Yes, im not sure how many people have responded and applied for the study, (I know Im not up for it, not to into roller coaters) but for anybody who is into roller coasters and science the application for volunteers can be found at http://www.bedreststudy.com/Apply.aspx Here is a link to Dr. Cohen's research, into understanding how the spinning artificial gravity counter measure will affect humans during long term space travel. Studies by scientists like Dr. Cohen, are about the effects long term exposure in a spinning artificial gravity will have on the human body, and is necessary for us to by design a manned interplanetary space craft with the countermeasure of a spinning 1g artificial gravity and perform safe and successful manned interplanetary missions were our astronauts can return to a normal life on earth. http://exploration.nasa.gov/articles...nggravity.html "February 7, 2003 : Want to know what 3-g feels like? The Pull of Hypergravity By spinning people in a giant centrifuge for 22 hours at a time, a NASA researcher is learning more about the strange effects of artificial gravity on humans... During the past few summers, Cohen has been spinning research subjects in something far more impressive than a carnival ride. He's been studying engineers, mountain climbers, teachers and other paid volunteers as they live for up to 22 hours in a giant, 58-foot diameter centrifuge. His goal? To learn how humans adjust to changes in gravity--particularly strong gravity. NASA is interested because it's not just microgravity that astronauts experience in space. They're exposed to hypergravity, too: up to 3.2-g at launch, and about 1.4-g on reentry. "Under these conditions," Cohen points out, "fluid weighs more." The heart has to change the way it operates, pumping faster, and working harder to push the blood all the way to the brain. This could cause astronauts to become dizzy or even, in extreme cases, to pass out. By spinning people in his centrifuge, Cohen hopes to learn whether the heart's response can be conditioned. Perhaps if astronauts were exposed to controlled doses of hypergravity before launch or reentry, then they might be able to tolerate high g forces better than they otherwise would have... The participants in Cohen's study have to be less than 5'8" tall--that's because the outer dimensions of the centrifuge cabin are only 7'7" deep by 5'11" wide. "With its padded walls, the subjects barely have enough room to lie down on the cabin's built-in cot," he explains. The cramped cabin is outfitted with a toilet, a TV, and a laptop loaded with computer games, tests and questionnaires. While they're spinning, participants answer questions about stress, fatigue and motion sickness; they perform complex reasoning tasks; and their vital signs, head movements, and general activity are monitored by sensors and cameras. Artificial gravity is a potentially useful tool," notes Cohen, "but it's not a universal panacea." Centrifugal force is not exactly the same as gravity, he explains. If you have a small centrifuge--say, one that might fit in a spaceship--you have to spin it pretty fast to create g levels high enough to be effective. But there's a problem: across the radius of a small centrifuge, g levels change rapidly. "Suppose you're lying on a short-radius centrifuge, with your head near the center, and your feet at the outside, and suppose you have 1-g at your feet. Your head would feel only about 0.2-g, or even less." That's not quite what you would experience in Earth's gravitational field! Rapid spinning creates another concern: if you move your head too quickly while you're inside a fast-moving centrifuge, you might feel uncomfortably like you're tumbling head over heels. This can happen when balance-sensing fluids in the semicircular canals of your inner ear become "confused." Some experiments using centrifuges often include devices that fix the subjects' heads in place, just to prevent that illusion. Traveling through space, however, with your head fixed in place is not practical. Cohen ticks off ways to make centrifugal gravity feasible: Perhaps engineers could develop a centrifuge with a radius of several kilometers, large enough to generate high artificial gravity without rotating fast enough to trigger the tumbling illusion. Rather than using small onboard centrifuges, space travelers might slowly rotate their entire spaceships instead. Alternately, perhaps subjects could be taught to adapt to a rotating environment. The brain is unaccountably good at interpreting strange sensations after they're been around for a while. Witness the way astronauts can be disoriented when they first arrive in space, but soon learn to function in a weightless environment. If humans are spun for long enough, says Cohen, the strange effects of rotation might become familiar. For now, though, Cohen is still trying to determine how different kinds of activities done in hypergravity affect cardiovascular conditioning. Cohen found that his centrifuge riders spent a lot of time lying down, in part because it was more comfortable, and in part because spinning made them drowsy--an effect called "the sopite syndrome." Cohen noted that he was surprised at how strong it was. Going forward, he'd like to examine what happens when they perform a range of predetermined activities, such as standing, in which the g-force places more stress on the heart. Much more research remains to be done. "There are so many options for how best to implement hypergravity most effectively," says Cohen. "Low intensity for long durations, high intensity for short durations, short radius centrifuges, rotating an entire spaceship." We know a lot, he says, but there's much more to learn. It is, after all, a weighty subject."" tom |
#5
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Maple Story Mesos Home
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