Time Rip for my Fusion Machine

On Jul 15, 8:52*am, bert wrote:
On Jul 13, 8:35*pm, Saul Levy wrote:





"The machine is VERY BIG AND COSTLY" sums it up, GOOFY****HEAD!

Can't you READ?

IDIOT!

Saul Levy

On Tue, 13 Jul 2010 13:33:08 -0700 (PDT), Brad Guth

wrote:
On Jul 13, 6:36*am, bert wrote:

To Ya All * Confinement by magnetic field such as the Tokamak
works,but it is self destructive. This is what I told Columbia U *I
was right and they wasted time and big bucks. My Pulse Fusion Machine
does away with this heat problem. It has no torus.made of lithium
metal. It needs no 9 transformers *Yes it has a helium exhaust. Yes
the machine is very big and costly * *TreBert

What's the smallest prototype you can deliver, as proof-positive that
the 50/50 public and private investments are going to see as its full-
scale potential?

Can you get any of those research wizards via DoE to help?

http://www.rochester.edu/news/show.php?id=641

1995-06-06
World's Most Powerful Ultraviolet Laser Comes On-line

Engineers at the University of Rochester's Laboratory for Laser
Energetics (LLE) today unveiled the world's most powerful ultraviolet
laser, Omega.

The $61 million Omega, completed on time and within budget by LLE
staff through funding from the Department of Energy, will play a key
role for the next several years in the nation's quest to develop
nuclear fusion as a reliable energy source.

The laser makes Rochester home to the world's largest direct-drive
fusion effort, where scientists use lasers to directly illuminate,
heat and compress a tiny target of hydrogen fuel to fuse hydrogen
atoms and release energy.

The new system will allow scientists to study the conditions necessary
to ignite and sustain a fusion reaction more closely than previously
possible. Results from experiments on Omega will have a significant
impact on the National Ignition Facility (NIF), a huge 192-beam laser
fusion system planned for later this decade. Scientists at Rochester,
Lawrence Livermore, Sandia, and Los Alamos laboratories are designing
the NIF, which will be the biggest fusion machine ever built. The
Department of Energy has designated Livermore as the preferred site
for the NIF and has requested funding for the project in 1996.

"This will allow us to show the efficacy of the direct-drive approach,
and to study the physics necessary to ignite fusion reactions and,
ultimately, to harness fusion power," says Robert McCrory, director of
the laboratory. "Omega will keep open as many options as possible."

The football-field size OMEGA is 25 times more energetic than its
predecessor, putting out up to 45 kilojoules of energy in the
ultraviolet wavelengths. The 60-beam system, designed to be fired up
to once per hour, has passed all of the technical milestones set by
the Department of Energy. The system took four and one-half years to
design and build.

Omega is the world's most powerful ultraviolet fusion laser, exceeding
the present capability of the Nova system at Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory (LLNL) in California. Livermore scientists use
Nova for indirect drive experiments, where laser beams are converted
to X-rays before hitting a target. Although the new Omega was designed
primarily for direct-drive experiments, it can also perform precision
indirect-drive experiments that complement the indirect-drive
capability of the Nova laser at LLNL. Research with Omega is expected
to help physicists understand the physics behind both methods. Since
LLE is designated as the National Laser Users' Facility, other
scientists from around the country will use the facility to conduct
high-energy laser experiments.

"The Omega Upgrade will play a major role in advancing ICF and helping
to ensure the success of the NIF," says Michael Campbell, associate
director of Livermore. "We at LLNL, and the other laboratories
participating in the program, look forward to utilizing this wonderful
facility with our Rochester colleagues."

At the Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Defense Programs
Victor H. Reis stated, "The Omega Upgrade is a first- rate and highly
flexible world-class laser that will serve the inertial fusion program
and our science-based stockpile stewardship program well for many
years. The University of Rochester is a potent and cost-effective team
member of Defense Programs. The laser was on-time and on budget. The
department is proud of this, the newest, of our facilities."

Tests so far show that Omega's laser beam is one of the best, if not
the best, ever produced by a glass laser ("best" means its intensity
is distributed evenly across the beam -- the beams are "clean"). This
is especially amazing when one considers that after its creation,
Omega's beam is amplified, split and filtered many times, traveling
more than 500 feet and expanding to 60 beams before reaching the
target.

In the target chamber, the beams converge on a target less than a
millimeter wide filled with hydrogen isotopes, ablating the target's
shell and imploding the thermonuclear fuel of hydrogen isotopes to
obtain such high pressures and temperatures (hotter than the inside of
the sun itself) that the hydrogen isotopes fuse. All this happens in
less than a nanosecond, or a billionth of a second.

"The successful upgrade of Omega is the latest in a long series of
remarkable accomplishments by the Laboratory for Laser Energetics,"
says Thomas Jackson, president of the University. "We're very proud of
the key role the laboratory plays in this nation's quest to harness
fusion as a reliable source of energy for the future."

LLE is the largest unclassified fusion laboratory in the nation and is
an important source of graduate students trained in the field. The
laboratory is supported by the Department of Energy, the New York
State Energy Research and Development Authority, and the University.
The laboratory employs about 220 scientists and staff members and 100
students.

ANATOMY OF A LASER FUSION SHOT

In laser fusion, scientists try to re-create the process that powers
the sun and other stars by using laser beams to heat and compress a
tiny target of hydrogen to such extreme pressures and temperatures
that atoms fuse, releasing energy. Maintaining uniform temperature and
pressure is critical. Scientists liken the process to instantly trying
to squeeze a balloon down to a tiny size with your hands while keeping
it intact; even the slightest aberration will cause the balloon to
rupture, ruining the experiment.

For several minutes before every laser shot, huge capacitors beneath
the main laser bay store large amounts of electricity. Engineers check
and ready diagnostic equipment around the target, along with the
computers that are key to controlling the laser beam and analyzing
each shot's results.

About once per hour, an engineer commands a computer through a console
in the control room above the laser bay, and the capacitors release
their huge bank of energy, powering a laser beam that enters the laser
bay from below. Beginning as a single beam, the light is amplified,
split and filtered several times as it rushes the length of the laser
bay, reflects off of mirrors, and then rushes back toward the target
-- a tiny sphere less than a millimeter wide containing hydrogen
isotopes.

Omega is actually two laser beams in one. The first part of the beam
is a "foot pulse" that hits the target for several nanoseconds
(billionths of a second), bathing the target in relatively low-
intensity light and tailoring the target's temperature, pressure and
density for each experiment. Within the tail end of this foot pulse is
Omega's main pulse: a foot-long chunk of light, about the size of a
football in each of the 60 beams. In less than a nanosecond, the beams
converge on the target, burning off the outer shell of the sphere so
rapidly and forcefully that the atoms inside the shell are pushed
together and fuse.

Scientists compare the process to the force a rocket produces when it
takes off from earth. As its fuel tanks ignite, the rocket's exhaust
pushes mightily against the earth. Similarly, as the shell's outer
sphere is burned away, the remainder is jettisoned inward (scientists
call this "imploding"), compressing the fuel and creating temperatures
even hotter than found inside the sun. The high temperature and
density make it possible for the atoms to fuse.

As the atoms fuse, they give off energy in the form of neutrons, which
can be used to generate electricity. For fusion to be useful as an
energy source, scientists must learn to control the rate of fusion and
develop reactors that will put out more energy than it takes to create
the initial reaction.

SOME ROCHESTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO FUSION RESEARCH

Rochester's Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) has made significant
contributions to fusion research. Among the major accomplishments:

1995 -- LLE scientists complete the upgrade of the Omega laser, making
Omega the most powerful ultraviolet laser in the world. The quality of
Omega's laser beam surpasses that of all previous large glass lasers.

1989 -- LLE scientists announce a new method to vary the color
(wavelength) of the laser light produced by the OMEGA laser, to create
a more uniform illumination pattern on the target pellet. This
technology, Smoothing by Spectral Dispersion (SSD), reduced the
variations in illumination of a pellet from 30 percent down to just a
few percent. Uniform illumination is key to the fusion process; such
uniformity on a high-power multi-beam laser system had not previously
been demonstrated. SSD has since been implemented on the Nova laser at
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California.

1988 -- LLE scientists compress a pellet of liquid deuterium-tritium
to more than 200 times its liquid density; at the time this was the
highest density ever measured for a fusion fuel pellet. Such high
densities are necessary for fusion to occur.

1980 -- LLE scientists develop a way to convert OMEGA's laser light
from infrared to ultraviolet light, which is absorbed more efficiently
by a pellet of fusion fuel. This method of "blue-light conversion" has
been adopted by all high-power solid- state laser inertial confinement
fusion programs in the world.

The LLE also has made extensive contributions in other areas,
including liquid crystal optics, high-speed switching, X- ray laser
technology, spectroscopy, and ultrafast science.

OMEGA UPGRADE FACT SHEET

Energy output: Up to 45 kilojoules in the ultraviolet, and over 60
kilojoules in the infrared.

Peak power: Omega's main pulse packs a walloping 60 terawatts --
nearly 100 times the peak power of the entire U.S. power grid -- into
each shot. That's because most of the laser's tremendous energy is
unleashed in just a billionth of a second.

Size: 60 beams, covering an area the size of a football field. Omega
is the largest laser in a university setting in the nation, and the
most powerful ultraviolet laser in the world.

Cost: $61 million.

Components: More than 500,000 parts compose the system, including high-
quality mirrors and lenses, optical mounts, amplifiers and filters,
1,200 mini-computers to help aim the laser, and $6 million of
neodymium-doped laser glass.

Target chamber: The hydrogen target is housed in an 11-foot aluminum
target structure. The structure has ports for several diagnostic
instruments as well as for the 60 beams which are reflected by mirrors
around the structure into the chamber.

Target: The target itself is a plastic or glass shell less than a
millimeter wide, filled with deuterium and tritium, isotopes of
hydrogen.

Other features:

Hotter than the sun: Temperatures inside the target chamber can reach
up to 50 million degrees -- hotter than even the inside of the sun.
The heat generated by a laser shot is why huge lasers such as Omega
can be operated only once per hour: The laser's glass, mirrors and
lenses need several minutes to cool down after each shot, to prevent
overheating.

Dust-free: Since even tiny pieces of dust can damage the laser's
optics when the laser shines, the entire laser bay and target chamber
is a "clean room." Personnel are allowed inside the rooms only to
perform maintenance, and they must wear special clean suits at all
times in the laser bay.

Precision aiming: Each of Omega's 60 beams is aimed to hit a specified
section of the target within 25 microns (25 millionths of a meter),
less than half the width of a human hair.

Have you sent your proposals to Steven Chu?

Are you deathly afraid of yet another rejection, like?

~ BG- Hide quoted text -

- Show quoted text -

My two big secrets is how I do the fusion. #1 is type of photons used.
#2 my way of confinement. *I am very clever,and know how every thing
works,and know how to make them work better. I have a theory on all
universe secrets. This is reality,and the reason I should be given a
chance to show what I can do best(THINK THINGS OUT) *Trebert

On Jul 15, 5:52*am, bert wrote:
On Jul 13, 8:35*pm, Saul Levy wrote:



"The machine is VERY BIG AND COSTLY" sums it up, GOOFY****HEAD!

Can't you READ?

IDIOT!

Saul Levy

On Tue, 13 Jul 2010 13:33:08 -0700 (PDT), Brad Guth

wrote:
On Jul 13, 6:36*am, bert wrote:

To Ya All * Confinement by magnetic field such as the Tokamak
works,but it is self destructive. This is what I told Columbia U *I
was right and they wasted time and big bucks. My Pulse Fusion Machine
does away with this heat problem. It has no torus.made of lithium
metal. It needs no 9 transformers *Yes it has a helium exhaust. Yes
the machine is very big and costly * *TreBert

What's the smallest prototype you can deliver, as proof-positive that
the 50/50 public and private investments are going to see as its full-
scale potential?

Can you get any of those research wizards via DoE to help?

Have you sent your proposals to Steven Chu?

Are you deathly afraid of yet another rejection, like?

~ BG- Hide quoted text -

- Show quoted text -

My two big secrets is how I do the fusion. #1 is type of photons used.
#2 my way of confinement. *I am very clever,and know how every thing
works,and know how to make them work better. I have a theory on all
universe secrets. This is reality,and the reason I should be given a
chance to show what I can do best(THINK THINGS OUT) *Trebert


Gama photons would likely be best, although perhaps loads of UV(c) or
soft X-ray will do.

~ BG

On Jul 15, 11:29*am, Brad Guth wrote:
On Jul 14, 3:28*pm, William Mook wrote:





Conventional nuclear power plants are big and costly. *That doesn't
mean they're impractical. *The figure of merit is cost per kilowatt-
hour. *For a machine with nearly zero fuel costs - as a nuclear power
plant - its the maintenance cost, life-span and the capital expense
per watt that is the determining factor in computing the figure of
merit.

The fact is there is no practical fusion machine of any sort that
achieves break-even - other than a nuclear explosion.

There are two near-term solutions to our energy problems - and neither
of them involves controlled thermonuclear fusion. *The first is high-
temperature nuclear fission. *Raising temperatures reduces capital
cost per watt while improving efficiencies. *So, this is a no-
brainer. *The relation between temperature and cost allowed experts
like Louis Strauss (former Director of AEC) say in 1956 that by 1970
energy would be too cheap to meter. *He was fired and every attempt by
the AEC and later DOE to declassify high-temperature nuclear reactor
technology was stonewalled. *Even so, fractions of a penny per
kilowatt-hour are possible using high-temperature nuclear reactors.
The second near term solution to our energy problems is concentrated
photo-voltaics using ultra-low-cost optics as described in my patents
on the subject. *Here we reduce the system cost to pennies per square
meter and capital expense to fractions of a penny per kilowatt-hour.

At fractions of a penny per kilowatt-hour the cost of energy is less
than the cost of fuel alone. *So, it makes sense to use these sources
with high-temperature electrolysis to produce hydrogen at very low
cost. *This hydrogen may be used in the following program to convert
our fossil fuel economy to hydrogen - making money at every step;

*(1) displace all stationary fossil fuel use with hydrogen gas
distributed by hydrogen gas pipeline network
*(2) convert stranded fossil fuels to liquid transportation fuels
using hydrogen and oxygen gas
*(3) develop efficient means to store hydrogen in automobiles ships
and aircraft to displace liquid fossil fuels
* * *(a) high-pressure hydrogen tanks
* * *(b) liquid hydrogen tanks
* * *(c) metal hydrides
* * *(d) ammonia reforming
* * *(e) ammonia salt reforming

This could be started immediately, with a program of CPV arrays made
at low cost, or high-temperature nuclear reactors, or both.

You do realize that devout Zionist/Jews like rabbi Saul Levy have
absolutely no interest in promoting anything that benefits the general
population, or is less impacting our environment. *


Rot - you do realize Brad that these sorts of statements mark you off
as totally and insanely racist?

In fact, it's ZNR
Jews exactly like Saul Levy that has kept anything you try from ever
going mainstream.

Absolute nonsense. Judiasm is an ethical monotheism that defines
morality as those behaviors that serve human needs and that choices
are based upon consideration of the consequences of actions as they
relate to those needs.

And don't forget about using failsafe thorium.

Thorium is capable of sustaining nuclear fission economy without
producing an after-market in weapons grade materials. Despite the
inability to create weapons, Thorium reactors are capable of operating
temperatures that could make them very low cost.

Thorium by itself has no CM(critical mass), but none the less makes
for a terrific failsafe breeder reactor once kick-started by a
temporary usage of plutonium or whatever artificial proton beam that
makes for an accelerator-driven system (or ADS) reactor that's
entirely controllable to suit

The thorium fuel cycle is a nuclear fuel cycle that uses the naturally
abundant isotope of thorium, 232Th, as the fertile material which is
transmuted into the fissile artificial uranium isotope 233U which is
the nuclear fuel. However, unlike natural uranium, natural thorium
contains only trace amounts of fissile material (such as 231Th) that
are insufficient to initiate a nuclear chain reaction. Thus, some
fissile material or other neutron source must be supplied to initiate
the fuel cycle. In a thorium-fueled reactor, 232Th will absorb
neutrons to produce 233U, which is similar to the process in uranium-
fueled reactors whereby fertile 238U absorbs neutrons to form fissile
239Pu. Depending on the design of the reactor and fuel cycle, the 233U
generated is either utilized in situ or chemically separated from the
used nuclear fuel and used in new nuclear fuel.

The thorium fuel cycle claims several potential advantages over a
uranium fuel cycle, including greater abundance, superior physical and
nuclear properties of fuel, enhanced proliferation resistance, and
reduced plutonium and actinide production.

(we’re talking way better off than
burning coal or even consuming natural gas, as well as almost
unlimited energy on demand, as limited by only the grid capacity).

It all depends on details. If the nuclear reactor temperature is 3x
higher than today's reactor temperatures - then we can produce
hydrogen directly from water by thermolysis at very high efficiency.
This hydrogen can be used directly in place of fossil fuels in all
stationary applications - and the fossil fuels processed into liquid
transportation fuels.

This was proposed by Brookhaven National Labs in the 1950s and
ignored. It was revamped by JFK, but he died before he could act on
it. It was ignored by LBJ and Nixon through the remainder of the
1960s and beginning of the 1970s. It was dusted off and proposed by
Carter to solve the energy crisis in the 1970s (created by the oil
companies themselves whom Nixon organized to advise the USA on energy
policy) - things looked promising until the week Congress was to vote
on the far reaching program. Three things happened;

(1) Three Mile Island melted down
(2) Karen Silkwood won a $5 million court case for radiation death
(later reduced to $5,000)
(3) The blockbuster movie CHINA SYNDROME was released in theaters.

Which killed any talk of using nuclear energy in the USA.

Nuclear continued to be developed in Europe and came to supply the
bulk of power in France and Switzerland - until Chernobyl caused this
expansion to be curtailed.

Very lucky for the oil companies.

Not so for the everyone else.

*A sub-critical thorium reactor: (skip to page 16)
*http://energy2050.se/uploads/files/rubbia2.pdf

*We’re talking of relatively dirt cheap,

Depends on details - most important detail - what is the reactor
temperature? Higher temps mean lower costs. Westinghouse and GE
designed reactors to operate at temps that would make them equal in
cost to coal, since they didn't want to disrupt markets for them. Any
talk of high temp nuclear reactors was either classified or resulted
in prompt reshuffling of power. For example, when Louis Strauss AEC
director mentioned in 1956 that by 1970 energy would be too cheap to
meter due to high-temp nuclear reactors, he was fired by Eisenhower.

clean and environmentally
friendly energy that can’t possibly add to our current or future
problems, as well can’t become weapons grade or even seriously dirty
enough to matter.

The Uranium and Plutonium made by the Thorium reactors are the fuel -
you know this right?

Once having established a spare/surplus terawatt here or there, all
sorts of better and way cheaper alternatives to raw hydrocarbons come
to mind. *

High temperature - low cost - nuclear reactors would be made far
larger than the electrical generators we see today and they would be
used to make hydrogen from water cheaply. A portion of the hydrogen
would be used by converted thermal plants to replace fossil fuels. A
portion of the hydrogen would liquefy coal into gasoline diesel fuel
and jet fuel. A rising portion of hydrogen would be used directly as
transportation fuel as technology developed.

High temperature reactors can also be used to process other materials
- creating synthetic marble and super strong glasses made from low
grade feeds. The stranded coal and oil and natural gas become very
cost low feeds for the housing industry - creating new plastic housing
materials - reducing our impact while improving living standards.

This was the basis of houses like this;

Plastic House of the Future
http://www.blogcdn.com/www.engadget....sney-house.jpg

Johnson Glass House of the Future
http://www.arch.mcgill.ca/prof/sijpk...ss%20House.jpg

These are all based on the fact that we don't need to burn coal and
hydrocarbons and we have lots of low cost high temperature heat to
process glass and steel cheaply.

Of course this didn't happen, so we didn't get these things.

But we could have.

And with very low cost fuel (recall that in 1956 a barrel of oil cost
$2.94 and that by 1970 according to Louis Strauss this could drop to
$0.30 per barrel) we have increasingly larger cars and a helicopter in
every garage.

http://www.airspacemag.com/history-o...ry-Garage.html
http://abcnews.go.com/Business/Flyin...=949148&page=1

Obviously those cartels and cabals of Big Energy do not want
to see any of this happen, so it's no wonder that even a small amount
of Mook renewable energy is still going nowhere.

They're making a simple business decision based on what's good for
their stockholders. They have a depleting resource, the only way they
can increase their value as a company in an era of increasingly
difficult to develop reserves is to gain increased prices every year.
This is reflected in the history of oil prices;

1945 - $1.63 per barrel
1965 - $3.01 per barrel
1985 - $26.92 per barrel
2005 - $50.04 per barrel

The market doesn't lie! The rising value of oil is a reflection of
its increasing scarcity and difficulty to produce in quantity.

Now, if I were to produce synfuels for $200 per barrel - or more-
everyone would be for it. But, since I can produce synfuels for $8
per barrel - and that cost will fall as the system expands to
something like $0.80 per barrel eventually - I will start off shutting
down about 2/3 of the producing wells as being uneconomic - and as I
grow - I will shut down ALL conventional wells since the cost of
extraction exceeds the value of the barrels.

This has a dramatically NEGATIVE impact on the value of a major oil
company. Not only does it undermine the value of reserves they have
on hand- it takes out of production the vast majority of reserves that
are very costly to bring to market.

I had this conversation in the board rooms of BP and Exxon Mobil,
Chevron and Texaco. I could GIVE them my technology and it would
still be opposed because it reduces the value of their holdings in the
short term.

From my viewpoint, or anyone's viewpoint that doesn't own a vast
proven reserve of oil, my ability to produce oil or other fuel
products at progressively lower cost means that I am rewarded for
lowering price.

This is something that major oil companies don't want part of the
discussion on energy. Because it quickly ends the dominance of
conventional oil and erases the notional value of present reserves.

The advance of our global industrial culture from 1850 through 1950
occurred as a result of progressively lower cost energy used in larger
and larger quantities. From 1950 through 1970 the price of oil rose
slowly, and then rapidly after 1970. Despite massive improvements in
automation and worker productivity - the rising cost of energy and raw
materials erased these gains. In 1950 in America the average
household had one bread winner who worked 40 hours per week and was
able to afford a reasonable life style. In 1990 in America the
average household had two bread winners that worked 70 hours per week
total and needed to borrow about 4% of their income each year to
maintain their life style. This despite massive increases in worker
productivity.

Most of this increase went overseas to buy raw materials, products and
energy. In fact, the largest transfer of wealth in the history of the
world occurred between the USA/Europe and the Middle East during the
last half of the 20th century.


btw; *The BOEING hydrogen powered spy-plane/aircraft "Phantom Eye"is
about to further prove exactly what you've been saying all along.
Once again, Mook gets no formal credits.

I merely reported here the logical consequences of reducing the energy
per unit weight of a fuel that powers a flying machine. For me to
claim credit from those who actually built a working unit based on
this obvious truth wouldn't be right. The failure if there is one -
is the lack of ability of the investment community to distinguish
between important technical development based on fundamentals versus
hype based on incidentals. We all suffer for it - and its a major
issue. Ignorance doesn't require a cabal to operate - it operates on
its own without anyone's help.


*http://www.industryweek.com/articles...owered_spy_pla....

*~ BG

On Jul 15, 9:42*am, William Mook wrote:
On Jul 15, 8:52*am, bert wrote: On Jul 13, 8:35*pm, Saul Levy wrote:

"The machine is VERY BIG AND COSTLY" sums it up, GOOFY****HEAD!

Can't you READ?

IDIOT!

Saul Levy

On Tue, 13 Jul 2010 13:33:08 -0700 (PDT), Brad Guth

wrote:
On Jul 13, 6:36*am, bert wrote:

To Ya All * Confinement by magnetic field such as the Tokamak
works,but it is self destructive. This is what I told Columbia U *I
was right and they wasted time and big bucks. My Pulse Fusion Machine
does away with this heat problem. It has no torus.made of lithium
metal. It needs no 9 transformers *Yes it has a helium exhaust. Yes
the machine is very big and costly * *TreBert

What's the smallest prototype you can deliver, as proof-positive that
the 50/50 public and private investments are going to see as its full-
scale potential?

Can you get any of those research wizards via DoE to help?

http://www.rochester.edu/news/show.php?id=641

1995-06-06
World's Most Powerful Ultraviolet Laser Comes On-line

Engineers at the University of Rochester's Laboratory for Laser
Energetics (LLE) today unveiled the world's most powerful ultraviolet
laser, Omega.

The $61 million Omega, completed on time and within budget by LLE
staff through funding from the Department of Energy, will play a key
role for the next several years in the nation's quest to develop
nuclear fusion as a reliable energy source.

The laser makes Rochester home to the world's largest direct-drive
fusion effort, where scientists use lasers to directly illuminate,
heat and compress a tiny target of hydrogen fuel to fuse hydrogen
atoms and release energy.

The new system will allow scientists to study the conditions necessary
to ignite and sustain a fusion reaction more closely than previously
possible. Results from experiments on Omega will have a significant
impact on the National Ignition Facility (NIF), a huge 192-beam laser
fusion system planned for later this decade. Scientists at Rochester,
Lawrence Livermore, Sandia, and Los Alamos laboratories are designing
the NIF, which will be the biggest fusion machine ever built. The
Department of Energy has designated Livermore as the preferred site
for the NIF and has requested funding for the project in 1996.

"This will allow us to show the efficacy of the direct-drive approach,
and to study the physics necessary to ignite fusion reactions and,
ultimately, to harness fusion power," says Robert McCrory, director of
the laboratory. "Omega will keep open as many options as possible."

The football-field size OMEGA is 25 times more energetic than its
predecessor, putting out up to 45 kilojoules of energy in the
ultraviolet wavelengths. The 60-beam system, designed to be fired up
to once per hour, has passed all of the technical milestones set by
the Department of Energy. The system took four and one-half years to
design and build.

Omega is the world's most powerful ultraviolet fusion laser, exceeding
the present capability of the Nova system at Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory (LLNL) in California. Livermore scientists use
Nova for indirect drive experiments, where laser beams are converted
to X-rays before hitting a target. Although the new Omega was designed
primarily for direct-drive experiments, it can also perform precision
indirect-drive experiments that complement the indirect-drive
capability of the Nova laser at LLNL. Research with Omega is expected
to help physicists understand the physics behind both methods. Since
LLE is designated as the National Laser Users' Facility, other
scientists from around the country will use the facility to conduct
high-energy laser experiments.

"The Omega Upgrade will play a major role in advancing ICF and helping
to ensure the success of the NIF," says Michael Campbell, associate
director of Livermore. "We at LLNL, and the other laboratories
participating in the program, look forward to utilizing this wonderful
facility with our Rochester colleagues."

At the Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Defense Programs
Victor H. Reis stated, "The Omega Upgrade is a first- rate and highly
flexible world-class laser that will serve the inertial fusion program
and our science-based stockpile stewardship program well for many
years. The University of Rochester is a potent and cost-effective team
member of Defense Programs. The laser was on-time and on budget. The
department is proud of this, the newest, of our facilities."

Tests so far show that Omega's laser beam is one of the best, if not
the best, ever produced by a glass laser ("best" means its intensity
is distributed evenly across the beam -- the beams are "clean"). This
is especially amazing when one considers that after its creation,
Omega's beam is amplified, split and filtered many times, traveling
more than 500 feet and expanding to 60 beams before reaching the
target.

In the target chamber, the beams converge on a target less than a
millimeter wide filled with hydrogen isotopes, ablating the target's
shell and imploding the thermonuclear fuel of hydrogen isotopes to
obtain such high pressures and temperatures (hotter than the inside of
the sun itself) that the hydrogen isotopes fuse. All this happens in
less than a nanosecond, or a billionth of a second.

"The successful upgrade of Omega is the latest in a long series of
remarkable accomplishments by the Laboratory for Laser Energetics,"
says Thomas Jackson, president of the University. "We're very proud of
the key role the laboratory plays in this nation's quest to harness
fusion as a reliable source of energy for the future."

LLE is the largest unclassified fusion laboratory in the nation and is
an important source of graduate students trained in the field. The
laboratory is supported by the Department of Energy, the New York
State Energy Research and Development Authority, and the University.
The laboratory employs about 220 scientists and staff members and 100
students.

ANATOMY OF A LASER FUSION SHOT

In laser fusion, scientists try to re-create the process that powers
the sun and other stars by using laser beams to heat and compress a
tiny target of hydrogen to such extreme pressures and temperatures
that atoms fuse, releasing energy. Maintaining uniform temperature and
pressure is critical. Scientists liken the process to instantly trying
to squeeze a balloon down to a tiny size with your hands while keeping
it intact; even the slightest aberration will cause the balloon to
rupture, ruining the experiment.

For several minutes before every laser shot, huge capacitors beneath
the main laser bay store large amounts of electricity. Engineers check
and ready diagnostic equipment around the target, along with the
computers that are key to controlling the laser beam and analyzing
each shot's results.

About once per hour, an engineer commands a computer through a console
in the control room above the laser bay, and the capacitors release
their huge bank of energy, powering a laser beam that enters the laser
bay from below. Beginning as a single beam, the light is amplified,
split and filtered several times as it rushes the length of the laser
bay, reflects off of mirrors, and then rushes back toward the target
-- a tiny sphere less than a millimeter wide containing hydrogen
isotopes.

Omega is actually two laser beams in one. The first part of the beam
is a "foot pulse" that hits the target for several nanoseconds
(billionths of a second), bathing the target in relatively low-
intensity light and tailoring the target's temperature, pressure and
density for each experiment. Within the tail end of this foot pulse is
Omega's main pulse: a foot-long chunk of light, about the size of a
football in each of the 60 beams. In less than a nanosecond, the beams
converge on the target, burning off the outer shell of the sphere so
rapidly and forcefully that the atoms inside the shell are pushed
together and fuse.

Scientists compare the process to the force a rocket produces when it
takes off from earth. As its fuel tanks ignite, the rocket's exhaust
pushes mightily against the earth. Similarly, as the shell's outer
sphere is burned away, the remainder is jettisoned inward (scientists
call this "imploding"), compressing the fuel and creating temperatures
even hotter than found inside the sun. The high temperature and
density make it possible for the atoms to fuse.

As the atoms fuse, they give off energy in the form of neutrons, which
can be used to generate electricity. For fusion to be useful as an
energy source, scientists must learn to control the rate of fusion and
develop reactors that will put out more energy than it takes to create
the initial reaction.

SOME ROCHESTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO FUSION RESEARCH

Rochester's Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) has made significant
contributions to fusion research. Among the major accomplishments:

1995 -- LLE scientists complete the upgrade of the Omega laser, making
Omega the most powerful ultraviolet laser in the world. The quality of
Omega's laser beam surpasses that of all previous large glass lasers.

1989 -- LLE scientists announce a new method to vary the color
(wavelength) of the laser light produced by the OMEGA laser, to create
a more uniform illumination pattern on the target pellet. This
technology, Smoothing by Spectral Dispersion (SSD), reduced the
variations in illumination of a pellet from 30 percent down to just a
few percent. Uniform illumination is key to the fusion process; such
uniformity on a high-power multi-beam laser system had not previously
been demonstrated. SSD has since been implemented on the Nova laser at
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California.

1988 -- LLE scientists compress a pellet of liquid deuterium-tritium
to more than 200 times its liquid density; at the time this was the
highest density ever measured for a fusion fuel pellet. Such high
densities are necessary for fusion to occur.

1980 -- LLE scientists develop a way to convert OMEGA's laser light
from infrared to ultraviolet light, which is absorbed more efficiently
by a pellet of fusion fuel. This method of "blue-light conversion" has
been adopted by all high-power solid- state laser inertial confinement
fusion programs in the world.

The LLE also has made extensive contributions in other areas,
including liquid crystal optics, high-speed switching, X- ray laser
technology, spectroscopy, and ultrafast science.

OMEGA UPGRADE FACT SHEET

Energy output: Up to 45 kilojoules in the ultraviolet, and over 60
kilojoules in the infrared.

Peak power: Omega's main pulse packs a walloping 60 terawatts --
nearly 100 times the peak power of the entire U.S. power grid -- into
each shot. That's because most of the laser's tremendous energy is
unleashed in just a billionth of a second.

Size: 60 beams, covering an area the size of a football field. Omega
is the largest laser in a university setting in the nation, and the
most powerful ultraviolet laser in the world.

Cost: $61 million.

Components: More than 500,000 parts compose the system, including high-
quality mirrors and lenses, optical mounts, amplifiers and filters,
1,200 mini-computers to help aim the laser, and $6 million of
neodymium-doped laser glass.

Target chamber: The hydrogen target is housed in an 11-foot aluminum
target structure. The structure has ports for several diagnostic
instruments as well as for the 60 beams which are reflected by mirrors
around the structure into the chamber.

Target: The target itself is a plastic or glass shell less than a
millimeter wide, filled with deuterium and tritium, isotopes of
hydrogen.

Other features:

Hotter than the sun: Temperatures inside the target chamber can reach
up to 50 million degrees -- hotter than even the inside of the sun.
The heat generated by a laser shot is why huge lasers such as Omega
can be operated only once per hour: The laser's glass, mirrors and
lenses need several minutes to cool down after each shot, to prevent
overheating.

Dust-free: Since even tiny pieces of dust can damage the laser's
optics when the laser shines, the entire laser bay and target chamber
is a "clean room." Personnel are allowed inside the rooms only to
perform maintenance, and they must wear special clean suits at all
times in the laser bay.

Precision aiming: Each of Omega's 60 beams is aimed to hit a specified
section of the target within 25 microns (25 millionths of a meter),
less than half the width of a human hair. Have you sent your proposals to Steven Chu?

Are you deathly afraid of yet another rejection, like William Mook.

~ BG- Hide quoted text -

- Show quoted text -

My two big secrets is how I do the fusion. #1 is type of photons used.
#2 my way of confinement. *I am very clever,and know how every thing
works,and know how to make them work better. I have a theory on all
universe secrets. This is reality,and the reason I should be given a
chance to show what I can do best(THINK THINGS OUT) *Trebert

All they need is an appropriate seed of artificial gravity (aka
miniature black hole) and their terrestrial confined fusion efforts
should fly. As long as they don't feed that black hole any more
protons than the E=MC2 energy that's given off, there shouldn't be any
risk of creating something that can't be managed and/or failsafe shut
down.

Fusion Energy possible with 2 years.
Deuterium High-Density Could Become Nuclear Fusion Fuel
http://news.softpedia.com/news/High-...l-111480.shtml
“A few years ago, if someone would have told a scientist that humans
will end up producing materials that are more dense than the core of
the Sun, they wouldn't have believed it. Still, this is true now.
Researchers at the University of Gothenburg are working on creating
ultra-dense deuterium (more commonly known as heavy hydrogen) that
will be a hundred thousand times more heavier than water is. The
scientists hope that the new material will set the basis for a new
form of nuclear energy production, one that is not as damaging to the
environment as existing ones, and also more sustainable.”

“Thus far, only microscopic amounts of the new stuff have been
created in the Swedish laboratory. Experts say that a cube of the
ultra-dense deuterium, with a side length of just ten centimeters,
weighs approximately 130 tonnes. In addition, the hydrogen atoms
inside the compound are connected to each other in a much tighter
manner than they usually bond in. This artificially created type of
connection is very difficult to master, and that is why German
researchers are currently trying to create more of the new type of
deuterium. Once an efficient production method is devised, the path to
creating new power plants will be opened.”

“Further, we believe that we can design the deuterium fusion such that
it produces only helium and hydrogen as its products, both of which
are completely non-hazardous. It will not be necessary to deal with
the highly radioactive tritium that is planned for use in other types
of future fusion reactors, and this means that laser-driven nuclear
fusion as we envisage it will be both more sustainable and less
damaging to the environment than other methods that are being
developed”

If in fact our spendy NIF produces their conservative target of 25
kwhr per all-inclusive cost of $0.25 per pea-sized pellet of deuterium-
tritium, then obviously we’re off and running again with cheap and
clean energy to burn, as though hydrocarbon fuels and conventional
nuclear energy with all of their negative environmental and risky end-
use safety consequences never existed, because with a surplus of such
clean fusion energy is what makes most of everything else imaginable
and so entirely possible as well as forever affordable.

In the meantime, failsafe thorium works affordably like a charm at
creating clean and reliable energy with a minimum of environment
impact as is, as well as geothermal alternatives shouldn’t be ignored,
especially when in places the perpetual heat of our mantel is less
than 5 km away, plus our national power grid needs loads of up-grades
and expansions anyway.

Your solar derived energy as made into bulk hydrogen at an equivalent
BOE of $8, plus offering a few secondary values, has the potential of
delivering $0.005 per kwhr, which leaves lots of wiggle room for all
the usual insider energy speculators and market distribution cabals to
continue ripping us off. So, when are you and Steven Chu going to do
any of this?

~ BG

If we had developed super inexpensive building products from ultra-low-
cost plastics and glass and steel, mass produced for simple assembly
and long life into a wide variety of forms. This was opposed not only
by trade-unions but also by banks who didn't want to see the price of
houses fall since that would reduce the wilingness of people to
sustain debt, their need for debt, while also undermining the value of
the outstanding loans for old technology houses. This happened to
banks in the 1970s and 80s as lower cost PCs displaced higher cost
minis - killing the value of a lot of loans for minis as resale prices
plummeted. Also, lower priced housing made with fundamentally
improved techniques and fundamentally improved materials (in terms of
price and quality) would undermine rental markets and those who owned
rental properties. While the development of higher speed personal
travel (personal helicopters) would undermine real estate values of
the suburbs just as the automobile did in the central city.

Against this combined political influence the government was powerless
to do the right thing and assure general advance - we are paying the
price today.

In 1940 the average home in America cost $3,920 to build. By 1950
that increased to $7,450. By 1990 the average home exceeded $140,000.

The rise in prices over generations for housing is considered a
given. A part of the natural order of things. It need not be.

Technical innovation from the 1890s through the 1920s resulted in
LOWER housing prices radically improved living standards for more
people, and a booming market for new products like automobiles. It
was the delayed costs of World War 1 that killed the booming 20s and
led to tortorous government interference in that age. World War 2 and
the Cold War followed - and we have YET to pay the full costs of those
government fiascos.

Meanwhile government fails to do the job it should be doing.

Because lower housing prices could have happened after World War 2 had
we wanted them to. A plethora of technologies existed at that time
that could have been introduced had local regulation been coordinated
from the Federal level to allow them. This more than public housing
would have ended poverty in the 50s and 60s and 70s.

This combined with the passing of fossil fuels as high temp nukes took
over - and the introduction of ultra-low-cost building products based
on this change- would have combined with new technologies and
automation throughout the 50s and 60s and 70s - to radically reduce
home costs. This would have avoided the housing crisis at its core -
and forced banks to deliver other services to make a buck -
principally by loaning money to new businesses - which create wealth
faster than anything.

So, imagine housing prices dropping below $2,000 and staying there -
with every increase in productivity resulting in an increase in the
size and stature of housing. This would put a cap on what people
would be willing to spend on other things - since they don't want to
spend more on their homes than anything else - and it would have kept
the power of the purse in the hands of the average Joe and Jane.

This is why I think the best use of my technology of forming large
areas of PET film precisely with well defined electronic and optical
properties - is the development of gas deployed housing structures
that are sustained by expanded poly foam.

Something like this

http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2052/...5ec4e38211.jpg
http://www.myglendalechurch.org/wp-c...6/p1010110.JPG

For a few thousand dollars..

That also used advanced systems of waste water treatment and recycling
to end our reliance on 19th century sewage treatment technologies.

This is what the 60s and 70s could have delivered to the world.

Had America retained the productive lead it had following the end of
World War 2, and committed itself to industrial automation as strongly
as it committed itself to defense - America would have no enemies to
fear since everyone would depend on American factories, American farms
and American forests for their ultimate well being.

And had we worked to stabilize our currency as strongly as the Swiss -
American banks would hold the reserves of the world as well.


But we didn't do that.

Our political system caved in to special interests - and special
interests posed as solutions to fundamental problems while the real
fundamentals were swept under the rug.

Which isn't the result of a central cabal somewhere (with the possible
exception of the Chinese Central Committee (but they have their own
problems)) but just of stupidity in general.

Blaming a nonexistant group of ultra-powerful people for our stupidity
allows us to ignore our stupidity - but the first step in solving a
problem is properly assessing the problem in the first place.

I hope I have done a little of that here.

More inflatable housing
http://www.inhabitat.com/images/Inflatable1.jpg
http://www.wayfaring.info/wp-content..._pavilion2.jpg
http://cache.io9.com/assets/resource...kenexttime.jpg
http://www.inhabitat.com/wp-content/...ilion-ed02.jpg
http://www.architeria.com/wp-content...ure-Garden.jpg
http://www.treehugger.com/09_solar_skin.jpg
http://www.uniquedaily.com/wp-conten...dome-party.jpg
http://www.bdonline.co.uk/Pictures/w...a_TH_ready.jpg

Inflatable furniture
http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/uima...nflatable1.jpg

Innovative materials
http://www.inhabitat.com/wp-content/...errinepod1.jpg
http://www.inhabitat.com/2009/11/30/...ster-shelters/

Multiple sheets of molded plastic - or flexible glass
http://www.unisci.com/stories/20021/0321026.htm

May be vacuum coated with reflective aluminum (like the Chicago Kidney
Bean) as well as dichroic film

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/conten.../287/5462/2451

to produce a variety of optical effects and properties... as well as
foils of copper - to create conductive surfaces on a sheet - like a
printed circuit board - covered with another flexible sheet

http://www.lsp.uni-erlangen.de/engli...el/seidel.html

Ohter features molded in place are channels that face one another a
( faces a ) to create a ( ) - that when joined forms a molded in
place pipeline. So water feed lines and drains and sewage lines are
created in place using the thin film flexible ceramic - along with
windows, electrical, communication, computing networks - along with
fuel lines and waste gas lines - along with air ventilation.

All folded up like an origami - unfolded with gas pressure - when
attached to mechanical unit.

With very low cost energy these things when built in large quantities
- in forms that easily connect to create a wide range of beautiful
structures - at pennies per square foot - instead of the hundreds of
dollars per square foot we take for granted today.

Folded up the mechanical unit along with the bubble - form a package
that allows 10 or 20 of them to be stored on a 53 ft truck. (or
helicopter cargo bay)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...g_house_bw.jpg
http://cva.ap.buffalo.edu/20x20/wp-c.../2009/06/1.jpg

to deliver $2,000 homes anywhere they're desired to self-deploy and
connect to the orbiting energy and communications networks.

On Jul 15, 10:31*am, William Mook wrote:
On Jul 15, 11:29*am, Brad Guth wrote:

On Jul 14, 3:28*pm, William Mook wrote:

Conventional nuclear power plants are big and costly. *That doesn't
mean they're impractical. *The figure of merit is cost per kilowatt-
hour. *For a machine with nearly zero fuel costs - as a nuclear power
plant - its the maintenance cost, life-span and the capital expense
per watt that is the determining factor in computing the figure of
merit.

The fact is there is no practical fusion machine of any sort that
achieves break-even - other than a nuclear explosion.

There are two near-term solutions to our energy problems - and neither
of them involves controlled thermonuclear fusion. *The first is high-
temperature nuclear fission. *Raising temperatures reduces capital
cost per watt while improving efficiencies. *So, this is a no-
brainer. *The relation between temperature and cost allowed experts
like Louis Strauss (former Director of AEC) say in 1956 that by 1970
energy would be too cheap to meter. *He was fired and every attempt by
the AEC and later DOE to declassify high-temperature nuclear reactor
technology was stonewalled. *Even so, fractions of a penny per
kilowatt-hour are possible using high-temperature nuclear reactors.
The second near term solution to our energy problems is concentrated
photo-voltaics using ultra-low-cost optics as described in my patents
on the subject. *Here we reduce the system cost to pennies per square
meter and capital expense to fractions of a penny per kilowatt-hour.

At fractions of a penny per kilowatt-hour the cost of energy is less
than the cost of fuel alone. *So, it makes sense to use these sources
with high-temperature electrolysis to produce hydrogen at very low
cost. *This hydrogen may be used in the following program to convert
our fossil fuel economy to hydrogen - making money at every step;

*(1) displace all stationary fossil fuel use with hydrogen gas
distributed by hydrogen gas pipeline network
*(2) convert stranded fossil fuels to liquid transportation fuels
using hydrogen and oxygen gas
*(3) develop efficient means to store hydrogen in automobiles ships
and aircraft to displace liquid fossil fuels
* * *(a) high-pressure hydrogen tanks
* * *(b) liquid hydrogen tanks
* * *(c) metal hydrides
* * *(d) ammonia reforming
* * *(e) ammonia salt reforming

This could be started immediately, with a program of CPV arrays made
at low cost, or high-temperature nuclear reactors, or both.

You do realize that devout Zionist/Jews like rabbi Saul Levy have
absolutely no interest in promoting anything that benefits the general
population, or is less impacting our environment. *

Rot - you do realize Brad that these sorts of statements mark you off
as totally and insanely racist?

Go right ahead and find a positive/constrictive energy topic or reply
by rabbi Saul Levy. Unlike yourself, I don’t like them bad guys, and
it's certainly not my fault if so many happen to be Jewish.


In fact, it's ZNR
Jews exactly like Saul Levy that has kept anything you try from ever
going mainstream.

Absolute nonsense. *Judiasm is an ethical monotheism that defines
morality as those behaviors that serve human needs and that choices
are based upon consideration of the consequences of actions as they
relate to those needs.

In other words, you still don't believe there's ever any commonality
as to whatever these Big Energy cartels/cabals have to offer.


And don't forget about using failsafe thorium.

*Thorium is capable of sustaining nuclear fission economy without
producing an after-market in weapons grade materials. *Despite the
inability to create weapons, Thorium reactors are capable of operating
temperatures that could make them very low cost.

Thorium by itself has no CM(critical mass), but none the less makes
for a terrific failsafe breeder reactor once kick-started by a
temporary usage of plutonium or whatever artificial proton beam that
makes for an accelerator-driven system (or ADS) reactor that's
entirely controllable to suit

The thorium fuel cycle is a nuclear fuel cycle that uses the naturally
abundant isotope of thorium, 232Th, as the fertile material which is
transmuted into the fissile *artificial uranium isotope 233U *which is
the nuclear fuel. However, unlike natural uranium, natural thorium
contains only trace amounts of fissile material (such as 231Th) that
are insufficient to initiate a nuclear chain reaction. Thus, some
fissile material or other neutron source must be supplied to initiate
the fuel cycle. In a thorium-fueled reactor, 232Th will absorb
neutrons *to produce 233U, which is similar to the process in uranium-
fueled reactors whereby fertile 238U *absorbs neutrons to form fissile
239Pu. Depending on the design of the reactor and fuel cycle, the 233U
generated is either utilized in situ or chemically separated from the
used nuclear fuel and used in new nuclear fuel.

The thorium fuel cycle claims several potential advantages over a
uranium fuel cycle, including greater abundance, superior physical and
nuclear properties of fuel, enhanced proliferation resistance, and
reduced plutonium and actinide production.

*(we’re talking way better off than
burning coal or even consuming natural gas, as well as almost
unlimited energy on demand, as limited by only the grid capacity).

It all depends on details. *If the nuclear reactor temperature is 3x
higher than today's reactor temperatures - then we can produce
hydrogen directly from water by thermolysis at very high efficiency.
This hydrogen can be used directly in place of fossil fuels in all
stationary applications - and the fossil fuels processed into liquid
transportation fuels.

This was proposed by Brookhaven National Labs in the 1950s and
ignored. *It was revamped by JFK, but he died before he could act on
it. *It was ignored by LBJ and Nixon through the remainder of the
1960s and beginning of the 1970s. *It was dusted off and proposed by
Carter to solve the energy crisis in the 1970s (created by the oil
companies themselves whom Nixon organized to advise the USA on energy
policy) - things looked promising until the week Congress was to vote
on the far reaching program. *Three things happened;

*(1) Three Mile Island melted down
*(2) Karen Silkwood won a $5 million court case for radiation death
(later reduced to $5,000)
*(3) The blockbuster movie CHINA SYNDROME was released in theaters.

Which killed any talk of using nuclear energy *in the USA.

Nuclear continued to be developed in Europe and came to supply the
bulk of power in France and Switzerland - until Chernobyl caused this
expansion to be curtailed.

Very lucky for the oil companies.

Not so for the everyone else.

*A sub-critical thorium reactor: (skip to page 16)
*http://energy2050.se/uploads/files/rubbia2.pdf

*We’re talking of relatively dirt cheap,

Depends on details - most important detail - what is the reactor
temperature? *Higher temps mean lower costs. *Westinghouse and GE
designed reactors to operate at temps that would make them equal in
cost to coal, since they didn't want to disrupt markets for them. *Any
talk of high temp nuclear reactors was either classified or resulted
in prompt reshuffling of power. *For example, when Louis Strauss AEC
director mentioned in 1956 that by 1970 energy would be too cheap to
meter due to high-temp nuclear reactors, he was fired by Eisenhower.

clean and environmentally
friendly energy that can’t possibly add to our current or future
problems, as well can’t become weapons grade or even seriously dirty
enough to matter.

The Uranium and Plutonium made by the Thorium reactors are the fuel -
you know this right?

Once having established a spare/surplus terawatt here or there, all
sorts of better and way cheaper alternatives to raw hydrocarbons come
to mind. *

High temperature - low cost - nuclear reactors would be made far
larger than the electrical generators we see today and they would be
used to make hydrogen from water cheaply. *A portion of the hydrogen
would be used by converted thermal plants to replace fossil fuels. *A
portion of the hydrogen would liquefy coal into gasoline diesel fuel
and jet fuel. *A rising portion of hydrogen would be used directly as
transportation fuel as technology developed.

High temperature reactors can also be used to process other materials
- creating synthetic marble and super strong glasses made from low
grade feeds. *The stranded coal and oil and natural gas become very
cost low feeds for the housing industry - creating new plastic housing
materials - reducing our impact while improving living standards.

This was the basis of houses like this;

Plastic House of the Futurehttp://www.blogcdn.com/www.engadget.com/media/2008/02/2-13-08-disney-...

Johnson Glass House of the Futurehttp://www.arch.mcgill.ca/prof/sijpkes/lecture-oct-2004/Johnson%20Gla...

These are all based on the fact that we don't need to burn coal and
hydrocarbons and we have lots of low cost high temperature heat to
process glass and steel cheaply.

Of course this didn't happen, so we didn't get these things.

But we could have.

And with very low cost fuel (recall that in 1956 a barrel of oil cost
$2.94 and that by 1970 according to Louis Strauss this could drop to
$0.30 per barrel) we have increasingly larger cars and a helicopter in
every garage.

http://www.airspacemag.com/history-o...=949148&page=1

Obviously those cartels and cabals of Big Energy do not want
to see any of this happen, so it's no wonder that even a small amount
of Mook renewable energy is still going nowhere.

They're making a simple business decision based on what's good for
their stockholders. *They have a depleting resource, the only way they
can increase their value as a company in an era of increasingly
difficult to develop reserves is to gain increased prices every year.
This is reflected in the history of oil prices;

1945 - $1.63 per barrel
1965 - $3.01 per barrel
1985 - $26.92 per barrel
2005 - $50.04 per barrel

The market doesn't lie! *The rising value of oil is a reflection of
its increasing scarcity and difficulty to produce in quantity.

Iraq's oil is still available at a net wellhead cost of less than $2/
barrel (possibly as low as $1/barrel).


Now, if I were to produce synfuels for $200 per barrel - or more-
everyone would be for it. *But, since I can produce synfuels for $8
per barrel - and that cost will fall as the system expands to
something like $0.80 per barrel eventually - I will start off shutting
down about 2/3 of the producing wells as being uneconomic - and as I
grow - I will shut down ALL conventional wells since the cost of
extraction exceeds the value of the barrels.

Your suggested 80 cents/BOE is noted, as is the cartel/cabal that'll
not allow it over dead bodies (mostly over the dead bodies of us
"small people" that'll have to fight their wars)


This has a dramatically NEGATIVE impact on the value of a major oil
company. *Not only does it undermine the value of reserves they have
on hand- it takes out of production the vast majority of reserves that
are very costly to bring to market.

I had this conversation in the board rooms of BP and Exxon Mobil,
Chevron and Texaco. *I could GIVE them my technology and it would
still be opposed because it reduces the value of their holdings in the
short term.

From my viewpoint, or anyone's viewpoint that doesn't own a vast
proven reserve of oil, my ability to produce oil or other fuel
products at progressively lower cost means that I am rewarded for
lowering price.

This is something that major oil companies don't want part of the
discussion on energy. *Because it quickly ends the dominance of
conventional oil and erases the notional value of present reserves.

The advance of our global industrial culture from 1850 through 1950
occurred as a result of progressively lower cost energy used in larger
and larger quantities. *From 1950 through 1970 the price of oil rose
slowly, and then rapidly after 1970. * Despite massive improvements in
automation and worker productivity - the rising cost of energy and raw
materials erased these gains. *In 1950 in America the average
household had one bread winner who worked 40 hours per week and was
able to afford a reasonable life style. *In 1990 in America the
average household had two bread winners that worked 70 hours per week
total and needed to borrow about 4% of their income each year to
maintain their life style. *This despite massive increases in worker
productivity.

Most of this increase went overseas to buy raw materials, products and
energy. *In fact, the largest transfer of wealth in the history of the
world occurred between the USA/Europe and the Middle East during the
last half of the 20th century.

btw; *The BOEING hydrogen powered spy-plane/aircraft "Phantom Eye"is
about to further prove exactly what you've been saying all along.
Once again, Mook gets no formal credits.

I merely reported here the logical consequences of reducing the energy
per unit weight of a fuel that powers a flying machine. * For me to
claim credit from those who actually built a working unit based on
this obvious truth wouldn't be right. *The failure if there is one -
is the lack of ability of the investment community to distinguish
between important technical development based on fundamentals versus
hype based on incidentals. * We all suffer for it - and its a major
issue. *Ignorance doesn't require a cabal to operate - it operates on
its own without anyone's help.

*http://www.industryweek.com/articles...owered_spy_pla...

In other words, whenever anything bad or unusually deceptive and
subsequently spendy takes place, there's never an actual individual or
much less any Semitic faith or political group in charge. Is your
consistently **** poor luck of getting anything of Mook energy off the
ground and into mainstream entirely and only your own damn fault,
because supposedly there's not another soul, agency or special
interest group keeping you down. In other words, perhaps William Mook
is just as much a liar and a pretender as are all the others you try
to associate with, and obviously you're good with that.

You seem to be contradicting yourself, even within this reply of
yours:
"This is something that major oil companies don't want part of the
discussion on energy. Because it quickly ends the dominance of
conventional oil and erases the notional value of present reserves."

Are you suggesting exactly like Semitic cabals, that Big Energy also
need not bother to police itself?

Your pretension that our global oil price/barrel and other hydrocarbon
energy has never been artificially manipulated or otherwise skewed,
and those hydrocarbon cartels are just good-natured private clubs, is
noted.

What other unpoliced groups or cartel/cabals of special interest
insiders does William Mook support?

~ BG

On Jul 15, 11:36*am, William Mook wrote:
If we had developed super inexpensive building products from ultra-low-
cost plastics and glass and steel, mass produced for simple assembly
and long life into a wide variety of forms. *This was opposed not only
by trade-unions but also by banks who didn't want to see the price of
houses fall since that would reduce the wilingness of people to
sustain debt, their need for debt, while also undermining the value of
the outstanding loans for old technology houses. * This happened to
banks in the 1970s and 80s as lower cost PCs displaced higher cost
minis - killing the value of a lot of loans for minis as resale prices
plummeted. *Also, lower priced housing made with fundamentally
improved techniques and fundamentally improved materials (in terms of
price and quality) would undermine rental markets and those who owned
rental properties. *While the development of higher speed personal
travel (personal helicopters) would undermine real estate values of
the suburbs just as the automobile did in the central city.

Against this combined political influence the government was powerless
to do the right thing and assure general advance - we are paying the
price today.

In 1940 the average home in America cost $3,920 to build. *By 1950
that increased to $7,450. *By 1990 the average home exceeded $140,000.

The rise in prices over generations for housing is considered a
given. *A part of the natural order of things. *It need not be.

Technical innovation from the 1890s through the 1920s resulted in
LOWER housing prices radically improved living standards for more
people, and a booming market for new products like automobiles. * It
was the delayed costs of World War 1 that killed the booming 20s and
led to tortorous government interference in that age. *World War 2 and
the Cold War followed - and we have YET to pay the full costs of those
government fiascos.

Meanwhile government fails to do the job it should be doing.

Because lower housing prices could have happened after World War 2 had
we wanted them to. *A plethora of technologies existed at that time
that could have been introduced had local regulation been coordinated
from the Federal level to allow them. *This more than public housing
would have ended poverty in the 50s and 60s and 70s.

This combined with the passing of fossil fuels as high temp nukes took
over - and the introduction of ultra-low-cost building products based
on this change- would have combined with new technologies and
automation throughout the 50s and 60s and 70s - to radically reduce
home costs. *This would have avoided the housing crisis at its core -
and forced banks to deliver other services to make a buck -
principally by loaning money to new businesses - which create wealth
faster than anything.

So, imagine housing prices dropping below $2,000 and staying there -
with every increase in productivity resulting in an increase in the
size and stature of housing. *This would put a cap on what people
would be willing to spend on other things - since they don't want to
spend more on their homes than anything else - and it would have kept
the power of the purse in the hands of the average Joe and Jane.

This is why I think the best use of my technology of forming large
areas of PET film precisely with well defined electronic and optical
properties - is the development of gas deployed housing structures
that are sustained by expanded poly foam.

Something like this

http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2052/...6/p1010110.JPG

For a few thousand dollars..

That also used advanced systems of waste water treatment and recycling
to end our reliance on 19th century sewage treatment technologies.

This is what the 60s and 70s could have delivered to the world.

Had America retained the productive lead it had following the end of
World War 2, and committed itself to industrial automation as strongly
as it committed itself to defense - America would have no enemies to
fear since everyone would depend on American factories, American farms
and American forests for their ultimate well being.

And had we worked to stabilize our currency as strongly as the Swiss -
American banks would hold the reserves of the world as well.

But we didn't do that.

Our political system caved in to special interests - and special
interests posed as solutions to fundamental problems while the real
fundamentals were swept under the rug.

Which isn't the result of a central cabal somewhere (with the possible
exception of the Chinese Central Committee (but they have their own
problems)) but just of stupidity in general.

Blaming a nonexistant group of ultra-powerful people for our stupidity
allows us to ignore our stupidity - but the first step in solving a
problem is properly assessing the problem in the first place.

I hope I have done a little of that here.

More inflatable housinghttp://www.inhabitat.com/images/Inflatable1.jpghttp://www.wayfaring.info/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/spacebuster_pavi...http://cache.io9.com/assets/resource..._laura_TH_read...

Inflatable furniturehttp://www.apartmenttherapy.com/uimages/boston/10_23_HN_Inflatable1.jpg

Innovative materialshttp://www.inhabitat.com/wp-content/uploads/perrinepod1.jpghttp://www.inhabitat.com/2009/11/30/concrete-cloth-flexible-material-....

Multiple sheets of molded plastic - or flexible glasshttp://www.unisci.com/stories/20021/0321026.htm

May be vacuum coated with reflective aluminum (like the Chicago Kidney
Bean) as well as dichroic film

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/conten.../287/5462/2451

to produce a variety of optical effects and properties... *as well as
foils of copper - to create conductive surfaces on a sheet - like a
printed circuit board - covered with another flexible sheet

http://www.lsp.uni-erlangen.de/engli...el/seidel.html

Ohter features molded in place are channels that face one another a
( *faces a ) to create a ( ) - that when joined forms a molded in
place pipeline. *So water feed lines and drains and sewage lines are
created in place using the thin film flexible ceramic - along with
windows, electrical, communication, computing networks - along with
fuel lines and waste gas lines - along with air ventilation.

All folded up like an origami - unfolded with gas pressure - when
attached to mechanical unit.

With very low cost energy these things when built in large quantities
- in forms that easily connect to create a wide range of beautiful
structures - at pennies per square foot - instead of the hundreds of
dollars per square foot we take for granted today.

Folded up the mechanical unit along with the bubble - form a package
that allows 10 or 20 of them to be stored on a 53 ft truck. *(or
helicopter cargo bay)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi.../2009/06/1.jpg

to deliver $2,000 homes anywhere they're desired to self-deploy and
connect to the orbiting energy and communications networks.

In other words, William Mook actually does firmly believe there's a
Semitic founded cartel/cabal of special interest individuals and
groups that are essentially unpoliced and basically in charge of our
private parts.

Are you now suggesting that our government and those multinational
corporations behind all of it, is entirely made up of powerless and/or
dysfunctional Atheists?

~ BG

On Jul 15, 12:42*pm, William Mook wrote:
On Jul 15, 8:52*am, bert wrote:



On Jul 13, 8:35*pm, Saul Levy wrote:

"The machine is VERY BIG AND COSTLY" sums it up, GOOFY****HEAD!

Can't you READ?

IDIOT!

Saul Levy

On Tue, 13 Jul 2010 13:33:08 -0700 (PDT), Brad Guth

wrote:
On Jul 13, 6:36*am, bert wrote:

To Ya All * Confinement by magnetic field such as the Tokamak
works,but it is self destructive. This is what I told Columbia U *I
was right and they wasted time and big bucks. My Pulse Fusion Machine
does away with this heat problem. It has no torus.made of lithium
metal. It needs no 9 transformers *Yes it has a helium exhaust. Yes
the machine is very big and costly * *TreBert

What's the smallest prototype you can deliver, as proof-positive that
the 50/50 public and private investments are going to see as its full-
scale potential?

Can you get any of those research wizards via DoE to help?

http://www.rochester.edu/news/show.php?id=641

1995-06-06
World's Most Powerful Ultraviolet Laser Comes On-line

Engineers at the University of Rochester's Laboratory for Laser
Energetics (LLE) today unveiled the world's most powerful ultraviolet
laser, Omega.

The $61 million Omega, completed on time and within budget by LLE
staff through funding from the Department of Energy, will play a key
role for the next several years in the nation's quest to develop
nuclear fusion as a reliable energy source.

The laser makes Rochester home to the world's largest direct-drive
fusion effort, where scientists use lasers to directly illuminate,
heat and compress a tiny target of hydrogen fuel to fuse hydrogen
atoms and release energy.

The new system will allow scientists to study the conditions necessary
to ignite and sustain a fusion reaction more closely than previously
possible. Results from experiments on Omega will have a significant
impact on the National Ignition Facility (NIF), a huge 192-beam laser
fusion system planned for later this decade. Scientists at Rochester,
Lawrence Livermore, Sandia, and Los Alamos laboratories are designing
the NIF, which will be the biggest fusion machine ever built. The
Department of Energy has designated Livermore as the preferred site
for the NIF and has requested funding for the project in 1996.

"This will allow us to show the efficacy of the direct-drive approach,
and to study the physics necessary to ignite fusion reactions and,
ultimately, to harness fusion power," says Robert McCrory, director of
the laboratory. "Omega will keep open as many options as possible."

The football-field size OMEGA is 25 times more energetic than its
predecessor, putting out up to 45 kilojoules of energy in the
ultraviolet wavelengths. The 60-beam system, designed to be fired up
to once per hour, has passed all of the technical milestones set by
the Department of Energy. The system took four and one-half years to
design and build.

Omega is the world's most powerful ultraviolet fusion laser, exceeding
the present capability of the Nova system at Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory (LLNL) in California. Livermore scientists use
Nova for indirect drive experiments, where laser beams are converted
to X-rays before hitting a target. Although the new Omega was designed
primarily for direct-drive experiments, it can also perform precision
indirect-drive experiments that complement the indirect-drive
capability of the Nova laser at LLNL. Research with Omega is expected
to help physicists understand the physics behind both methods. Since
LLE is designated as the National Laser Users' Facility, other
scientists from around the country will use the facility to conduct
high-energy laser experiments.

"The Omega Upgrade will play a major role in advancing ICF and helping
to ensure the success of the NIF," says Michael Campbell, associate
director of Livermore. "We at LLNL, and the other laboratories
participating in the program, look forward to utilizing this wonderful
facility with our Rochester colleagues."

At the Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Defense Programs
Victor H. Reis stated, "The Omega Upgrade is a first- rate and highly
flexible world-class laser that will serve the inertial fusion program
and our science-based stockpile stewardship program well for many
years. The University of Rochester is a potent and cost-effective team
member of Defense Programs. The laser was on-time and on budget. The
department is proud of this, the newest, of our facilities."

Tests so far show that Omega's laser beam is one of the best, if not
the best, ever produced by a glass laser ("best" means its intensity
is distributed evenly across the beam -- the beams are "clean"). This
is especially amazing when one considers that after its creation,
Omega's beam is amplified, split and filtered many times, traveling
more than 500 feet and expanding to 60 beams before reaching the
target.

In the target chamber, the beams converge on a target less than a
millimeter wide filled with hydrogen isotopes, ablating the target's
shell and imploding the thermonuclear fuel of hydrogen isotopes to
obtain such high pressures and temperatures (hotter than the inside of
the sun itself) that the hydrogen isotopes fuse. All this happens in
less than a nanosecond, or a billionth of a second.

"The successful upgrade of Omega is the latest in a long series of
remarkable accomplishments by the Laboratory for Laser Energetics,"
says Thomas Jackson, president of the University. "We're very proud of
the key role the laboratory plays in this nation's quest to harness
fusion as a reliable source of energy for the future."

LLE is the largest unclassified fusion laboratory in the nation and is
an important source of graduate students trained in the field. The
laboratory is supported by the Department of Energy, the New York
State Energy Research and Development Authority, and the University.
The laboratory employs about 220 scientists and staff members and 100
students.

ANATOMY OF A LASER FUSION SHOT

In laser fusion, scientists try to re-create the process that powers
the sun and other stars by using laser beams to heat and compress a
tiny target of hydrogen to such extreme pressures and temperatures
that atoms fuse, releasing energy. Maintaining uniform temperature and
pressure is critical. Scientists liken the process to instantly trying
to squeeze a balloon down to a tiny size with your hands while keeping
it intact; even the slightest aberration will cause the balloon to
rupture, ruining the experiment.

For several minutes before every laser shot, huge capacitors beneath
the main laser bay store large amounts of electricity. Engineers check
and ready diagnostic equipment around the target, along with the
computers that are key to controlling the laser beam and analyzing
each shot's results.

About once per hour, an engineer commands a computer through a console
in the control room above the laser bay, and the capacitors release
their huge bank of energy, powering a laser beam that enters the laser
bay from below. Beginning as a single beam, the light is amplified,
split and filtered several times as it rushes the length of the laser
bay, reflects off of mirrors, and then rushes back toward the target
-- a tiny sphere less than a millimeter wide containing hydrogen
isotopes.

Omega is actually two laser beams in one. The first part of the beam
is a "foot pulse" that hits the target for several nanoseconds
(billionths of a second), bathing the target in relatively low-
intensity light and tailoring the target's temperature, pressure and
density for each experiment. Within the tail end of this foot pulse is
Omega's main pulse: a foot-long chunk of light, about the size of a
football in each of the 60 beams. In less than a nanosecond, the beams
converge on the target, burning off the outer shell of the sphere so
rapidly and forcefully that the atoms inside the shell are pushed
together and fuse.

Scientists compare the process to the force a rocket produces when it
takes off from earth. As its fuel tanks ignite, the rocket's exhaust
pushes mightily against the earth. Similarly, as the shell's outer
sphere is burned away, the remainder is jettisoned inward (scientists
call this "imploding"), compressing the fuel and creating temperatures
even hotter than found inside the sun. The high temperature and
density make it possible for the atoms to fuse.

As the atoms fuse, they give off energy in the form of neutrons, which
can be used to generate electricity. For fusion to be useful as an
energy source, scientists must learn to control the rate of fusion and
develop reactors that will put out more energy than it takes to create
the initial reaction.

SOME ROCHESTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO FUSION RESEARCH

Rochester's Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) has made significant
contributions to fusion research. Among the major accomplishments:

1995 -- LLE scientists complete the upgrade of the Omega laser, making
Omega the most powerful ultraviolet laser in the world. The quality of
Omega's laser beam surpasses that of all previous large glass lasers.

1989 -- LLE scientists announce a new method to vary the color
(wavelength) of the laser light produced by the OMEGA laser, to create
a more uniform illumination pattern on the target pellet. This
technology, Smoothing by Spectral Dispersion (SSD), reduced the
variations in illumination of a pellet from 30 percent down to just a
few percent. Uniform illumination is key to the fusion process; such
uniformity on a high-power multi-beam laser system had not previously
been demonstrated. SSD has since been implemented on the Nova laser at
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California.

1988 -- LLE scientists compress a pellet of liquid deuterium-tritium
to more than 200 times its liquid density; at the time this was the
highest ...

read more »- Hide quoted text -

- Show quoted text -

Nice Post TreBert

On Jul 15, 12:42*pm, William Mook wrote:
On Jul 15, 8:52*am, bert wrote:



On Jul 13, 8:35*pm, Saul Levy wrote:

"The machine is VERY BIG AND COSTLY" sums it up, GOOFY****HEAD!

Can't you READ?

IDIOT!

Saul Levy

On Tue, 13 Jul 2010 13:33:08 -0700 (PDT), Brad Guth

wrote:
On Jul 13, 6:36*am, bert wrote:

To Ya All * Confinement by magnetic field such as the Tokamak
works,but it is self destructive. This is what I told Columbia U *I
was right and they wasted time and big bucks. My Pulse Fusion Machine
does away with this heat problem. It has no torus.made of lithium
metal. It needs no 9 transformers *Yes it has a helium exhaust. Yes
the machine is very big and costly * *TreBert

What's the smallest prototype you can deliver, as proof-positive that
the 50/50 public and private investments are going to see as its full-
scale potential?

Can you get any of those research wizards via DoE to help?

http://www.rochester.edu/news/show.php?id=641

1995-06-06
World's Most Powerful Ultraviolet Laser Comes On-line

Engineers at the University of Rochester's Laboratory for Laser
Energetics (LLE) today unveiled the world's most powerful ultraviolet
laser, Omega.

The $61 million Omega, completed on time and within budget by LLE
staff through funding from the Department of Energy, will play a key
role for the next several years in the nation's quest to develop
nuclear fusion as a reliable energy source.

The laser makes Rochester home to the world's largest direct-drive
fusion effort, where scientists use lasers to directly illuminate,
heat and compress a tiny target of hydrogen fuel to fuse hydrogen
atoms and release energy.

The new system will allow scientists to study the conditions necessary
to ignite and sustain a fusion reaction more closely than previously
possible. Results from experiments on Omega will have a significant
impact on the National Ignition Facility (NIF), a huge 192-beam laser
fusion system planned for later this decade. Scientists at Rochester,
Lawrence Livermore, Sandia, and Los Alamos laboratories are designing
the NIF, which will be the biggest fusion machine ever built. The
Department of Energy has designated Livermore as the preferred site
for the NIF and has requested funding for the project in 1996.

"This will allow us to show the efficacy of the direct-drive approach,
and to study the physics necessary to ignite fusion reactions and,
ultimately, to harness fusion power," says Robert McCrory, director of
the laboratory. "Omega will keep open as many options as possible."

The football-field size OMEGA is 25 times more energetic than its
predecessor, putting out up to 45 kilojoules of energy in the
ultraviolet wavelengths. The 60-beam system, designed to be fired up
to once per hour, has passed all of the technical milestones set by
the Department of Energy. The system took four and one-half years to
design and build.

Omega is the world's most powerful ultraviolet fusion laser, exceeding
the present capability of the Nova system at Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory (LLNL) in California. Livermore scientists use
Nova for indirect drive experiments, where laser beams are converted
to X-rays before hitting a target. Although the new Omega was designed
primarily for direct-drive experiments, it can also perform precision
indirect-drive experiments that complement the indirect-drive
capability of the Nova laser at LLNL. Research with Omega is expected
to help physicists understand the physics behind both methods. Since
LLE is designated as the National Laser Users' Facility, other
scientists from around the country will use the facility to conduct
high-energy laser experiments.

"The Omega Upgrade will play a major role in advancing ICF and helping
to ensure the success of the NIF," says Michael Campbell, associate
director of Livermore. "We at LLNL, and the other laboratories
participating in the program, look forward to utilizing this wonderful
facility with our Rochester colleagues."

At the Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Defense Programs
Victor H. Reis stated, "The Omega Upgrade is a first- rate and highly
flexible world-class laser that will serve the inertial fusion program
and our science-based stockpile stewardship program well for many
years. The University of Rochester is a potent and cost-effective team
member of Defense Programs. The laser was on-time and on budget. The
department is proud of this, the newest, of our facilities."

Tests so far show that Omega's laser beam is one of the best, if not
the best, ever produced by a glass laser ("best" means its intensity
is distributed evenly across the beam -- the beams are "clean"). This
is especially amazing when one considers that after its creation,
Omega's beam is amplified, split and filtered many times, traveling
more than 500 feet and expanding to 60 beams before reaching the
target.

In the target chamber, the beams converge on a target less than a
millimeter wide filled with hydrogen isotopes, ablating the target's
shell and imploding the thermonuclear fuel of hydrogen isotopes to
obtain such high pressures and temperatures (hotter than the inside of
the sun itself) that the hydrogen isotopes fuse. All this happens in
less than a nanosecond, or a billionth of a second.

"The successful upgrade of Omega is the latest in a long series of
remarkable accomplishments by the Laboratory for Laser Energetics,"
says Thomas Jackson, president of the University. "We're very proud of
the key role the laboratory plays in this nation's quest to harness
fusion as a reliable source of energy for the future."

LLE is the largest unclassified fusion laboratory in the nation and is
an important source of graduate students trained in the field. The
laboratory is supported by the Department of Energy, the New York
State Energy Research and Development Authority, and the University.
The laboratory employs about 220 scientists and staff members and 100
students.

ANATOMY OF A LASER FUSION SHOT

In laser fusion, scientists try to re-create the process that powers
the sun and other stars by using laser beams to heat and compress a
tiny target of hydrogen to such extreme pressures and temperatures
that atoms fuse, releasing energy. Maintaining uniform temperature and
pressure is critical. Scientists liken the process to instantly trying
to squeeze a balloon down to a tiny size with your hands while keeping
it intact; even the slightest aberration will cause the balloon to
rupture, ruining the experiment.

For several minutes before every laser shot, huge capacitors beneath
the main laser bay store large amounts of electricity. Engineers check
and ready diagnostic equipment around the target, along with the
computers that are key to controlling the laser beam and analyzing
each shot's results.

About once per hour, an engineer commands a computer through a console
in the control room above the laser bay, and the capacitors release
their huge bank of energy, powering a laser beam that enters the laser
bay from below. Beginning as a single beam, the light is amplified,
split and filtered several times as it rushes the length of the laser
bay, reflects off of mirrors, and then rushes back toward the target
-- a tiny sphere less than a millimeter wide containing hydrogen
isotopes.

Omega is actually two laser beams in one. The first part of the beam
is a "foot pulse" that hits the target for several nanoseconds
(billionths of a second), bathing the target in relatively low-
intensity light and tailoring the target's temperature, pressure and
density for each experiment. Within the tail end of this foot pulse is
Omega's main pulse: a foot-long chunk of light, about the size of a
football in each of the 60 beams. In less than a nanosecond, the beams
converge on the target, burning off the outer shell of the sphere so
rapidly and forcefully that the atoms inside the shell are pushed
together and fuse.

Scientists compare the process to the force a rocket produces when it
takes off from earth. As its fuel tanks ignite, the rocket's exhaust
pushes mightily against the earth. Similarly, as the shell's outer
sphere is burned away, the remainder is jettisoned inward (scientists
call this "imploding"), compressing the fuel and creating temperatures
even hotter than found inside the sun. The high temperature and
density make it possible for the atoms to fuse.

As the atoms fuse, they give off energy in the form of neutrons, which
can be used to generate electricity. For fusion to be useful as an
energy source, scientists must learn to control the rate of fusion and
develop reactors that will put out more energy than it takes to create
the initial reaction.

SOME ROCHESTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO FUSION RESEARCH

Rochester's Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) has made significant
contributions to fusion research. Among the major accomplishments:

1995 -- LLE scientists complete the upgrade of the Omega laser, making
Omega the most powerful ultraviolet laser in the world. The quality of
Omega's laser beam surpasses that of all previous large glass lasers.

1989 -- LLE scientists announce a new method to vary the color
(wavelength) of the laser light produced by the OMEGA laser, to create
a more uniform illumination pattern on the target pellet. This
technology, Smoothing by Spectral Dispersion (SSD), reduced the
variations in illumination of a pellet from 30 percent down to just a
few percent. Uniform illumination is key to the fusion process; such
uniformity on a high-power multi-beam laser system had not previously
been demonstrated. SSD has since been implemented on the Nova laser at
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California.

1988 -- LLE scientists compress a pellet of liquid deuterium-tritium
to more than 200 times its liquid density; at the time this was the
highest ...

read more »- Hide quoted text -

- Show quoted text -

Ultra violet laser step in the right direction. X-ray laser is the way
to go . TreBert

On Jul 15, 3:32*pm, Brad Guth wrote:
On Jul 15, 11:36*am, William Mook wrote:





If we had developed super inexpensive building products from ultra-low-
cost plastics and glass and steel, mass produced for simple assembly
and long life into a wide variety of forms. *This was opposed not only
by trade-unions but also by banks who didn't want to see the price of
houses fall since that would reduce the wilingness of people to
sustain debt, their need for debt, while also undermining the value of
the outstanding loans for old technology houses. * This happened to
banks in the 1970s and 80s as lower cost PCs displaced higher cost
minis - killing the value of a lot of loans for minis as resale prices
plummeted. *Also, lower priced housing made with fundamentally
improved techniques and fundamentally improved materials (in terms of
price and quality) would undermine rental markets and those who owned
rental properties. *While the development of higher speed personal
travel (personal helicopters) would undermine real estate values of
the suburbs just as the automobile did in the central city.

Against this combined political influence the government was powerless
to do the right thing and assure general advance - we are paying the
price today.

In 1940 the average home in America cost $3,920 to build. *By 1950
that increased to $7,450. *By 1990 the average home exceeded $140,000..

The rise in prices over generations for housing is considered a
given. *A part of the natural order of things. *It need not be.

Technical innovation from the 1890s through the 1920s resulted in
LOWER housing prices radically improved living standards for more
people, and a booming market for new products like automobiles. * It
was the delayed costs of World War 1 that killed the booming 20s and
led to tortorous government interference in that age. *World War 2 and
the Cold War followed - and we have YET to pay the full costs of those
government fiascos.

Meanwhile government fails to do the job it should be doing.

Because lower housing prices could have happened after World War 2 had
we wanted them to. *A plethora of technologies existed at that time
that could have been introduced had local regulation been coordinated
from the Federal level to allow them. *This more than public housing
would have ended poverty in the 50s and 60s and 70s.

This combined with the passing of fossil fuels as high temp nukes took
over - and the introduction of ultra-low-cost building products based
on this change- would have combined with new technologies and
automation throughout the 50s and 60s and 70s - to radically reduce
home costs. *This would have avoided the housing crisis at its core -
and forced banks to deliver other services to make a buck -
principally by loaning money to new businesses - which create wealth
faster than anything.

So, imagine housing prices dropping below $2,000 and staying there -
with every increase in productivity resulting in an increase in the
size and stature of housing. *This would put a cap on what people
would be willing to spend on other things - since they don't want to
spend more on their homes than anything else - and it would have kept
the power of the purse in the hands of the average Joe and Jane.

This is why I think the best use of my technology of forming large
areas of PET film precisely with well defined electronic and optical
properties - is the development of gas deployed housing structures
that are sustained by expanded poly foam.

Something like this

http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2052/...11.jpghttp://w...

For a few thousand dollars..

That also used advanced systems of waste water treatment and recycling
to end our reliance on 19th century sewage treatment technologies.

This is what the 60s and 70s could have delivered to the world.

Had America retained the productive lead it had following the end of
World War 2, and committed itself to industrial automation as strongly
as it committed itself to defense - America would have no enemies to
fear since everyone would depend on American factories, American farms
and American forests for their ultimate well being.

And had we worked to stabilize our currency as strongly as the Swiss -
American banks would hold the reserves of the world as well.

But we didn't do that.

Our political system caved in to special interests - and special
interests posed as solutions to fundamental problems while the real
fundamentals were swept under the rug.

Which isn't the result of a central cabal somewhere (with the possible
exception of the Chinese Central Committee (but they have their own
problems)) but just of stupidity in general.

Blaming a nonexistant group of ultra-powerful people for our stupidity
allows us to ignore our stupidity - but the first step in solving a
problem is properly assessing the problem in the first place.

I hope I have done a little of that here.

More inflatable housinghttp://www.inhabitat.com/images/Inflatable1.jpghttp://www.wayfaring.i......

Inflatable furniturehttp://www.apartmenttherapy.com/uimages/boston/10_23_HN_Inflatable1.jpg

Innovative materialshttp://www.inhabitat.com/wp-content/uploads/perrinepod1.jpghttp://www......

Multiple sheets of molded plastic - or flexible glasshttp://www.unisci.com/stories/20021/0321026.htm

May be vacuum coated with reflective aluminum (like the Chicago Kidney
Bean) as well as dichroic film

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/conten.../287/5462/2451

to produce a variety of optical effects and properties... *as well as
foils of copper - to create conductive surfaces on a sheet - like a
printed circuit board - covered with another flexible sheet

http://www.lsp.uni-erlangen.de/engli...el/seidel.html

Ohter features molded in place are channels that face one another a
( *faces a ) to create a ( ) - that when joined forms a molded in
place pipeline. *So water feed lines and drains and sewage lines are
created in place using the thin film flexible ceramic - along with
windows, electrical, communication, computing networks - along with
fuel lines and waste gas lines - along with air ventilation.

All folded up like an origami - unfolded with gas pressure - when
attached to mechanical unit.

With very low cost energy these things when built in large quantities
- in forms that easily connect to create a wide range of beautiful
structures - at pennies per square foot - instead of the hundreds of
dollars per square foot we take for granted today.

Folded up the mechanical unit along with the bubble - form a package
that allows 10 or 20 of them to be stored on a 53 ft truck. *(or
helicopter cargo bay)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...rsky_Skycrane_...

to deliver $2,000 homes anywhere they're desired to self-deploy and
connect to the orbiting energy and communications networks.

In other words, William Mook actually does firmly believe there's a
Semitic founded cartel/cabal of special interest individuals and
groups that are essentially unpoliced and basically in charge of our
private parts.

Are you now suggesting that our government and those multinational
corporations behind all of it, is entirely made up of powerless and/or
dysfunctional Atheists?

*~ BG

Brad,

The only thing I'm suggesting is that we're being stupid and that
specialists who aren't so stupid exploit that stupidity for personal
gain. Specialists have no more power than we give them by being
stupid.

I am also suggesting this a failure of the present market based
economy and will bring it down in disarray - and that if we had
corrected the failure modes early on in the early part of the 20th
century, our world would be quite better than it is today, and the
wise guy specialists would be wealthy doing more productive things.

I am not suggesting we are at the mercy of anything other than our
stupidity, and I am not suggesting other than very distinct failure
modes in a system that otherwise works generally.

So, I disagree with nearly everything you suggest here.