DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS IN NATURAL SCIENCES

Those interested in the logical aspects of science may wish to see
this:

http://www.wbabin.net/philos/valev9.pdf

Pentcho Valev

On Feb 23, 12:31*pm, Pentcho Valev wrote:
Those interested in the logical aspects of science may wish to see
this:

http://www.wbabin.net/philos/valev9.pdf

The texts IN CAPITALS below express TWO FALSE AXIOMS that allowed
Clausius and Einstein to obtain miraculous results and destroy
theoretical science in the end:

http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/Clausius.html
Rudolf Clausius, 1850: "It is this maximum of work which must be
compared with the heat transferred. When this is done it appears that
there is in fact ground for asserting, with Carnot, that it depends
only on the quantity of the heat transferred and on the temperatures t
and tau of the two bodies A and B, but not on the nature of the
substance by means of which the work is done......If we now suppose
that there are two substances of which the one can produce more work
than the other by the transfer of a given amount of heat, or, what
comes to the same thing, needs to transfer less heat from A to B to
produce a given quantity of work, we may use these two substances
alternately by producing work with one of them in the above process.
At the end of the operations both bodies are in their original
condition; further, the work produced will have exactly
counterbalanced the work done, and therefore, by our former principle,
the quantity of heat can have neither increased nor diminished. The
only change will occur in the distribution of the heat, since more
heat will be transferred from B to A than from A to B, and so on the
whole heat will be transferred from B to A. By repeating these two
processes alternately it would be possible, WITHOUT ANY EXPENDITURE OF
FORCE OR ANY OTHER CHANGE, to transfer as much heat as we please from
a cold to a hot body, and this is not in accord with the other
relations of heat, since it always shows a tendency to equalize
temperature differences and therefore to pass from hotter to colder
bodies."

http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/
Albert Einstein, 1905: "....light is always propagated in empty space
with a definite velocity c which is INDEPENDENT OF THE STATE OF MOTION
OF THE EMITTING BODY.....From this there ensues the following peculiar
consequence. If at the points A and B of K there are stationary clocks
which, viewed in the stationary system, are synchronous; and if the
clock at A is moved with the velocity v along the line AB to B, then
on its arrival at B the two clocks no longer synchronize, but the
clock moved from A to B lags behind the other which has remained at B
by tv^2/2c^2 (up to magnitudes of fourth and higher order), t being
the time occupied in the journey from A to B. It is at once apparent
that this result still holds good if the clock moves from A to B in
any polygonal line, and also when the points A and B coincide. If we
assume that the result proved for a polygonal line is also valid for a
continuously curved line, we arrive at this result: If one of two
synchronous clocks at A is moved in a closed curve with constant
velocity until it returns to A, the journey lasting t seconds, then by
the clock which has remained at rest the travelled clock on its
arrival at A will be tv^2/2c^2 second slow."

Pentcho Valev