![]() |
#1
|
|||
|
|||
![]()
HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE - Continuing to collect World Class Science
DAILY REPORT #4038 PERIOD COVERED: UT January 27,28,29, 2006 (DOY 027,028,029) OBSERVATIONS SCHEDULED NICMOS 8790 NICMOS Post-SAA calibration - CR Persistence Part 1. A new procedure proposed to alleviate the CR-persistence problem of NICMOS. Dark frames will be obtained immediately upon exiting the SAA contour 23, and every time a NICMOS exposure is scheduled within 50 minutes of coming out of the SAA. The darks will be obtained in parallel in all three NICMOS Cameras. The POST-SAA darks will be non-standard reference files available to users with a USEAFTER date/time mark. ACS/HRC 10738 Earth Flats Sky flats will be obtained by observing the bright Earth with the HRC and WFC. These observations will be used to verify the accuracy of the flats currently in the pipeline and to monitor any changes. Weekly coronagraphic monitoring is required to assess the changing position of the spots. ACS/HRC/WFC 10729 ACS CCDs daily monitor This program consists of a set of basic tests to monitor, the read noise, the development of hot pixels and test for any source of noise in ACS CCD detectors. The files, biases and dark will be used to create reference files for science calibration. This programme will be for the entire lifetime of ACS. Changes from cycle 13:- The default gain for WFC is 2 e-/DN. As before bias frames will be collected for both gain 1 and gain 2. Dark frames are acquired using the default gain {2}. This program cover the period Oct, 2 2005- May, 29-2006. The second half of the program has a different proposal number: 10758. NIC2 10717 Quasar Bolometri Luminosity and Spectral Energy Distributions from Radio to X-ray We propose to build the best SED data set spanning from radio to X-ray wavelengths for 35 quasars. We will use new and archival mid-to-far IR data from Spitzer as well as other existing multi-wavelength data. We have unique quasi-simultaneous FUV/UV-optical spectra for our sample, greatly reducing the uncertainty due to quasar intrinsic time variability in the UV bump. We will derive accurate bolometric luminosities for the sample and seek to establish a more reliable and accurate way to obtain the bolometric luminosity of quasars from their partial SEDs and/or spectral properties. We will also apply multivariate analysis to the SEDs, study the quasar multi-wavelength spectral properties and their dependence on the overall SEDs, and thus better understand the physical processes quasars employ emitting across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. HST NICMOS observations will be used to remove host galaxy contamination from the quasar SEDs. This is a joint Spitzer-HST project. ACS/WFC 10626 A Snapshot Survey of Brightest Cluster Galaxies and Strong Lensing to z = 0.9 We propose an ACS/WFC snapshot survey of the cores of 150 rich galaxy clusters at 0.3 z 0.9 from the Red Sequence Cluster Survey {RCS}. An examination of the galaxian light in the brightest cluster galaxies, coupled with a statistical analysis of the strong-lensing properties of the sample, will allow us to contrain the evolution of both the baryonic and dark mass in cluster cores, over an unprecedented redshift range and sample size. In detail, we will use the high- resolution ACS images to measure the metric {10 kpc/h} luminosity and morphological disturbances around the brightest clusters galaxies, in order to calibrate their accretion history in comparison to recent detailed simulations of structure formation in cluster cores. These images will also yield a well-defined sample of arcs formed by strong lensing by these clusters; the frequency and detailed distribution {size, multiplicity, redshifts} of these strong lens systems sets strong constraints on the total mass content {and its structure} in the centers of the clusters. These data will also be invaluable in the study of the morphological evolution and properties of cluster galaxies over a significant redshift range. These analyses will be supported by extensive ongoing optical and near-infrared imaging, and optical spectroscopy at Magellan, VLT and Gemini telescopes, as well as host of smaller facilities. ACS/HRC 10623 HST Optical Snapshot Survey of Intermediate Redshift Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies Ultraluminous infrared galaxies {ULIGs} are commonly believed to be a transitory phase in the evolution of disk galaxy mergers into QSOs. However, a recently reported discrepancy between the morphological and structural properties of z 0.13 ULIGs and z = 0.12-0.25 QSOs with M{V} -23.5 has cast doubt on their evolutionary connection. We propose an ACS snapshot survey of a sample of 39 ULIGs with z = 0.35-1.0. These galaxies are the best suited for comparison with luminous z=0.12-0.25 QSOs because {1} they are at larger lookback times than local ULIGs, and thus are likely representative of the systems that evolve into lower redshift luminous QSOs, {2} they have luminosities comparable to luminous QSOs and, {3} they are selected in a manner that biases the sample towards harboring imbedded AGN, and thus are the most likely precursors to optical QSOs. High resolution HST ACS images will allow a determination of galaxy morphology and reveal the presence of bright AGN. The 2-D profile of each galaxy will be modeled using GALFIT, with the AGN comprising one component of the fit where applicable to better characterize the underlying galaxy. Fundamental parameters {effective radius and surface brightness, and F814W-band magnitude} of the underlying galaxy will thus be measured and compared with the host galaxies of the luminous QSO sample. This imaging campaign will consume a modest amount of HST time, but will provide for the first time a statistically significant view of ULIGs at look-back times of 30-65% the age of the universe, and sufficient resolution and sensitivity to conduct a meaningful comparison with z=0.12-0.25 QSOs, as well as with local {z 0.3} IRAS-detected and distant {z 2} SCUBA-detected ULIGs. FGS 10610 Astrometric Masses of Extrasolar Planets and Brown Dwarfs We propose observations with HST/FGS to estimate the astrometric elements {perturbation orbit semi-major axis and inclination} of extra-solar planets orbiting six stars. These companions were originally detected by radial velocity techniques. We have demonstrated that FGS astrometry of even a short segment of reflex motion, when combined with extensive radial velocity information, can yield useful inclination information {McArthur et al. 2004}, allowing us to determine companion masses. Extrasolar planet masses assist in two ongoing research frontiers. First, they provide useful boundary conditions for models of planetary formation and evolution of planetary systems. Second, knowing that a star in fact has a plantary mass companion, increases the value of that system to future extrasolar planet observation missions such as SIM PlanetQuest, TPF, and GAIA. ACS/WFC 10605 Quantifying Star Formation and Feedback: The M81 Group Dwarf Galaxies Studies of the impact of star formation via stellar winds and supernovae {'feedback'} on the properties of a galaxy are of fundamental importance to understanding galaxy evolution. One crucial aspect in these studies is a precise census of the recent star formation in a galaxy. The aim of this proposal is to obtain spatially resolved star formation histories with a time resolution of roughly 30 Myr over the last 500 Myr in a carefully designed sample using the absolutely unique capabilities of the ACS. Our sample comprises 10 galaxies in the M81 group which is host to a wide diversity of dwarf star forming galaxies. They span ranges of 6 magnitudes in luminosity, 1000 in current star formation rate, and 0.5 dex in metallicity. The ACS observations will allow us to directly observe the strength and spatial relationships of all of the star formation in these galaxies in the last 500 Myr. We can then quantify the star formation and measure {1} the fraction of star formation that is triggered by feedback, {2} the fraction of star formation that occurs in clusters and associations, and {3} to what degree future star formation is governed by the feedback from previous star formation. The ACS observations will be complemented with high-quality ancillary data collected by our team for all galaxies {e.g., Spitzer, UV/optical/NIR, VLA HI}. We will calculate the energy created by star formation events and compare it to the estimated energy deposited into the local ISM. This will enable us to construct prescriptions of how star formation and feedback depend on metallicity, size, gas content, and current star formation rates in galaxies. Our resolved star formation maps will be compared with star formation rates inferred from H-alpha, UV, and IR observations - allowing an independent calibration of these techniques. Recent ACS imaging by us of one galaxy in the same group clearly demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed program. Most of the sample galaxies are located in the CVZ, making this an extremely efficient program. ACS/WFC 10592 An ACS Survey of a Complete Sample of Luminous Infrared Galaxies in the Local Universe At luminosities above 10^11.4 L_sun, the space density of far-infrared selected galaxies exceeds that of optically selected galaxies. These `luminous infrared galaxies' {LIRGs} are primarily interacting or merging disk galaxies undergoing enhanced star formation and Active Galactic Nuclei {AGN} activity, possibly triggered as the objects transform into massive S0 and elliptical merger remnants. We propose ACS/WFC imaging of a complete sample of 88 L_IR 10^11.4 L_sun luminous infrared galaxies in the IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample {RBGS: i.e., 60 micron flux density 5.24 Jy}. This sample is ideal not only in its completeness and sample size, but also in the proximity and brightness of the galaxies. The superb sensitivity, resolution, and field of view of ACS/WFC on HST enables a unique opportunity to study the detailed structure of galaxies that sample all stages of the merger process. Imaging will be done with the F439W and F814W filters {B and I-band} to examine as a function of both luminosity and merger state {i} the evidence at optical wavelengths of star formation and AGN activity and the manner in which instabilities {bars and bridges} in the galaxies may funnel material to these active regions, {ii} the relationship between star formation and AGN activity, and {iii} the structural properties {AGN, bulge, and disk components} and fundamental parameters {effective radius and surface brightness} of LIRGs and their similarity with putative evolutionary byproducts {elliptical, S0 and classical AGN host galaxies}. This HST survey will also bridge the wavelength gap between a Spitzer imaging survey {covering seven bands in the 3.6-160 micron range} and a GALEX UV imaging survey of these galaxies, but will resolve complexes of star clusters and multiple nuclei at resolutions well beyond the capabilities of either Spitzer or GALEX. The combined datasets will result in the most comprehensive multiwavelength study of interacting and merging galaxies to date. ACS/WFC 10579 ULX counterparts: the key to finding intermediate-mass black holes The origin and formation mechanism for supermassive black holes {SMBHs} found in the centres of most, if not all, galaxies remains one of the outstanding questions in astrophysics. Most scenarios involve the presence of massive black holes in the early universe, formed by the collapse of primordial Population III stars. It is predicted that a relic of this population could still be present in galactic halos in the current epoch, possessing masses from a few hundred times solar mass upwards. However, to date no CONCLUSIVE evidence for such a class of "intermediate-mass" black holes has been found. The most likely current candidates are the ultraluminous X-ray sources {ULXs}, which show tantalising evidence for IMBHs {e.g. the extreme X-ray luminosities and low disk temperatures expected from accreting IMBHs}. We propose to address this issue by identifying optical counterparts for six of the nearest ULXs. We will use this programme as a pathfinder for future radial velocity measurements, which will allow the orbital parameters and hence the first undisputed mass constraints for these systems to be determined. ACS/HRC 10556 Neutral Gas at Redshift z=0.5 Damped Lyman-alpha systems {DLAs} are used to track the bulk of the neutral hydrogen gas in the Universe. Prior to HST UV spectroscopy, they could only be studied from the ground at redshifts z1.65. However, HST has now permitted us to discover 41 DLAs at z1.65 in our previous surveys. Followup studies of these systems are providing a wealth of information about the evolution of the neutral gas phase component of the Universe. But one problem is that these 41 low-redshift systems are spread over a wide range of redshifts spanning nearly 70% of the age of the Universe. Consequently, past surveys for low-redshift DLAs have not been able to offer very good precision in any small redshift regime. Here we propose an ACS-HRC- PR200L spectroscopic survey in the redshift interval z=[0.37, 0.7] which we estimate will permit us to discover another 41 DLAs. This will not only allow us to double the number of low-redshift DLAs, but it will also provide a relatively high-precision regime in the low-redshift Universe that can be used to anchor evolutionary studies. Fortunately DLAs have high absorption equivalent width, so ACS-HRC-PR200L has high-enough resoultion to perform this proposed MgII-selected DLA survey. ACS/WFC 10543 Microlensing in M87 and the Virgo Cluster Resolving the nature of dark matter is an urgent problem. The results of the MACHO survey of the Milky Way dark halo toward the LMC indicate that a significant fraction of the halo consists of stellar mass objects. The VATT/Columbia survey of M31 finds a similar lens fraction in the M31 dark halo. We propose a series of observations with ACS that will provide the most thorough search for microlensing toward M87, the central elliptical galaxy of the Virgo cluster. This program is optimized for lenses in the mass range from 0.01 to 1.0 solar masses. By comparing with archival data, we can detect lenses as massive as 100 solar masses, such as the remnants of the first stars. These observations will have at least 15 times more sensitivity to microlensing than any previous survey, e.g. using WFPC2. This is due to the factor of 2 larger area, factor of more than 4 more sensitivity in the I-band, superior pixel scale and longer baseline of observations. Based on the halo microlensing results in the Milky Way and M31, we might expect that galaxy collisions and stripping would populate the overall cluster halo with a large number of stellar mass objects. This program would determine definitively if such objects compose the cluster dark matter at the level seen in the Milky Way. A negative result would indicate that such objects do not populate the intracluster medium, and may indicate that galaxy harassment is not as vigorous as expected. We can measure the level of events due to the M87 halo: this would be the best exploration to date of such a lens population in an elliptical galaxy. Star-star lensing should also be detectable. About 20 erupting classical novae will be seen, allowing to determine the definitive nova rate for this giant elliptical galaxy. We will determine if our recent HST detection of an M87 globular cluster nova was a fluke, or indicative of a 100x higher rate of incidence of cataclysmic variables and nova eruptions in globulars than previously believed. We will examine the populations of variable stars, and will be able to cleanly separate them from microlensing. ACS/WFC/NIC3/WFPC2 10530 Probing Evolution And Reionization Spectroscopically {PEARS} While imaging with HST has gone deep enough to probe the highest redshifts, e.g. the GOODS survey and the Ultra Deep Field, spectroscopic identifications have not kept up. We propose an ACS grism survey to get slitless spectra of all sources in a wide survey region {8 ACS fields} up to z =27.0 magnitude, and an ultradeep field in the HUDF reaching sources up to z =28 magnitude. The PEARS survey will: {1} Find and spectrocopically confirm all galaxies between z=4-7. {2} Probe the reionization epoch by robustly determining the luminosity function of galaxies and low luminosity AGNs at z = 4 - 6. With known redshifts, we can get a local measure of star formation and ionization rate in case reionization is inhomogeneous. {3} Study galaxy formation and evolution by finding galaxies in a contiguous redshift range between 4 z 7, and black hole evolution through a census of low-luminosity AGNs. {4} Get a robust census of galaxies with old stellar populations at 1 z 2.5, invaluable for checking consistency with heirarchical models of galaxy formation. Fitting these galaxies' spectra will yield age and metallicity estimates. {5} Study star-formation and galaxy assembly at its peak at 1 z 2 by identifying emission lines in star-forming galaxies, old populations showing the 4000A break, and any combination of the two. {6} Constrain faint white dwarfs in the Galactic halo and thus measure their contribution to the dark matter halo. {7} Derive spectro-photometric redshifts by using the grism spectra along with broadband data. This will be the deepest unbiased spectroscopy yet, and will enhance the value of the multiwavelength data in UDF and the GOODS fields to the astronomical community. To this end we will deliver reduced spectra to the HST archives. ACS/WFC 10522 Calibrating Star Formation: The Link between Feedback and Galaxy Evolution Stellar feedback - the return of mass and energy from star formation to the interstellar medium - is one of the primary engines of galaxy evolution. Yet, the theoretical foundation of mechanical feedback is, to date, unconstrained by observations. We propose to investigate this fundamental aspect of star formation on a sample of two local actively star-forming galaxies, NGC4449, and Holmberg II. The two galaxies have been selected to occupy an unexplored, yet crucial for quantifying mechanical feedback, niche in the two-parameter space of star formation intensity and galaxy mass. ACS/WFC and WFPC2 narrow-band observations in the light of H-beta, [OIII], H-alpha, and [NII] will be obtained for both galaxies, in order to: {1} discriminate the feedback- induced shock fronts from the photoionization regions; {2} map the shocks inside and around the starburst regions; and {3} measure the energy budget of the star-formation-produced shocks. These observations, complemented by existing data, will yield: {1} the efficiency of the feedback, i.e. the fraction of the star formation's mechanical energy that is transported out of the starburst volume rather than confined or radiated away; {2} the dependence of this efficiency on the two fundamental parameters of star formation intensity and stellar mass. The high angular resolution of HST is crucial for separating the spatially narrow shock fronts {~5 pc, ~0.25" at 4 Mpc} from the more extended photoionization fronts. The legacy from this project will be the most complete quantitative measurement of the energetics associated with feedback processes. We will secure the first milestone for placing feedback mechanisms on a solid physical ground, and for understanding quantitatively their role on the energetics, structure, and star formation history of galaxies at all redshifts. ACS/WFC 10505 The Onset of Star Formation in the Universe: Constraints from Nearby Isolated Dwarf Galaxies. The details of the early star formation histories of tiny dwarf galaxies can shed light on the role in galaxy formation of the reionization which occured at high redshift. Isolated dwarfs are ideal probes since their evolution is not complicated by environmental effects owing to the vicinity of the Milky Way and M31. In addition, dwarf galaxies are the most common type of galaxies, and potentially the building blocks of larger galaxies. Since we can date the oldest stars in them, their study represents a complementary approach to the study of the formation and evolution of galaxies through high-z observations. We propose to use the ACS to obtain a homogeneus dataset of high-quality photometry, down to the old {13 Gyr} main-sequence turnoffs, for a representative sample of 4 isolated Local Group dwarf galaxies. These data are essential to unambiguously determine their early star formation histories, through comparison with synthetic color-magnitude diagrams, and using the constraints provided by their variable stars. Parallel WFPC2 observations of their halos will allow us to reveal the actual nature of their stellar population gradients, providing important aditional constraints on their evolution. The proposed observations are being complemented with ground-based spectroscopy, to obtain metallicity and kinematic information. The observations requested here, which must reach M_I=+3.5 {I=27.5- 28.2} with S/N=10 in crowded systems, can only be achieved with HST using ACS, and won't be possible with planned ground- or space-based facilities such as JWST. Based on deep WFPC2 observations and ACS image simulations, our team has designed an observational strategy which carefully considers the optimal filter combination, the necessary photometry depth and the effects of stellar crowding. ACS/WFC 10496 Decelerating and Dustfree: Efficient Dark Energy Studies with Supernovae and Clusters We propose a novel HST approach to obtain a dramatically more useful "dust free" Type Ia supernovae {SNe Ia} dataset than available with the previous GOODS searches. Moreover, this approach provides a strikingly more efficient search-and-follow-up that is primarily pre- scheduled. The resulting dark energy measurements do not share the major systematic uncertainty at these redshifts, that of the extinction correction with a prior. By targeting massive galaxy clusters at z 1 we obtain a five-times higher efficiency in detection of Type Ia supernovae in ellipticals, providing a well-understood host galaxy environment. These same deep cluster images then also yield fundamental calibrations required for future weak lensing and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich measurements of dark energy, as well as an entire program of cluster studies. The data will make possible a factor of two improvement on supernova constraints on dark energy time variation, and much larger improvement in systematic uncertainty. They will provide both a cluster dataset and a SN Ia dataset that will be a longstanding scientific resource. ACS/WFC 10493 A Survey for Supernovae in Massive High-Redshift Clusters We propose to measure, to an unprecedented 30% accuracy, the SN-Ia rate in a sample of massive z=0.5-0.9 galaxy clusters. The SN-Ia rate is a poorly known observable, especially at high z, and in cluster environments. The SN rate and its redshift dependence can serve as powerful discrimiminants for a number of key issues in astrophysics and cosmology. Our observations will: 1. Put clear constraints on the characteristic SN-Ia "delay time, " the typical time between the formation of a stellar population and the explosion of some of its members as SNe-Ia. Such constraints can exclude entire categories of SN-Ia progenitor models, since different models predict different delays. 2. Help resolve the question of the dominant source of the high metallicity in the intracluster medium {ICM} - SNe-Ia, or core-collapse SNe from an early stellar population with a top-heavy IMF, perhaps those population III stars responsible for the early re-ionization of the Universe. Since clusters are excellent laboratories for studying enrichment {they generally have a simple star-formation history, and matter cannot leave their deep potentials}, the results will be relevant for understanding metal enrichment in general, and the possible role of first generation stars in early Universal enrichment. 3. Reveal, via nuclear variability, the AGN fraction in clusters at this redshift, to be compared with the field AGN fraction. This will be valuable input for understanding black-hole demographics, AGN evolution, and ICM energetics. 4. Potentially discover intergalactic cluster SNe, which can trace the stripped stellar population at high z. FGS 10432 Precise Distances to Nearby Planetary Nebulae We propose to carry out astrometry with the FGS to obtain accurate and precise distances to four nearby planetary nebulae. In 1992, Cahn et al. noted that ``The distances to Galactic planetary nebulae remain a serious, if not THE most serious, problem in the field, despite decades of study.'' Twelve years later, the same statement still applies. Because the distances to planetary nebulae are so uncertain, our understanding of their masses, luminosities, scale height, birth rate, and evolutionary state is severely limited. To help remedy this problem, HST astrometry can guarantee parallaxes with half the error of any other available approach. These data, when combined with parallax measurements from the USNO, will improve distance measurements by more than a factor of two, producing more accurate distances with uncertainties that are of the order of ~6%. Lastly, most planetary nebula distance scales in the literature are statistical. They require several anchor points of known distance in order to calibrate their zero point. Our program will provide "gold standard" anchor points by the end of 2006, a decade before any anticipated results from future space astrometry missions. FLIGHT OPERATIONS SUMMARY: Significant Spacecraft Anomalies: (The following are preliminary reports of potential non-nominal performance that will be investigated.) HSTARS: 10108 - GSAcq(1,2,1) failed to (T2G) due to search radius limit exceeded on FGS-1 @ 027/1330z The GSAcq(1,2,1) scheduled at 027/13:03:03 - 13:37:40 failed to RGA Control (T2G), due to search radius limit exceeded on FGS-1. Prior OBAD at 027/13:25:33 had total attitude correction value (RSS) of 9.55 arcseconds. 10109 - GSAcq(2,1,2) failed to due to Search Radius Limit Exceeded on FGS-2 @ 028/1548z GSAcq (2,1,2) scheduled @ 028/15:43:45 failed due to Search Radius Limit Exceeded on FGS 2. Received 486 ESB "a05" Exceeded_SRL. OBAD #1 = V1 -804.37, V2 2385.63, V3 -1520.09, RSS 2940.90 OBAD #2 = V1 6.85, V2 -14.37, V3 6.78, RSS 17.30 OBAD MAP = V1 -307.93, V2 1269.70, V3 -942.21, RSS 1610.81 10110 - OBAD Failed Identification @029/0532z At 029/05:31:50 OBAD2 failed. A 486 ESB message 1902 (OBAD Faile Identification) was received. OBAD1 showed errors of V1=-946.48, V2=-997.72, V3=-43.03, RSS= 1375.91 The GSacq at 05:35:41 was successfull. 10111 - GSAcq(2,3,3) failed to due to search radius limit exceeded @ 029/0930z GSacq(2,3,3) scheduled at 029/09:24:56 failed due to search radius limit exceeded on FGS 2. ESB message "a05" (FGS Coarse Track failed - Search Radius Limit exceeded) was received. OBAD 1 showed errors of V1= -11673.79, V2=8011.35, V3=-15315.30, RSS= 20857.07. OBAD2 showed erros of V1=5.61, V2=4.02, V3=15.01, RSS= 16.52. 10112 - GSAcq(1,2,2) failed to due to search radius limit exceeded on FGS 1 @ 029/1122z GSAcq (1,2,2) scheduled @ 029/11:22:04 failed due to search radius limit exceeded on FGS 1. Received 486 ESB 1805 (x7). Received 486 ESB "a05" (Exceeded SRL). OBAD #1: V1 -2341.17, V2 2895.54, V3 -896.61, RSS 3830.04 OBAD #2: V1 -5.04, V2 7.43, V3 -3.18, RSS 9.53 OBAD MAP: V1 0.99, V2 -105.54, V3 -2.18, RSS 105.56 COMPLETED OPS REQUEST: (None) COMPLETED OPS NOTES: (None) SCHEDULED SUCCESSFUL FAILURE TIMES FGS GSacq 26 22 @027/1330z (HSTAR 10108),028/1548z(HSTAR 10109) @029/0929z (HSTAR 10111),029/1122z(HSTAR 10112) FGS REacq 08 08 OBAD with Maneuver 54 53 @029/0523z (HSTAR 10110) SIGNIFICANT EVENTS: (None) |
Thread Tools | |
Display Modes | |
|
|
![]() |
||||
Thread | Thread Starter | Forum | Replies | Last Post |
OhOh, Say, Can You See? | Ed Conrad | Amateur Astronomy | 8 | January 27th 06 08:41 PM |
OhOh, Say, Can You See? | Ed Conrad | Misc | 6 | January 27th 06 08:41 PM |
BEST CHRISTMAS PRESENT OF THEM ALL . . . | Ed Conrad | Amateur Astronomy | 10 | December 21st 05 01:55 PM |
THE BEST CHRISTMAS PRESENT OF ALL | Ed Conrad | Astronomy Misc | 2 | December 20th 05 02:31 AM |
Ed Conrad's NEW Letter to Prof. Michael Behe | Ed Conrad | Astronomy Misc | 0 | June 21st 05 10:50 AM |