VLA Study Offers Clue to Galaxy Formation (Forwarded)

National Radio Astronomy Observatory
P.O. Box O
Socorro, NM 87801
http://www.nrao.edu

Contact:
Dave Finley, Public Information Officer, Socorro, NM
(505) 835-7302,

November 8, 2004

VLA Study Offers Clue to Galaxy Formation

Astronomers using the National Science Foundation's Very Large Array (VLA) radio
telescope to study the most distant known quasar have found a tantalizing clue
that may answer a longstanding cosmic chicken-and-egg question: which came
first, supermassive black holes or giant galaxies?

For years, astronomers have noted a direct relationship between the mass of a
galaxy's central, supermassive black hole and the total mass of the "bulge" of
stars at its core. The more massive the black hole, the more massive the bulge.
Scientists have speculated extensively about whether the black hole or the
stellar bulge formed first. Recently, some theories have suggested that the two
may form simultaneously.

However, the new VLA observations of a quasar and its host galaxy seen as they
were when the Universe was less than a billion years old indicate that the young
galaxy has a supermassive black hole but no massive bulge of stars.

"We found a large amount of gas in this young galaxy, and, when we add the mass
of this gas to that of the black hole, they add up to nearly the total mass of
the entire system. The dynamics of the galaxy imply that there isn't much mass
left to make up the size of stellar bulge predicted by current models," said
Chris Carilli, of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), in Socorro, NM.

The scientists studied a quasar dubbed J1148+5251, that, at more than 12.8
billion light-years, is the most distant quasar yet found. Discovered in 2003 by
the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, J1148+5251 is a young galaxy with a bright quasar
core seen as it was when the Universe was only 870 million years old. The
Universe now is 13.7 billion years old.

Aiming the VLA at J1148+4241 for about 60 hours, the researchers were able to
determine the amount of molecular gas in the system. In addition, they were able
to measure the motions of that gas, and thus estimate the total mass of the
galactic system. Earlier studies of the system had produced estimates that the
black hole was 1 to 5 billion times the mass of our Sun.

The new VLA observations indicate that there are about 10 billion solar masses
of molecular gas in the system, and that the system's total mass is 40-50
billion solar masses. The gas and black hole combined thus account for 11-15
billion solar masses out of that total.

"The accepted ratio indicates that a black hole of this mass should be
surrounded by a stellar bulge of several trillion solar masses. Our dynamical
measurement shows there's not much mass left over, excluding the black hole and
the gas, to form a stellar bulge. This provides evidence that the black hole
forms before the stellar bulge," said Fabian Walter, of the Max Planck Institute
for Radioastronomy in Heidelberg, Germany, who was a Jansky Postdoctoral Fellow
at NRAO in Socorro when the observations were made.

"One example certainly doesn't make the case, but in this object we apparently
have an example of a black hole without much of a stellar bulge. Now we need to
make detailed studies of more such objects in the far-distant, early Universe,"
Carilli said. "With the vastly improved sensitivity of the Expanded VLA and the
Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), which will come on line in a few years,
we will have the tools we need to resolve this question definitively," Carilli
added.

"Studies like this are the key to understanding how galaxies first formed,"
Walter said.

Walter and Carilli worked with Frank Bertoldi and Karl Menten of the Max Planck
Institute in Bonn; Pierre Cox of the Institute of Space Astrophysics of the
University of Paris-South; Fred K.Y. Lo of the NRAO in Charlottesville, VA;
Xiahui Fan of the University of Arizona's Steward Observatory; and Michael
Strauss of Princeton University, on the project. Their research results are
being published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.

The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science
Foundation, operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc.

IMAGE CAPTION:
[http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2004/quasarbh/1148.jpg (25KB)]
VLA Image of Quasar J1148+5251. CREDIT: Walter et al., NRAO/AUI/NSF

How far out, can the 'vla' make
'apparent motion' measurements?
I would think, thousands of LYs.

Tequila

Andrew Yee wrote:

National Radio Astronomy Observatory
P.O. Box O
Socorro, NM 87801
http://www.nrao.edu

Contact:
Dave Finley, Public Information Officer, Socorro, NM
(505) 835-7302,

November 8, 2004

VLA Study Offers Clue to Galaxy Formation

Astronomers using the National Science Foundation's Very Large Array (VLA) radio
telescope to study the most distant known quasar have found a tantalizing clue
that may answer a longstanding cosmic chicken-and-egg question: which came
first, supermassive black holes or giant galaxies?

For years, astronomers have noted a direct relationship between the mass of a
galaxy's central, supermassive black hole and the total mass of the "bulge" of
stars at its core. The more massive the black hole, the more massive the bulge.
Scientists have speculated extensively about whether the black hole or the
stellar bulge formed first. Recently, some theories have suggested that the two
may form simultaneously.

However, the new VLA observations of a quasar and its host galaxy seen as they
were when the Universe was less than a billion years old indicate that the young
galaxy has a supermassive black hole but no massive bulge of stars.

"We found a large amount of gas in this young galaxy, and, when we add the mass
of this gas to that of the black hole, they add up to nearly the total mass of
the entire system. The dynamics of the galaxy imply that there isn't much mass
left to make up the size of stellar bulge predicted by current models," said
Chris Carilli, of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), in Socorro, NM.

The scientists studied a quasar dubbed J1148+5251, that, at more than 12.8
billion light-years, is the most distant quasar yet found. Discovered in 2003 by
the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, J1148+5251 is a young galaxy with a bright quasar
core seen as it was when the Universe was only 870 million years old. The
Universe now is 13.7 billion years old.

Aiming the VLA at J1148+4241 for about 60 hours, the researchers were able to
determine the amount of molecular gas in the system. In addition, they were able
to measure the motions of that gas, and thus estimate the total mass of the
galactic system. Earlier studies of the system had produced estimates that the
black hole was 1 to 5 billion times the mass of our Sun.

The new VLA observations indicate that there are about 10 billion solar masses
of molecular gas in the system, and that the system's total mass is 40-50
billion solar masses. The gas and black hole combined thus account for 11-15
billion solar masses out of that total.

"The accepted ratio indicates that a black hole of this mass should be
surrounded by a stellar bulge of several trillion solar masses. Our dynamical
measurement shows there's not much mass left over, excluding the black hole and
the gas, to form a stellar bulge. This provides evidence that the black hole
forms before the stellar bulge," said Fabian Walter, of the Max Planck Institute
for Radioastronomy in Heidelberg, Germany, who was a Jansky Postdoctoral Fellow
at NRAO in Socorro when the observations were made.

"One example certainly doesn't make the case, but in this object we apparently
have an example of a black hole without much of a stellar bulge. Now we need to
make detailed studies of more such objects in the far-distant, early Universe,"
Carilli said. "With the vastly improved sensitivity of the Expanded VLA and the
Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), which will come on line in a few years,
we will have the tools we need to resolve this question definitively," Carilli
added.

"Studies like this are the key to understanding how galaxies first formed,"
Walter said.

Walter and Carilli worked with Frank Bertoldi and Karl Menten of the Max Planck
Institute in Bonn; Pierre Cox of the Institute of Space Astrophysics of the
University of Paris-South; Fred K.Y. Lo of the NRAO in Charlottesville, VA;
Xiahui Fan of the University of Arizona's Steward Observatory; and Michael
Strauss of Princeton University, on the project. Their research results are
being published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.

The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science
Foundation, operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc.

IMAGE CAPTION:
[http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2004/quasarbh/1148.jpg (25KB)]
VLA Image of Quasar J1148+5251. CREDIT: Walter et al., NRAO/AUI/NSF

"T" == Tequila writes:

T How far out, can the 'vla' make 'apparent motion' measurements? I
T would think, thousands of LYs.

"Apparent motion" measurements? Using spectral methods, we can make
measurements of motions essentially anywhere in the observable Universe.

--
Lt. Lazio, HTML police | e-mail:
No means no, stop rape. | http://patriot.net/%7Ejlazio/
sci.astro FAQ at http://sciastro.astronomy.net/sci.astro.html

In article ,
Tequila writes:
How far out, can the 'vla' make
'apparent motion' measurements?

If you mean "proper motion," the answer depends on how fast things
are moving. Depending on source brightness, a single VLA position
can have an accuracy of a few milli-arcsec (e.g., Reid et al. 2003
ApJ 587, 208). Objects in the Milky Way can have speeds of 200 km/s
or so (actually the inverse of the Solar motion), and at the distance
of the Galactic center (8.5 kpc) that amounts to about 5 milli-arcsec
per year. So the VLA can detect these motions with observations
spanning several years.

VLBA observations can do about an order of magnitude better. In
principle that should be good enough to detect proper motions in the
Magellanic clouds, but I don't think there is a suitable network of
radio telescopes in the southern hemisphere. (I'd be happy to be
proved wrong about this!)

--
Steve Willner Phone 617-495-7123
Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
(Please email your reply if you want to be sure I see it; include a
valid Reply-To address to receive an acknowledgement. Commercial
email may be sent to your ISP.)

"Steve Willner" wrote in message
...
In article ,
Tequila writes:
How far out, can the 'vla' make
'apparent motion' measurements?

If you mean "proper motion," the answer depends on how fast things
are moving. Depending on source brightness, a single VLA position
can have an accuracy of a few milli-arcsec (e.g., Reid et al. 2003
ApJ 587, 208). Objects in the Milky Way can have speeds of 200 km/s
or so (actually the inverse of the Solar motion), and at the distance
of the Galactic center (8.5 kpc) that amounts to about 5 milli-arcsec
per year. So the VLA can detect these motions with observations
spanning several years.

VLBA observations can do about an order of magnitude better. In
principle that should be good enough to detect proper motions in the
Magellanic clouds, but I don't think there is a suitable network of
radio telescopes in the southern hemisphere. (I'd be happy to be
proved wrong about this!)

--
Steve Willner Phone 617-495-7123
Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
(Please email your reply if you want to be sure I see it; include a
valid Reply-To address to receive an acknowledgement. Commercial
email may be sent to your ISP.)


see
http://www.atnf.csiro.au/vlbi/overview/

abot VLBI in the southern hemisphere.

Terry B
Moree