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http://www.scientificamerican.com/ar...ein-got-wrong/
Lawrence Krauss, What Einstein Got Wrong: "Deflection of light by a massive object was a key observational prediction of general relativity. In 1919 an expedition led by physicist Arthur Eddington observed a solar eclipse and determined that starlight passing by the sun bent just as Einstein expected. News of the confirmation appeared on the front pages of newspapers around the world, with the drama of a British expedition confirming the work of a German scientist right at the end of World War I no doubt contributing to the public's fascination. Einstein rapidly attained a level of scientific fame unequaled ever since. There is a further twist to the story. Einstein had done the same light-bending calculation years earlier, in 1912. He had not recognized the cosmological importance of his result then, either. Even worse, he had made a near-disastrous mathematical error: he performed his calculation using an early version of general relativity that predicted a light deflection by gravity half as big as the true value." This half-deflection was the Newtonian prediction, and it is a public secret that Eddington's 1919 observations were unable to say which prediction was correct (Lawrence Krauss is lying about that). The Newtonian prediction is based on the assumption that the speed of falling (towards the source of gravity) light increases like the speed of ordinary falling objects - in the gravitational field of the Earth the acceleration of falling photons is g.. This misleads Einsteinians into believing that the speed of falling light increases twice as fast as the speed of ordinary falling objects (the acceleration is 2g): http://arxiv.org/pdf/gr-qc/9909014v1.pdf Steve Carlip: "It is well known that the deflection of light is twice that predicted by Newtonian theory; in this sense, at least, light falls with twice the acceleration of ordinary "slow" matter." In fact, Einstein's general relativity idiotically predicts that the speed of falling light DECREASES - the acceleration is NEGATIVE, -2g: http://www.physlink.com/Education/AskExperts/ae13.cfm "Contrary to intuition, the speed of light (properly defined) decreases as the black hole is approached." http://www.speed-light.info/speed_of_light_variable.htm "Einstein wrote this paper in 1911 in German. (...) ...you will find in section 3 of that paper Einstein's derivation of the variable speed of light in a gravitational potential, eqn (3). The result is: c'=c0(1+φ/c^2) where φ is the gravitational potential relative to the point where the speed of light c0 is measured. Simply put: Light appears to travel slower in stronger gravitational fields (near bigger mass). (...) You can find a more sophisticated derivation later by Einstein (1955) from the full theory of general relativity in the weak field approximation. (...) Namely the 1955 approximation shows a variation in km/sec twice as much as first predicted in 1911." http://www.mathpages.com/rr/s6-01/6-01.htm "Specifically, Einstein wrote in 1911 that the speed of light at a place with the gravitational potential φ would be c(1+φ/c^2), where c is the nominal speed of light in the absence of gravity. In geometrical units we define c=1, so Einstein's 1911 formula can be written simply as c'=1+φ. However, this formula for the speed of light (not to mention this whole approach to gravity) turned out to be incorrect, as Einstein realized during the years leading up to 1915 and the completion of the general theory. (...) ...we have c_r =1+2φ, which corresponds to Einstein's 1911 equation, except that we have a factor of 2 instead of 1 on the potential term." Pentcho Valev |
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