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The fraud:
http://focus.aps.org/story/v16/st1 Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 337 (issue of 1 April 1960) "Before he worked out the general theory of relativity, Einstein had already deduced that gravity must affect a light wave's frequency and wavelength. Light moving upwards from Earth's surface, for example, shifts to longer wavelength and lower frequency, as gravity saps it of some energy." The truth: http://www.blazelabs.com/f-g-gcont.asp "So, faced with this evidence most readers must be wondering why we learn about the importance of the constancy of speed of light. Did Einstein miss this? Sometimes I find out that what's written in our textbooks is just a biased version taken from the original work, so after searching within the original text of the theory of GR by Einstein, I found this quote:"In the second place our result shows that, according to the general theory of relativity, the law of the constancy of the velocity of light in vacuo, which constitutes one of the two fundamental assumptions in the special theory of relativity and to which we have already frequently referred, cannot claim any unlimited validity. A curvature of rays of light can only take place when the velocity of propagation of light varies with position. Now we might think that as a consequence of this, the special theory of relativity and with it the whole theory of relativity would be laid in the dust. But in reality this is not the case. We can only conclude that the special theory of relativity cannot claim an unlimited domain of validity ; its results hold only so long as we are able to disregard the influences of gravitational fields on the phenomena (e.g. of light)." - Albert Einstein (1879-1955) - The General Theory of Relativity: Chapter 22 - A Few Inferences from the General Principle of Relativity-. Today we find that since the Special Theory of Relativity unfortunately became part of the so called mainstream science, it is considered a sacrilege to even suggest that the speed of light be anything other than a constant. This is somewhat surprising since even Einstein himself suggested in a paper "On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light," Annalen der Physik, 35, 1911, that the speed of light might vary with the gravitational potential. Indeed, the variation of the speed of light in a vacuum or space is explicitly shown in Einstein's calculation for the angle at which light should bend upon the influence of gravity. One can find his calculation in his paper. The result is c'=c(1+V/c^2) where V is the gravitational potential relative to the point where the measurement is taken . 1+V/c^2 is also known as the gravitational redshift factor." Pentcho Valev |
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Pentcho Valev wrote:
The fraud: http://focus.aps.org/story/v16/st1 Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 337 (issue of 1 April 1960) "Before he worked out the general theory of relativity, Einstein had already deduced that gravity must affect a light wave's frequency and wavelength. Light moving upwards from Earth's surface, for example, shifts to longer wavelength and lower frequency, as gravity saps it of some energy." The truth: [snip crap] http://www.edu-observatory.org/physics-faq/Relativity/SR/experiments.html Experimental constraints on Special Relativity http://relativity.livingreviews.org/Articles/lrr-2006-3/ http://arXiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0311039 Experimental constraints on General Relativity -- Uncle Al http://www.mazepath.com/uncleal/ (Toxic URL! Unsafe for children and most mammals) http://www.mazepath.com/uncleal/lajos.htm#a2 |
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On Aug 15, 9:38 pm, Pentcho Valev wrote:
The fraud: http://focus.aps.org/story/v16/st1 Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 337 (issue of 1 April 1960) "Before he worked out the general theory of relativity, Einstein had already deduced that gravity must affect a light wave's frequency and wavelength. Light moving upwards from Earth's surface, for example, shifts to longer wavelength and lower frequency, as gravity saps it of some energy." The truth: http://www.blazelabs.com/f-g-gcont.asp "So, faced with this evidence most readers must be wondering why we learn about the importance of the constancy of speed of light. Did Einstein miss this? Sometimes I find out that what's written in our textbooks is just a biased version taken from the original work, so after searching within the original text of the theory of GR by Einstein, I found this quote:"In the second place our result shows that, according to the general theory of relativity, the law of the constancy of the velocity of light in vacuo, which constitutes one of the two fundamental assumptions in the special theory of relativity and to which we have already frequently referred, cannot claim any unlimited validity. A curvature of rays of light can only take place when the velocity of propagation of light varies with position. Now we might think that as a consequence of this, the special theory of relativity and with it the whole theory of relativity would be laid in the dust. But in reality this is not the case. We can only conclude that the special theory of relativity cannot claim an unlimited domain of validity ; its results hold only so long as we are able to disregard the influences of gravitational fields on the phenomena (e.g. of light)." - Albert Einstein (1879-1955) - The General Theory of Relativity: Chapter 22 - A Few Inferences from the General Principle of Relativity-. Today we find that since the Special Theory of Relativity unfortunately became part of the so called mainstream science, it is considered a sacrilege to even suggest that the speed of light be anything other than a constant. This is somewhat surprising since even Einstein himself suggested in a paper "On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light," Annalen der Physik, 35, 1911, that the speed of light might vary with the gravitational potential. Indeed, the variation of the speed of light in a vacuum or space is explicitly shown in Einstein's calculation for the angle at which light should bend upon the influence of gravity. One can find his calculation in his paper. The result is c'=c(1+V/c^2) where V is the gravitational potential relative to the point where the measurement is taken . 1+V/c^2 is also known as the gravitational redshift factor." The problem with the gravitational redshift (wavelength or speed of light varies with the gravitational potential?) is analogous to the problem with the Doppler shift (wavelength or speed of light varies with the speed of the light source?): http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/arch.../02/Norton.pdf John Norton: "In the first case, one might assume that light from a moving source retains the motion of the source when it passes through a medium at rest or is reflected from a substance at rest. For this case, Einstein observed, the wavelength of the light would be unaffected by the motion of the source, but the frequency would be affected. So a Doppler shift would not be experimentally detected by devices that measure wavelength directly (such as diffraction gratings); but it would be detected by processes that measure the frequency directly. Here he named dispersion processes that depend on resonance. In the usual understanding, such as supplied by relativity theory, since wavelength ë and frequency í arealways related by c=ëí, with c constant, a Doppler shift in frequency can only arise if there is a corresponding Doppler shift in the wavelength." So a solution to one of the problems (e.g. the wavelength varies while the speed of the light is constant) automatically becomes a solution to the other as well. Pentcho Valev |
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Pentcho Valev wrote:
On Aug 15, 9:38 pm, Pentcho Valev wrote: The fraud: http://focus.aps.org/story/v16/st1 Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 337 (issue of 1 April 1960) "Before he worked out the general theory of relativity, Einstein had already deduced that gravity must affect a light wave's frequency and wavelength. Light moving upwards from Earth's surface, for example, shifts to longer wavelength and lower frequency, as gravity saps it of some energy." The truth: [snip crap] http://www.edu-observatory.org/physics-faq/Relativity/SR/experiments.html Experimental constraints on Special Relativity http://relativity.livingreviews.org/Articles/lrr-2006-3/ http://arXiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0311039 Experimental constraints on General Relativity -- Uncle Al http://www.mazepath.com/uncleal/ (Toxic URL! Unsafe for children and most mammals) http://www.mazepath.com/uncleal/lajos.htm#a2 |
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On Aug 15, 6:54*pm, Pentcho Valev wrote:
On Aug 15, 9:38 pm, Pentcho Valev wrote: The fraud: http://focus.aps.org/story/v16/st1 Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 337 (issue of 1 April 1960) "Before he worked out the general theory of relativity, Einstein had already deduced that gravity must affect a light wave's frequency and wavelength. Light moving upwards from Earth's surface, for example, shifts to longer wavelength and lower frequency, as gravity saps it of some energy." The truth: http://www.blazelabs.com/f-g-gcont.asp "So, faced with this evidence most readers must be wondering why we learn about the importance of the constancy of speed of light. Did Einstein miss this? Sometimes I find out that what's written in our textbooks is just a biased version taken from the original work, so after searching within the original text of the theory of GR by Einstein, I found this quote:"In the second place our result shows that, according to the general theory of relativity, the law of the constancy of the velocity of light in vacuo, which constitutes one of the two fundamental assumptions in the special theory of relativity and to which we have already frequently referred, cannot claim any unlimited validity. A curvature of rays of light can only take place when the velocity of propagation of light varies with position. Now we might think that as a consequence of this, the special theory of relativity and with it the whole theory of relativity would be laid in the dust. But in reality this is not the case. We can only conclude that the special theory of relativity cannot claim an unlimited domain of validity ; its results hold only so long as we are able to disregard the influences of gravitational fields on the phenomena (e.g. of light)." - Albert Einstein (1879-1955) - The General Theory of Relativity: Chapter 22 - A Few Inferences from the General Principle of Relativity-. Today we find that since the Special Theory of Relativity unfortunately became part of the so called mainstream science, it is considered a sacrilege to even suggest that the speed of light be anything other than a constant. This is somewhat surprising since even Einstein himself suggested in a paper "On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light," Annalen der Physik, 35, 1911, that the speed of light might vary with the gravitational potential. Indeed, the variation of the speed of light in a vacuum or space is explicitly shown in Einstein's calculation for the angle at which light should bend upon the influence of gravity. One can find his calculation in his paper. The result is c'=c(1+V/c^2) where V is the gravitational potential relative to the point where the measurement is taken . 1+V/c^2 is also known as the gravitational redshift factor." The problem with the gravitational redshift (wavelength or speed of light varies with the gravitational potential?) is analogous to the problem with the Doppler shift (wavelength or speed of light varies with the speed of the light source?): http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/arch.../02/Norton.pdf John Norton: "In the first case, one might assume that light from a moving source retains the motion of the source when it passes through a medium at rest or is reflected from a substance at rest. For this case, Einstein observed, the wavelength of the light would be unaffected by the motion of the source, but the frequency would be affected. So a Doppler shift would not be experimentally detected by devices that measure wavelength directly (such as diffraction gratings); but it would be detected by processes that measure the frequency directly. Here he named dispersion processes that depend on resonance. In the usual understanding, such as supplied by relativity theory, since wavelength ë and frequency í arealways related by c=ëí, with c constant, a Doppler shift in frequency can only arise if there is a corresponding Doppler shift in the wavelength." So a solution to one of the problems (e.g. the wavelength varies while the speed of the light is constant) automatically becomes a solution to the other as well. Pentcho Valev - Hide quoted text - - Show quoted text - xxein: Mass affects the speed of light either coming or going. Doesn't anybody remember the reason the bending of light had to be changed by a factor of 2? Light just had to have more curvature to account for the measurements we were getting to follow the current theoretical structure of that era. If you were a physicist, you could understand that Doppler, frequency and wavelength can only con grue with a changing of the field it is within. The field strength of each mass is different and relates to the mass. Where is the mass now? Did it move? Then so did the field. We might not know exactly why such a field exists, but we know it is there. Gravity contributes to this field in its own way (weak, strong, electromagnetic and gravity). We already know the strengths of these 'forces' within the field and know their relative relationships. R^2 or 1/R^2 to where the mass is. The question remains as to how we can understand these constituent 'forces'. We developed an 'electro-weak' theory that seems to satisfy some Q theorists and have even added the 'strong' into it. But not gravity. We are of the wrong illusion with this. Where and why does mass get its properties? Does it require energy to maintain its structure? Yeah, I know that a magnet seems to have a perpetual energy. How? Would you like to say that 'charges' exist? Let's examine this. Where does a 'charge' get its energy from? Is that perpetual also? This might seem unfair, but they do have the ability to do 'work'. So how does all this energy exist that can produce all this? There must be a precursor. We call ours the Big Bang. Does our BB require a precursor? Were we of many other BB's that might exist to have an ancestry. And then, why is there an existence at all? Our so-called 'minds' have struggled to give us a satisfactory explanation from our own sense of time immemorial. We like to think that we are 'special' in a God given way, but we don't know of any God except for one our 'minds' create to provide for such an existence. And we can't even figure out what gravity is. Go figure. Well, this is the ultimate paradox. It seems that 'our' assumptions are the physic and the God. Carefully examine what we think an assumption is. Yeah. It's all we have to work with. A rebuttal might contain the fact that a consistency is measured and provides for relationships. Yes, there is. There is no denying a structured existence. But what is beyond our assumptive recognition? This is where we fail to recognize that are our assumptions are just that. We want to recognize that a physical structure exists, but don't quite have the knowledge of how or why it exists. We invent to satisfy the sad history of 'our' assumptions. I've stopped playing that recursive thought game, although I recognize that recursive behavior exists in the nature of the physic. It doesn't mean we can't recognize it! We'll never get to the endgame, but our assumptions are way off track and lead us into a false recognition of what a physical recursiveness really is. The bottom line here is that the physic exists. I hope that people will understand it better and not make a fantasy of it. But as I look at these posts, prior assumptions run wild. |
#6
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![]() "xxein" wrote in message ... On Aug 15, 6:54 pm, Pentcho Valev wrote: On Aug 15, 9:38 pm, Pentcho Valev wrote: The fraud: http://focus.aps.org/story/v16/st1 Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 337 (issue of 1 April 1960) "Before he worked out the general theory of relativity, Einstein had already deduced that gravity must affect a light wave's frequency and wavelength. Light moving upwards from Earth's surface, for example, shifts to longer wavelength and lower frequency, as gravity saps it of some energy." The truth: http://www.blazelabs.com/f-g-gcont.asp "So, faced with this evidence most readers must be wondering why we learn about the importance of the constancy of speed of light. Did Einstein miss this? Sometimes I find out that what's written in our textbooks is just a biased version taken from the original work, so after searching within the original text of the theory of GR by Einstein, I found this quote:"In the second place our result shows that, according to the general theory of relativity, the law of the constancy of the velocity of light in vacuo, which constitutes one of the two fundamental assumptions in the special theory of relativity and to which we have already frequently referred, cannot claim any unlimited validity. A curvature of rays of light can only take place when the velocity of propagation of light varies with position. Now we might think that as a consequence of this, the special theory of relativity and with it the whole theory of relativity would be laid in the dust. But in reality this is not the case. We can only conclude that the special theory of relativity cannot claim an unlimited domain of validity ; its results hold only so long as we are able to disregard the influences of gravitational fields on the phenomena (e.g. of light)." - Albert Einstein (1879-1955) - The General Theory of Relativity: Chapter 22 - A Few Inferences from the General Principle of Relativity-. Today we find that since the Special Theory of Relativity unfortunately became part of the so called mainstream science, it is considered a sacrilege to even suggest that the speed of light be anything other than a constant. This is somewhat surprising since even Einstein himself suggested in a paper "On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light," Annalen der Physik, 35, 1911, that the speed of light might vary with the gravitational potential. Indeed, the variation of the speed of light in a vacuum or space is explicitly shown in Einstein's calculation for the angle at which light should bend upon the influence of gravity. One can find his calculation in his paper. The result is c'=c(1+V/c^2) where V is the gravitational potential relative to the point where the measurement is taken . 1+V/c^2 is also known as the gravitational redshift factor." The problem with the gravitational redshift (wavelength or speed of light varies with the gravitational potential?) is analogous to the problem with the Doppler shift (wavelength or speed of light varies with the speed of the light source?): http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/arch.../02/Norton.pdf John Norton: "In the first case, one might assume that light from a moving source retains the motion of the source when it passes through a medium at rest or is reflected from a substance at rest. For this case, Einstein observed, the wavelength of the light would be unaffected by the motion of the source, but the frequency would be affected. So a Doppler shift would not be experimentally detected by devices that measure wavelength directly (such as diffraction gratings); but it would be detected by processes that measure the frequency directly. Here he named dispersion processes that depend on resonance. In the usual understanding, such as supplied by relativity theory, since wavelength ë and frequency í arealways related by c=ëí, with c constant, a Doppler shift in frequency can only arise if there is a corresponding Doppler shift in the wavelength." So a solution to one of the problems (e.g. the wavelength varies while the speed of the light is constant) automatically becomes a solution to the other as well. Pentcho Valev - Hide quoted text - - Show quoted text - xxein: Mass affects the speed of light either coming or going. Doesn't anybody remember the reason the bending of light had to be changed by a factor of 2? Light just had to have more curvature to account for the measurements we were getting to follow the current theoretical structure of that era. If you were a physicist, you could understand that Doppler, frequency and wavelength can only con grue with a changing of the field it is within. The field strength of each mass is different and relates to the mass. Where is the mass now? ========================================== It is an artefactual/superficially imposed yin-yang of sorts. ========================================== Did it move? ========================================== It is an artefactual/superficially imposed yin-yang of sorts. ========================================== Then so did the field. We might not know exactly why such a field exists, but we know it is there. Gravity contributes to this field in its own way (weak, strong, electromagnetic and gravity). We already know the strengths of these 'forces' within the field and know their relative relationships. R^2 or 1/R^2 to where the mass is. The question remains as to how we can understand these constituent 'forces'. We developed an 'electro-weak' theory that seems to satisfy some Q theorists and have even added the 'strong' into it. But not gravity. We are of the wrong illusion with this. Where and why does mass get its properties? ========================================== It is an artefactual/superficially imposed yin-yang of sorts. ========================================== Does it require energy to maintain its structure? ========================================== It is an artefactual/superficially imposed yin-yang of sorts. ========================================== Yeah, I know that a magnet seems to have a perpetual energy. How? ========================================== It is an artefactual/superficially imposed yin-yang of sorts. ========================================== Would you like to say that 'charges' exist? ========================================== It is an artefactual/superficially imposed yin-yang of sorts. ========================================== Let's examine this. Where does a 'charge' get its energy from? Is that perpetual also? This might seem unfair, but they do have the ability to do 'work'. So how does all this energy exist that can produce all this? There must be a precursor. We call ours the Big Bang. Does our BB require a precursor? Were we of many other BB's that might exist to have an ancestry. And then, why is there an existence at all? ========================================== It is an artefactual/superficially imposed yin-yang of sorts. ========================================== Our so-called 'minds' have struggled to give us a satisfactory explanation from our own sense of time immemorial. We like to think that we are 'special' in a God given way, but we don't know of any God except for one our 'minds' create to provide for such an existence. And we can't even figure out what gravity is. Go figure. Well, this is the ultimate paradox. It seems that 'our' assumptions are the physic and the God. Carefully examine what we think an assumption is. Yeah. It's all we have to work with. A rebuttal might contain the fact that a consistency is measured and provides for relationships. Yes, there is. There is no denying a structured existence. But what is beyond our assumptive recognition? ========================================== It is an artefactual/superficially imposed yin-yang of sorts. ========================================== This is where we fail to recognize that are our assumptions are just that. We want to recognize that a physical structure exists, but don't quite have the knowledge of how or why it exists. We invent to satisfy the sad history of 'our' assumptions. I've stopped playing that recursive thought game, although I recognize that recursive behavior exists in the nature of the physic. It doesn't mean we can't recognize it! We'll never get to the endgame, but our assumptions are way off track and lead us into a false recognition of what a physical recursiveness really is. The bottom line here is that the physic exists. I hope that people will understand it better and not make a fantasy of it. But as I look at these posts, prior assumptions run wild. |
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On Aug 16, 3:01*am, Uncle Al wrote:
Pentcho Valev wrote: On Aug 15, 9:38 pm, Pentcho Valev wrote: The fraud: http://focus.aps.org/story/v16/st1 Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 337 (issue of 1 April 1960) "Before he worked out the general theory of relativity, Einstein had already deduced that gravity must affect a light wave's frequency and wavelength. Light moving upwards from Earth's surface, for example, shifts to longer wavelength and lower frequency, as gravity saps it of some energy." The truth: [snip crap] http://www.edu-observatory.org/physi...periments.html *Experimental constraints on Special Relativity Cleverest Uncle Al, you obviously admire Master Tom Roberts's and Master Clifford Will's thoughts: Tom Roberts: "The Michelson-Morley experiment (MMX) was intended to measure the velocity of the Earth relative to the “lumeniferous æther” which was at the time presumed to carry electromagnetic phenomena. The failure of it and the other early experiments to actually observe the Earth's motion through the æther became significant in promoting the acceptance of Einstein's theory of Special Relativity, as it was appreciated from early on that Einstein's approach (via symmetry) was more elegant and parsimonious of assumptions than were other approaches (e.g. those of Maxwell, Hertz, Stokes, Fresnel, Lorentz, Ritz, and Abraham)." Is it true, Cleverest Uncle Al, that "Einstein's approach (via symmetry) was more elegant and parsimonious of assumptions than were other approaches", or Master Tom Roberts is simply lying? http://relativity.livingreviews.org/...es/lrr-2006-3/ *Experimental constraints on General Relativity Clifford Will: "It is interesting to note that the classic derivations of the deflection of light that use only the corpuscular theory of light (Cavendish 1784, von Soldner 1803 [277]), or the principle of equivalence (Einstein 1911), yield only the “1/2” part of the coefficient in front of the expression in Equation (46). But the result of these calculations is the deflection of light relative to local straight lines, as established for example by rigid rods; however, because of space curvature around the Sun, determined by the PPN parameter , local straight lines are bent relative to asymptotic straight lines far from the Sun by just enough to yield the remaining factor “gamma/2”. The first factor “1/2” holds in any metric theory, the second “gamma/2” varies from theory to theory. Thus, calculations that purport to derive the full deflection using the equivalence principle alone are incorrect." Here, Cleverest Uncle Al, Master Clifford Will suggests that Einstein's 1911 approach based on the equivalence principle is incorrect but still Master does not suggest that the speed of light is CONSTANT in a gravitational field does he? He is a Genius this Master Clifford Will - you never know what he suggests, as in the following classical text: http://admin.wadsworth.com/resource_...Ch01-Essay.pdf Clifford Will, "THE RENAISSANCE OF GENERAL RELATIVITY": "The first glimmerings of the black hole idea date to the 18th century, in the writings of a British amateur astronomer, the Reverend John Michell. Reasoning on the basis of the corpuscular theory that light would be attracted by gravity, he noted that the speed of light emitted from the surface of a massive body would be reduced by the time the light was very far from the source. (Michell of course did not know special relativity.)" Just think, Cleverest Uncle Al: Premise 1: John Michell thinks the speed of light is variable in a gravitational field. Premise 2: John Michell does not know special relativity. Conclusion: ?!?! What conclusion does Master Genius Clifford Will suggest, Cleverest Uncle Al? The speed of light is constant in a gravitational field? The speed of light varies but not in the way John Michell, who does not know special relativity, thinks it should? Pentcho Valev |
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On 16 Aug, 09:23, Pentcho Valev wrote:
snip - endless variations on the same old material! If anybody want proof of the problem then I guess Valev's 14,800+ postings – including 809 in July 2008 at an average of 26 per day - might be enough! Valev, posting so many minor variations of the same material would seem to prove this! Martin Nicholson Daventry, UK |
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On Aug 16, 4:23 am, Pentcho Valev wrote:
On Aug 16, 3:01 am, Uncle Al wrote: Pentcho Valev wrote: [snip] No other hobbies? Golf, boweling, lawn darts? You should spread the wealth and drop your pearls of wisdom on other news groups. It seems a waste to focus so much of your time & talent on just sci.physics. --Mike Jr |
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On Aug 16, 2:37*pm, "Mike Jr." wrote:
On Aug 16, 4:23 am, Pentcho Valev wrote: On Aug 16, 3:01 am, Uncle Al wrote: Pentcho Valev wrote: [snip] No other hobbies? *Golf, boweling, lawn darts? You should spread the wealth and drop your pearls of wisdom on other news groups. *It seems a waste to focus so much of your time & talent on just sci.physics. I am not su you and Darwin123 are new silly zombies on this forum and I somehow feel responsible for your intellectual development ("older" silly zombies such as Dirk Moortel need no education: they know that Divine Albert's Divine Theory is an idiocy, don't take the forum seriously and participate in the discussions just for fun). So now you and Darwin123 should consider very carefully the idiotic implications of the relativistic interpretation of the Doppler shift: http://groups.google.com/group/sci.p...c0706da2fb96b0 John Kennaugh: "SR is physically absurd which is why physics now insists that physical interpretation is not a requirement in a modern theory. Suppose you are stationary w.r.t a source 1 light year away. According to SR light is travelling w.r.t. you at c.....If you now change your speed so that you are travelling away from the source at v the frequency of the light you observe will be lower due to Doppler shift but according to SR the light still travels at c w.r.t you. If c hasn't changed and the frequency has, then the wavelength must have changed. The wavelength is generated at the source and what the maths says is that in your new situation - frame of reference (FoR)- the wavelength has changed.....The problem with this is that your change of speed has apparently caused a change in what is happening at the source 1 light year away with no possible causal mechanism. What is even more absurd is that the change has to be backdated by 1 year to avoid a 1 year delay in the frequency changing." Pentcho Valev |
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Gravitational redshift Query | WG | Astronomy Misc | 9 | May 3rd 08 01:47 AM |
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