The birth and death of the universe

The birth and death of the universe


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The birth and death of the universe

By:Magdy Abd Al-Shafy

More than 1400 years ago the Holy Quran referred to the beginning of
the creation of the universe in one of its Holy verses , this
reference is in conformity of what is now scientifically known as "
the Big Bang " . In this Holy verse , the Holy Quran rebukes the
atheists of every age ,who deny the creation of the universes, the
claims of the atheists are based on the unsubstantiated illusion that
the universe is static and it has no beginning or end . This
unsubstantiated belief , in fact , dates back to early times . The
idea first appeared in the Greek time and has been fostered in the
Roman time but receded back in the face of catholic church .
Unfortunately and under the fascination of the early philosophy , this
doom belief has taken up again and has been developed till it became
a sweeping force leaving most of the world in a quagmire of paganism .
Modern atheism is the product of the scientific errors and
contradictions between some verses in the bible and the Torah and the
scientific discoveries .

Because of the scientific contradictions between some Holy books and
science , atheism reared its head again and even much more brazenly
than ever before and nursed the seeds of skepticism towards religions
and the existence of Allah . All the Holy books are God's word but ,
unfortunately , the bane is that some church men and rabbis , being
influenced by the culture and the traditions of their age ,
interpolated such superstition in the Holy books, this was a heinous
act that left what is supposed to be God's word shaky in the face of
materialism . The Holy Quran , the last revealed book and since the
very beginning of its revelation survived the human tampering simply
because Allah, as stated in the Holy Quran , has kept it protected
against any attempt of human tampering .

The Big Bang , a theory that explains how the universe came into
being , is the most accepted theory in this regard . This theory , now
a fact , is scientifically proved . When this theory was first
appeared , it was shrugged and even rejected by atheists as it means
that the universe has a beginning , that is , there must be a
creator . Atheist welcomed many other theories such as Darwinism and
materialism .

What is big bang ?

The "Big Bang" is the term given to what is currently the most widely
accepted scientific model for the origin and evolution of the
Universe. The creation of the universe is explained by astrophysicists
in a widely accepted phenomenon, popularly known as the 'Big Bang'. It
is supported by observational and experimental data gathered by
astronomers and astrophysicists for decades. According to the 'Big
Bang', the whole universe was initially one big mass (Primary Nebula).
Then there was a 'Big Bang' (Secondary Separation) which resulted in
the formation of Galaxies. These then divided to form stars, planets,
the sun, the moon, etc. The origin of the universe was unique and the
probability of it occurring by 'chance' is zero.

Evidences of the Big Bang

Evidences of the Big Bang

2-Large-scale homogeneity

3-Hubble diagram

4-Abundance of light elements

5-Existence of cosmic microwaves Background Radiation

6-Fluctuation in the CMBR

7-Large-scale structure of the universe

8-Tolman Tests

9-Sunyaev-zel'dovich effect

10-Integral Sachs-Wolf effect

11-Dark matter

12-Consistency

What does the Holy Quran say about the creation of the universe ? The
Holy Qu'ran , the word of Allah, says Have not those who disbelieved
known that the heavens and the earth were one connected entity, then
We separated them?... (Quran, 21:30)



Every word , every letter are the same as they were revealed more than
fourteen hundred years ago . Allah says in the Holy Quran what means "
We have, without doubt, sent down the message; and we will assuredly
guard it (from corruption). (Al-Hegr :9)

The expansion of the universe

As we have explained the universe began with a big explosions (matter
and energy ) . The galaxies condensed out of this matter and continued
to move away from the point of the explosion, thus the Universe has
been expanding since the beginning of time. If you imagine yourself
standing in any one of these galaxies and watch the motion of the
other galaxies relative to you, you will notice that all the other
galaxies appear to be moving away from you. This is the cosmological
red shift and is due to the expansion of the Universe.

The end of the universe ( The Big Crunch )

Scientists assure that the universe will have an end as it had a
beginning . The universe will never be expanding .Scientists say that
the universe is filled with whatever called the dark matters. Although
it cannot be seen, there is solid evidence that more than 90% of the
total mass in the universe is composed of Dark Matter. "It is there!
It is there! It is simply not visible. (Lorna Simmons , Printed in
Reflections ). The Dark matter is non-luminous matter, that cannot be
directly detected by observing any form of electromagnetic radiation
(light), but whose existence is suggested because of the effects of
its gravity on the rotation rate of galaxies and the presence of
clusters of galaxies.

The more the universe expands , The slower its velocity is . The
galaxies will slow down because of the gravity of the dark matter ,in
the course of time the velocity of the universe components will be
nil , the gravity of dark matter will prevail , so the universe will
crunch under this gravity , all the cosmos entities will recede back
or reverse to where it first stems from .

Now we have discussed what does science says about the creation of the
universe , and these what the Holy Quran affirms in a few words .

More than fourteen hundred years ago , the Holy Quran mentioned the
following scientific facts :

(a)The creation of the universe as described in theBig Bang

(b)The gaseous cloud out of which the universe was created

( c ) The expansion of the universe

( d) The scrolling up of the universe ( the Big crunch )

Allahsays in the Holy Quran what means"Do not the unbelievers see that
the heavens and the earth Were joined together (sewn together) (as one
Unit of Creation and then We unstitched (clove them ) and that We
made from water every living thing? So will they not believe? (Qur'an,
21:30) "

The verse says clearly that the facts about the creation of the
universe will be discovered by the unbelievers , these facts were
actually discovered by non-Moslems . Moreover the verse calls the
atheists to rethink again over their unsubstantiated claim .

The Holy Quran uses just two words to sum up all what have been
written to describe the Big Bang ; the Arabic word "ratq" (rendered
in English "sewn ") means "mixed in each or blended" . It is used to
refer to the state of the universe before being exploded . The Quranic
word ( Ratek ) is what referred to in modern science as " one mass "

The phrase "we unstitched" , that is ,"fataqa" in Arabic implies that
something comes into being by tearing apart or destroying the
structure of things that are sewn to one another. The word is used to
describe the beginning of creation in the Holy Quran ; it is ,along
with all its implication , is in conformity with the meanings of the
Big Bang .

In other words , when we think about the first moments of the Big
Bang, we see that the entire matter of the universe was collected at
one single point. In other words, everything-including "the heavens
and earth" which were not created yet were in an interwoven and
inseparable condition. Then, this point exploded violently, causing
its matter to disunite.

Unlike the meanings of the big bang , the Quranic words denote
system , wisdom , creativity while the words Big Bang , a term
invented by scientists , implies random chaos . So now the Holy
Quran , in the question of theism . gives the proof that the universe
is not eternal and is in conformity with astrophysics . A book like
this , revealed in a time when the best knowledge a bout universe
proved to be superstition , gives accurate precise facts that are
scientifically and widely accepted . It also gives credence to the
prophet-hood of Mohummed , who was unlettered and neither could he
read or could he write . If that prophet was imposter or
counterfeiter , how dare he indulge himself in matters that don't
concern the people of his age .

Here you can understand the miraculous use of the word in the Holy
Quran , Allahsays in the Holy Quran what means " Say: if the ocean
were ink (wherewith to write out) the words of my Lord, sooner would
the ocean be exhausted than would the words of my Lord, even if we
added another ocean like it, for its aid. ( AL-Kahf:109)

Allahsays in the Holy Quran what means" And if all the trees on earth
were pens and the Ocean (were ink), with seven Oceans behind it to add
to its (supply), yet would not the Words of Allahbe exhausted (in the
writing): for Allahis Exalted in power, full of Wisdom. ( Lokman :27)

The birth of the heaven and the earth in the Holy Quran is in
conformity with science .

Concerning the creation of the heavens and the earth, the Qur'an says
that ,prior to the creation, the Heaven was smoke. Allahthen commanded
it and the earth to come into being and they came willingly .
Allahsays in the Holy Quran what means " Moreover He comprehended in
His design the sky, and it had been (as) smoke: He said to it and to
the earth: Come ye together, willingly or unwillingly. They said: We
do come (together), in willing obedience."{41:1 1}. How does that , if
compared with modern scientific explanations ? Let us hear a
scientific explanation and then judge for ourselves. The French
scientist Dr. Maurice Bucaille in his book called The Bible, the
Qur'an and Science explains: " Modern science has every reason to
maintain that the universe was formed from a gaseous mass principally
composed of hydrogen and a certain amount of helium that was slowly
rotating" (p.147). (Big Bang Theory)

Didn't the Qur'an say that the Heaven was smoke before its creation?
Dr. Bucaille explains the connection between his description and that
of the Qur'an as follows: "Smoke is generally made up of a gaseous
substratum, plus, in more or less stable suspension, fine particles
that may belong to solid and even liquid states of matter at high or
low temperature" (p. 143). He therefore sees no contradiction of the
Quranic use of the Arabic word dukhan (translated smoke) and a modern
interpretation of that word as a gaseous mass with fine particles when
speaking of the formation of the universe.

We notice here two remarkable features of the Qur'an. The first
feature is that it expresses scientific truths that will be verified
many centuries later. The second feature is that the Qur'an expresses
those truths using terms and expressions that would avoid confusing
its first readers in the seventh century. The seventh century reader
of the Qur'an can easily relate to the image of smoke, and the
twentieth century scientist can easily interpret the word as a gaseous
mass.

Once again , how could unlettered man in the 7th century give such
scientifically-proven facts unless he received a revelation from the
creator of the universe .

The Expansion of the Universe in the Holy Quran

Until the 20th century the prevailing belief was that the universe has
a constant nature . However, modern research, observations, and
calculations carried out by means of modern technology have revealed
that the universe in fact had a beginning and that it constantly
expands.

The expansion of the universe , a corollary of the Big Bang , is
mentioned in the Holy Quran as evidence to Allah's infinite Might of
Allah.

Allahsays in the Holy Quran what means " And it is We Who have
constructed the heaven with might, and verily, it is We Who are
steadily expanding it. (Qur'an, 51:47)

The Holy verse uses the Arabic present participle " moosiaaoona ";
this word means " steadily expanding " . so the word indicates that
the universe is not static but assures that the universe is constantly
expanding and it will keep expanding till the Day of Judgment. The
consensus of the scientists and the astrophysics reports converge on
this fact . The Arabic prefix (La ) in the Arabic word (La +
moosiaaoona ) ,according to Arabic figure of speech , is used to lay
emphasis on the word following it , it adds an atmosphere of
importance or great extent ,the verse is clear now , it means that
Allah has created the universe with His Might and that He is
expanding the universe to great extent .

This Holy verse is in conformity with the newly -discovered facts
about the universe expansion .

The collapse of the universe ( the Big Crunch ) in the Holy Quran :

The most accepted theory that explains the end of the universe is
called the " the Big crunch " . Scientists say that the universe will
never expand for ever . The universe will be expanding till a certain
point then it will begin to slow down and finally begin to collapse ,
the dark matter will play an important role in this process .

scientists say that the there are no what can be straight lines in
the universe , all the cosmos entities runs in a curve orbits , so the
end of the universe will be through folding and rolling up of the
universe as a scroll folds the letters, words and sentences written
inside it as it is rolled up.

Prior to the discovery of this fact , the Holy Quran , God's word ,
likens the universe to the face of a piece of paper

Allahsays in the Holy Quran what means " That Day We will fold up
heaven like folding up the pages of a book. As We originated the first
creation so We will regenerate it. It is a promise binding on Us. That
is what We will do. (Qur'an, 21:104)

According to the Holy verse , the end of the universe will be through
folding and rolling up of the universe as a scroll folds the letters,
words and sentences written inside it as it is rolled up.

Nothing in this universe weather conceived or not conceived but is
under God's control , Science words ,though correct , is void of the
spiritual effect . God's word , despite speaking about abstract
facts ,fills you with ecstasy .

Science again envisages mayhem and disorder in the end of the universe
as did with the Big Bang . The Holy Quran , God' word , reflects God's
Might and wisdom in folding the universe . The Holy Quran depicts the
universe in its final stage on the doomsday ; everything will be
changed ; the earth won't be the same we have , the heavens won't be
the same we have .

Allah says in the Holy Quran what means "One day the earth will be
changed to a different earth, and so will be the heavens, and (men)
will be marshalled forth, before God, the one, the irresistible;
( Abraham: 48)

The recreation of the universe and the resurrection of the dead is
mentioned in the following universe

"It is He Who begins (the process of) creation; then repeats it; and
for Him it is most easy. To Him belongs the loftiest similitude (we
can think of) in the heavens and the earth: for He is Exalted in
Might, full of wisdom.( Al-room:27)

And also , the following verse shows God's great Might "

"See that not that God, who created the heavens and the earth, has
power to create the like of them (Anew)? only he has decreed a term
appointed, of which there is no doubt. but the unjust refuse (to
receive it) except with ingratitude."( Al Asraa :99)

To Those who reject the belief in Allah,

To those who believe but shrug His obedience ,

To those who find no time to think about the greatness of Allah, To
those who reject submission to Allah,

To Those who live blind in this life ,

To those who adopt atheism though nothing to support it , we have
given you the evident

, we have shown you the way , Nothing is clearer than the fact of the
existence of Allah, nothing will escape Him

Allah says in the Holy Quran what means " No just estimate have they
made of God, such as is due to Him: on the Day of Judgment the whole
of earth will be but His handful, and the heavens will be rolled up in
His right hand Glory to Him. High is He above the partners they
attribute to Him. ( Al-Zamr:67 )

Allahcreated the universe and keeps it onward , some of the atheists,
when faced with the multitude of the evidence say there might be a
Creator , but he no longer keeps the universe ; this is an absurd
claim ; the least anomalies can lead to the collapse of the universe .
Allahsays to those who claim this "And We have made, above you, seven
tracts; and We are never unmindful of (our) Creation.( Al-Moenoun :17)

Also Allahsays " Verily, all things have We created in proportion and
measure Evidence For Design In The Universe ( A;-Kamer :49)

The ultimate accuracy in the universe is well-described by Hugh Ross,
Ph.D.

1. Gravitational coupling constant. If larger: No stars less than 1.4
solar masses, hence short stellar lifespans. If smaller: No stars more
than 0.8 solar masses, hence no heavy element production

2. Strong nuclear force coupling constant. If larger: No hydrogen;
nuclei essential for life are unstable. If smaller: No elements other
than hydrogen.

3. Weak nuclear force coupling constant. If larger: All hydrogen is
converted to helium in the big bang, hence too much heavy elements. If
smaller: No helium produced from big bang, hence not enough heavy
elements.

4. Electromagnetic coupling constant. If larger: No chemical bonding;
elements more massive than boron are unstable to fission. If smaller:
No chemical bonding.

5. Ratio of protons to electrons formation If larger: electromagnetism
dominates gravity preventing galaxy, star, and planet formation. If
smaller: Electromagnetism dominates gravity preventing galaxy, star,
and planet formation.

6. Ratio of electron to proton mass. If larger: No chemical bonding.
If smaller: No chemical bonding.

7. Expansion rate of the universe. If larger: No galaxy formation. If
smaller: Universe collapses prior to star formation.

8. Entropy level of universe. If larger: No star condensation within
the proto-galaxies If smaller: No proto-galaxy formation

9. Mass density of the universe. If larger: Too much deuterium from
big bang, hence stars burn too rapidly If smaller: No helium from big
bang, hence not enough heavy elements

10. Age of the universe. If older: No solar-type stars in a stable
burning phase in the right part of the galaxy. If younger: Solar-type
stars in a stable burning phase would not yet have formed.

11. Initial uniformity of radiation. If smoother: Stars, star
clusters, and galaxies would not have formed. If coarser: Universe by
now would be mostly black holes and empty space.

12. Average distance between stars. If larger: Heavy element density
too thin for rocky planet production, If smaller: Planetary orbits
become destabilized.

13. Solar luminosity. If increases too soon: Runaway green house
effect. If increases too late: Frozen oceans.

14. Fine structure constant*. If larger: No stars more than 0.7 solar
masses. If smaller: No stars less then 1.8 solar masses.

15. Decay rate of the proton. If greater: Life would be exterminated
by the release of radiation. If smaller: Insufficient matter in the
universe for life.

16. C12 to O16 energy level ratio. If larger: Insufficient oxygen If
smaller: Insufficient carbon.

17. Decay rate of Be8. If slower: Heavy element fusion would generate
catastrophic explosions in all the stars. If faster: No element
production beyond beryllium and, hence, no life chemistry possible.

18. Mass difference between the neutron and the proton. If greater:
Protons would decay before stable nuclei could form If smaller:
Protons would decay before stable nuclei could form.

19. Initial excess of nucleons over anti-nucleons. If greater: Too
much radiation for planets to form. If smaller: Not enough matter for
galaxies or stars to form.

20. Galaxy type. If too elliptical: Star formation ceases before
sufficient heavy element buildup for life chemistry. If too irregular:
Radiation exposure on occasion is too severe and/or heavy elements for
life chemistry are not available.

21. Parent star distance from center of galaxy. If farther: Quantity
of heavy elements would be insufficient to make rocky planets If
closer: Stellar density and radiation would be too great.

22. Number of stars in the planetary system. If more than one: Tidal
interactions would disrupt planetary orbits. If less than one: Heat
produced would be insufficient for life.

23. Parent star birth date. If more recent: Star would not yet have
reached stable burning phase. If less recent: Stellar system would not
yet contain enough heavy elements.

24. Parent star mass. If greater: Luminosity would change too fast;
star would burn too rapidly. If less: Range of distances appropriate
for life would be too narrow; tidal forces would disrupt the
rotational period for a planet of the right distance; UV radiation
would be inadequate for plants to make sugars and oxygen.

25. Parent star age. If older: Luminosity of star would change too
quickly. If younger: Luminosity of star would change too quickly.

26. Parent star color. If redder: Photosynthetic response would be
insufficient. If bluer: Photosynthetic response would be
insufficient.

27. Supernovae eruptions. If too close: Life on the planet would be
exterminated. If too far: Not enough heavy element ashes for the
formation of rocky planets. If too infrequent: Not enough heavy
element ashes for the formation of rocky planets. If too frequent:
Life on the planet would be exterminated.

28. White/dwarf binaries. If too few: Insufficient fluorine produced
for life chemistry to proceed. If too many: Disruption of planetary
orbits from stellar density; life on the planet would be
exterminated.

29. Surface gravity (escape velocity). If stronger: Atmosphere would
retain too much ammonia and methane. If weaker: Planet's atmosphere
would lose too much water.

30. Distance from parent star. If farther: Planet would be too cool
for a stable water cycle. If closer: Planet would be too warm for a
stable water cycle.

31. Inclination of orbit. If too great: Temperature differences on the
planet would be too extreme.

32. Orbital eccentricity. If too great: Seasonal temperature
differences would be too extreme.

33. Axial tilt. If greater: Surface temperature differences would be
too great. If less: Surface temperature differences would be too
great.

34. Rotation period. If longer: Diurnal temperature differences would
be too great. If shorter: Atmospheric wind velocities would be too
great.

35. Gravitational interaction with a moon. If greater: Tidal effects
on the oceans, atmosphere, and rotational period would be too severe.
If less: Orbital obliquity changes would cause climatic
instabilities.

36. Magnetic field. If stronger: Electromagnetic storms would be too
severe. If weaker: Inadequate protection from hard steller radiation.

37. Thickness of crust. If thicker: Too much oxygen would be
transferred from the atmosphere to the crust. If thinner: Volcanic and
tectonic activity would be too great.

38. Albedo (ratio of reflected light to total amount falling on
surface). If greater: Runaway ice age would develop. If less: Runaway
green house effect would develop.

39. Oxygen to nitrogen ratio in atmosphere. If larger: Advanced life
functions would proceed too quickly. If smaller: Advanced life
functions would proceed too slowly.

40. Carbon dioxide level in atmosphere. If greater: Runaway greenhouse
effect would develop. If less: Plants would not be able to maintain
efficient photosynthesis.

4.1 Water vapor level in atmosphere. If greater: Runaway greenhouse
effect would develop. If less: Rainfall would be too meager for
advanced life on the land.

42. Ozone level in atmosphere. If greater: Surface temperatures would
be too low. If less Surface temperatures would be too high; there
would be too much uv radiation at the surface.

43. Atmospheric electric discharge rate. If greater: Too much fire
destruction would occur. If less: Too little nitrogen would be fixed
in the atmosphere.

44. Oxygen quantity in atmosphere. If greater: Plants and hydrocarbons
would burn up too easily. If less: Advanced animals would have too
little to breathe.

45. Oceans to continents ratio. If greater: Diversity and complexity
of life-forms would be limited. If smaller: diversity and complexity
of life-forms would be limited.

46. Soil mineralization. If too nutrient poor: diversity and
complexity of life-forms would be limited. If too nutrient rich:
Diversity and complexity of life-forms would be limited.

47. Seismic activity. If greater: Too many life-forms would be
destroyed. If less: Nutrients on ocean floors (from river runoff)
would not be recycled to the continents through tectonic uplift.

Dr. Alfred Kroner is one of the world's renowned geologists. He is
Professor of Geology and the Chairman of the Department of Geology at
the Institute of Geosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz,
Germany. He said: "Thinking where Muhammad came from . . . I think it
is almost impossible that he could have known about things like the
common origin of the universe, because scientists have only found out
within the last few years, with very complicated and advanced
technological methods, that this is the case."

We have seen the accuracy of the Holy Quran and ,now, let's review the
contractions between the Holy scripture and science

Order of events in the Biblical account of Creation, compared to the
order of events in the Big Bang theory.

Biblical Creation Big Bang
Earth was created before the stars Earth formed long after the
stars
Plants were created a few hours before the sun. Plants formed after
the sun formed
The sun was created on the fourth day after the earth The sun formed
before the earth
The sun, moon and stars were created at the same time The sun formed
from older stars