EINSTEINIANA'S RED HERRINGS: MASS OF THE PHOTON

http://www.physlink.com/Education/askexperts/ae180.cfm
My science data book says that the mass of a photon is zero. But how
can photon exert radiation pressure, as it occurs in the sun?
Asked by: Suraj
Answer
Actually what your science book says or is trying to say anyway,is
that the photon's rest mass is zero. The concept of the rest mass
derives from special relativity. The rest mass is the mass of a
particle (in our case the photon) as measured by an observer who sees
the particle still and with zero speed. In other words, the particle
is at rest as far as this observer is concerned. Thus comes the term
REST mass. But according to special relativity, light ALWAYS travels
with the light speed c, and is NEVER at rest. And so it has zero REST
mass. (...) ...though photons don't have rest mass, they do have
energy and thus they have mass. The photons are wave particles. This
means that they act as waves and as particles as well. This is the
duality of the nature of light (and of every particles). And so as
particles they have mass, and as waves they have frequency. The
pressure they exert is due to the particle nature of light. It's easy
now to understand the mechanism that causes this pressure.
Answered by: George Moustris, M.S., Electrical and Computer Engineer,
AUTH, Greece

http://www.usatoday.com/weather/reso...photonmass.htm
Question: Do photons have mass? If not, why does the gravitational
field of a star bend passing light?
Answer: "A particle like a photon is never at rest and always moves at
the speed of light; thus it is massless," says Dr. Michael S. Turner,
chair of the Department of Astrophysics at the University of Chicago.
(...) You ask how a star's gravitational field can bend the path of a
massless photon. This takes us into the realm of Einstein's general
theory of relativity. The mass of the photon isn't attracted to the
star's mass under Einstein's theory. Rather, the star's mass distorts
space and the photon's path changes because the space is curved, says
Paul Hewitt in his book Conceptual Physics.

When the variability/constancy of the speed of light is concerned,
"mass of photons" is a red herring and the above twists and turns show
that Einsteinians do know that. What is relevant and what Einsteinians
are trying to camouflage can be presented as follows:

A light source on top of a tower of height h emits light with
frequency f, speed c (relative to the source) and wavelength L. A
receiver on the ground receives light with frequency f', speed
c' (relative to the receiver) and wavelength L'. Einstein's 1911
solution (which is in accordance with Newton's emission theory of
light) gives:

f'=f(1+gh/c^2); c'=c(1+gh/c^2); L'=L

A rocket of length h accelerates with acceleration g. A light source
at the front end emits light with frequency f, speed c (relative to
the source) and wavelength L. A receiver at the back end receives
light with frequency f', speed c' (relative to the receiver) and
wavelength L'. At the moment of reception, the receiver has speed v
relative to the light source at the moment of emission. Einstein's
equivalence principle gives:

f'=f(1+v/c); c'=c+v; L'=L

All those results given by Newton's emission theory of light were
experimentally confirmed in 1960 when Pound and Rebka measured the
gravitational redshift factor to be 1+gh/c^2. Nobody noticed this
important confirmation of the emission theory (rather, Einsteinians
announced a glorious confirmation of Divine Albert's Divine Theory)
because Einstein, after 1911, had managed to confuse everything:

http://www.speed-light.info/speed_of_light_variable.htm
"Einstein wrote this paper in 1911 in German (download from:
http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/an...35_898-908.pdf
). It predated the full formal development of general relativity by
about four years. You can find an English translation of this paper in
the Dover book 'The Principle of Relativity' beginning on page 99; you
will find in section 3 of that paper Einstein's derivation of the
variable speed of light in a gravitational potential, eqn (3). The
result is: c'=c0(1+phi/c^2) where phi is the gravitational potential
relative to the point where the speed of light co is measured......You
can find a more sophisticated derivation later by Einstein (1955) from
the full theory of general relativity in the weak field
approximation....For the 1955 results but not in coordinates see page
93, eqn (6.28): c(r)=[1+2phi(r)/c^2]c. Namely the 1955 approximation
shows a variation in km/sec twice as much as first predicted in 1911."

Pentcho Valev

On Aug 14, 11:52*pm, Pentcho Valev wrote:
http://www.physlink.com/Education/askexperts/ae180.cfm
My science data book says that the mass of a photon is zero. But how
can photon exert radiation pressure, as it occurs in the sun?
Asked by: Suraj
Answer
Actually what your science book says or is trying to say anyway,is
that the photon's rest mass is zero. The concept of the rest mass
derives from special relativity. The rest mass is the mass of a
particle (in our case the photon) as measured by an observer who sees
the particle still and with zero speed. In other words, the particle
is at rest as far as this observer is concerned. Thus comes the term
REST mass. But according to special relativity, light ALWAYS travels
with the light speed c, and is NEVER at rest. And so it has zero REST
mass. (...) ...though photons don't have rest mass, they do have
energy and thus they have mass. The photons are wave particles. This
means that they act as waves and as particles as well. This is the
duality of the nature of light (and of every particles). And so as
particles they have mass, and as waves they have frequency. The
pressure they exert is due to the particle nature of light. It's easy
now to understand the mechanism that causes this pressure.
Answered by: George Moustris, M.S., Electrical and Computer Engineer,
AUTH, Greece

http://www.usatoday.com/weather/reso...quest/photonma...
Question: Do photons have mass? If not, why does the gravitational
field of a star bend passing light?
Answer: "A particle like a photon is never at rest and always moves at
the speed of light; thus it is massless," says Dr. Michael S. Turner,
chair of the Department of Astrophysics at the University of Chicago.
(...) You ask how a star's gravitational field can bend the path of a
massless photon. This takes us into the realm of Einstein's general
theory of relativity. The mass of the photon isn't attracted to the
star's mass under Einstein's theory. Rather, the star's mass distorts
space and the photon's path changes because the space is curved, says
Paul Hewitt in his book Conceptual Physics.

When the variability/constancy of the speed of light is concerned,
"mass of photons" is a red herring and the above twists and turns show
that Einsteinians do know that. What is relevant and what Einsteinians
are trying to camouflage can be presented as follows:

A light source on top of a tower of height h emits light with
frequency f, speed c (relative to the source) and wavelength L. A
receiver on the ground receives light with frequency f', speed
c' (relative to the receiver) and wavelength L'. Einstein's 1911
solution (which is in accordance with Newton's emission theory of
light) gives:

f'=f(1+gh/c^2); c'=c(1+gh/c^2); L'=L

A rocket of length h accelerates with acceleration g. A light source
at the front end emits light with frequency f, speed c (relative to
the source) and wavelength L. A receiver at the back end receives
light with frequency f', speed c' (relative to the receiver) and
wavelength L'. At the moment of reception, the receiver has speed v
relative to the light source at the moment of emission. Einstein's
equivalence principle gives:

f'=f(1+v/c); c'=c+v; L'=L

All those results given by Newton's emission theory of light were
experimentally confirmed in 1960 when Pound and Rebka measured the
gravitational redshift factor to be 1+gh/c^2. Nobody noticed this
important confirmation of the emission theory (rather, Einsteinians
announced a glorious confirmation of Divine Albert's Divine Theory)
because Einstein, after 1911, had managed to confuse everything:

http://www.speed-light.info/speed_of_light_variable.htm
"Einstein wrote this paper in 1911 in German (download from:http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/an...ein-papers/191...
). It predated the full formal development of general relativity by
about four years. You can find an English translation of this paper in
the Dover book 'The Principle of Relativity' beginning on page 99; you
will find in section 3 of that paper Einstein's derivation of the
variable speed of light in a gravitational potential, eqn (3). The
result is: c'=c0(1+phi/c^2) where phi is the gravitational potential
relative to the point where the speed of light co is measured......You
can find a more sophisticated derivation later by Einstein (1955) from
the full theory of general relativity in the weak field
approximation....For the 1955 results but not in coordinates see page
93, eqn (6.28): c(r)=[1+2phi(r)/c^2]c. Namely the 1955 approximation
shows a variation in km/sec twice as much as first predicted in 1911."

Pentcho Valev


On Aug 14, 11:52 pm, Pentcho Valev wrote:
http://www.physlink.com/Education/askexperts/ae180.cfm
My science data book says that the mass of a photon is zero. But how
can photon exert radiation pressure, as it occurs in the sun?
Asked by: Suraj
Answer
Actually what your science book says or is trying to say anyway,is
that the photon's rest mass is zero. The concept of the rest mass
derives from special relativity. The rest mass is the mass of a
particle (in our case the photon) as measured by an observer who sees
the particle still and with zero speed. In other words, the particle
is at rest as far as this observer is concerned. Thus comes the term
REST mass. But according to special relativity, light ALWAYS travels
with the light speed c, and is NEVER at rest. And so it has zero REST
mass. (...) ...though photons don't have rest mass, they do have
energy and thus they have mass. The photons are wave particles. This
means that they act as waves and as particles as well. This is the
duality of the nature of light (and of every particles). And so as
particles they have mass, and as waves they have frequency. The
pressure they exert is due to the particle nature of light. It's easy
now to understand the mechanism that causes this pressure.
Answered by: George Moustris, M.S., Electrical and Computer Engineer,
AUTH, Greece

http://www.usatoday.com/weather/reso...quest/photonma...
Question: Do photons have mass? If not, why does the gravitational
field of a star bend passing light?
Answer: "A particle like a photon is never at rest and always moves at
the speed of light; thus it is massless," says Dr. Michael S. Turner,
chair of the Department of Astrophysics at the University of Chicago.
(...) You ask how a star's gravitational field can bend the path of a
massless photon. This takes us into the realm of Einstein's general
theory of relativity. The mass of the photon isn't attracted to the
star's mass under Einstein's theory. Rather, the star's mass distorts
space and the photon's path changes because the space is curved, says
Paul Hewitt in his book Conceptual Physics.

When the variability/constancy of the speed of light is concerned,
"mass of photons" is a red herring and the above twists and turns show
that Einsteinians do know that. What is relevant and what Einsteinians
are trying to camouflage can be presented as follows:

A light source on top of a tower of height h emits light with
frequency f, speed c (relative to the source) and wavelength L. A
receiver on the ground receives light with frequency f', speed
c' (relative to the receiver) and wavelength L'. Einstein's 1911
solution (which is in accordance with Newton's emission theory of
light) gives:

f'=f(1+gh/c^2); c'=c(1+gh/c^2); L'=L

A rocket of length h accelerates with acceleration g. A light source
at the front end emits light with frequency f, speed c (relative to
the source) and wavelength L. A receiver at the back end receives
light with frequency f', speed c' (relative to the receiver) and
wavelength L'. At the moment of reception, the receiver has speed v
relative to the light source at the moment of emission. Einstein's
equivalence principle gives:

f'=f(1+v/c); c'=c+v; L'=L

All those results given by Newton's emission theory of light were
experimentally confirmed in 1960 when Pound and Rebka measured the
gravitational redshift factor to be 1+gh/c^2. Nobody noticed this
important confirmation of the emission theory (rather, Einsteinians
announced a glorious confirmation of Divine Albert's Divine Theory)
because Einstein, after 1911, had managed to confuse everything:

http://www.speed-light.info/speed_of_light_variable.htm
"Einstein wrote this paper in 1911 in German (download from:http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/an...ein-papers/191...
). It predated the full formal development of general relativity by
about four years. You can find an English translation of this paper in
the Dover book 'The Principle of Relativity' beginning on page 99; you
will find in section 3 of that paper Einstein's derivation of the
variable speed of light in a gravitational potential, eqn (3). The
result is: c'=c0(1+phi/c^2) where phi is the gravitational potential
relative to the point where the speed of light co is measured......You
can find a more sophisticated derivation later by Einstein (1955) from
the full theory of general relativity in the weak field
approximation....For the 1955 results but not in coordinates see page
93, eqn (6.28): c(r)=[1+2phi(r)/c^2]c. Namely the 1955 approximation
shows a variation in km/sec twice as much as first predicted in 1911."

Pentcho Valev


Proof:

http://buildasearch.com/meami?e=mass...&submit=search

calculate mass of photon = Mass of electron / 5.1 x

Photon at rest = 6.4555e-83 gram, or Photons/m3 = photonic dark matter

On Aug 15, 2:54*am, "MeAmI.org" wrote:
On Aug 14, 11:52*pm, Pentcho Valev wrote:



http://www.physlink.com/Education/askexperts/ae180.cfm
My science data book says that the mass of a photon is zero. But how
can photon exert radiation pressure, as it occurs in the sun?
Asked by: Suraj
Answer
Actually what your science book says or is trying to say anyway,is
that the photon's rest mass is zero. The concept of the rest mass
derives from special relativity. The rest mass is the mass of a
particle (in our case the photon) as measured by an observer who sees
the particle still and with zero speed. In other words, the particle
is at rest as far as this observer is concerned. Thus comes the term
REST mass. But according to special relativity, light ALWAYS travels
with the light speed c, and is NEVER at rest. And so it has zero REST
mass. (...) ...though photons don't have rest mass, they do have
energy and thus they have mass. The photons are wave particles. This
means that they act as waves and as particles as well. This is the
duality of the nature of light (and of every particles). And so as
particles they have mass, and as waves they have frequency. The
pressure they exert is due to the particle nature of light. It's easy
now to understand the mechanism that causes this pressure.
Answered by: George Moustris, M.S., Electrical and Computer Engineer,
AUTH, Greece

http://www.usatoday.com/weather/reso...quest/photonma...
Question: Do photons have mass? If not, why does the gravitational
field of a star bend passing light?
Answer: "A particle like a photon is never at rest and always moves at
the speed of light; thus it is massless," says Dr. Michael S. Turner,
chair of the Department of Astrophysics at the University of Chicago.
(...) You ask how a star's gravitational field can bend the path of a
massless photon. This takes us into the realm of Einstein's general
theory of relativity. The mass of the photon isn't attracted to the
star's mass under Einstein's theory. Rather, the star's mass distorts
space and the photon's path changes because the space is curved, says
Paul Hewitt in his book Conceptual Physics.

When the variability/constancy of the speed of light is concerned,
"mass of photons" is a red herring and the above twists and turns show
that Einsteinians do know that. What is relevant and what Einsteinians
are trying to camouflage can be presented as follows:

A light source on top of a tower of height h emits light with
frequency f, speed c (relative to the source) and wavelength L. A
receiver on the ground receives light with frequency f', speed
c' (relative to the receiver) and wavelength L'. Einstein's 1911
solution (which is in accordance with Newton's emission theory of
light) gives:

f'=f(1+gh/c^2); c'=c(1+gh/c^2); L'=L

A rocket of length h accelerates with acceleration g. A light source
at the front end emits light with frequency f, speed c (relative to
the source) and wavelength L. A receiver at the back end receives
light with frequency f', speed c' (relative to the receiver) and
wavelength L'. At the moment of reception, the receiver has speed v
relative to the light source at the moment of emission. Einstein's
equivalence principle gives:

f'=f(1+v/c); c'=c+v; L'=L

All those results given by Newton's emission theory of light were
experimentally confirmed in 1960 when Pound and Rebka measured the
gravitational redshift factor to be 1+gh/c^2. Nobody noticed this
important confirmation of the emission theory (rather, Einsteinians
announced a glorious confirmation of Divine Albert's Divine Theory)
because Einstein, after 1911, had managed to confuse everything:

http://www.speed-light.info/speed_of_light_variable.htm
"Einstein wrote this paper in 1911 in German (download from:http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/an...ein-papers/191...
). It predated the full formal development of general relativity by
about four years. You can find an English translation of this paper in
the Dover book 'The Principle of Relativity' beginning on page 99; you
will find in section 3 of that paper Einstein's derivation of the
variable speed of light in a gravitational potential, eqn (3). The
result is: c'=c0(1+phi/c^2) where phi is the gravitational potential
relative to the point where the speed of light co is measured......You
can find a more sophisticated derivation later by Einstein (1955) from
the full theory of general relativity in the weak field
approximation....For the 1955 results but not in coordinates see page
93, eqn (6.28): c(r)=[1+2phi(r)/c^2]c. Namely the 1955 approximation
shows a variation in km/sec twice as much as first predicted in 1911."

Pentcho Valev


On Aug 14, 11:52 pm, Pentcho Valev wrote:



http://www.physlink.com/Education/askexperts/ae180.cfm
My science data book says that the mass of a photon is zero. But how
can photon exert radiation pressure, as it occurs in the sun?
Asked by: Suraj
Answer
Actually what your science book says or is trying to say anyway,is
that the photon's rest mass is zero. The concept of the rest mass
derives from special relativity. The rest mass is the mass of a
particle (in our case the photon) as measured by an observer who sees
the particle still and with zero speed. In other words, the particle
is at rest as far as this observer is concerned. Thus comes the term
REST mass. But according to special relativity, light ALWAYS travels
with the light speed c, and is NEVER at rest. And so it has zero REST
mass. (...) ...though photons don't have rest mass, they do have
energy and thus they have mass. The photons are wave particles. This
means that they act as waves and as particles as well. This is the
duality of the nature of light (and of every particles). And so as
particles they have mass, and as waves they have frequency. The
pressure they exert is due to the particle nature of light. It's easy
now to understand the mechanism that causes this pressure.
Answered by: George Moustris, M.S., Electrical and Computer Engineer,
AUTH, Greece

http://www.usatoday.com/weather/reso...quest/photonma...
Question: Do photons have mass? If not, why does the gravitational
field of a star bend passing light?
Answer: "A particle like a photon is never at rest and always moves at
the speed of light; thus it is massless," says Dr. Michael S. Turner,
chair of the Department of Astrophysics at the University of Chicago.
(...) You ask how a star's gravitational field can bend the path of a
massless photon. This takes us into the realm of Einstein's general
theory of relativity. The mass of the photon isn't attracted to the
star's mass under Einstein's theory. Rather, the star's mass distorts
space and the photon's path changes because the space is curved, says
Paul Hewitt in his book Conceptual Physics.

When the variability/constancy of the speed of light is concerned,
"mass of photons" is a red herring and the above twists and turns show
that Einsteinians do know that. What is relevant and what Einsteinians
are trying to camouflage can be presented as follows:

A light source on top of a tower of height h emits light with
frequency f, speed c (relative to the source) and wavelength L. A
receiver on the ground receives light with frequency f', speed
c' (relative to the receiver) and wavelength L'. Einstein's 1911
solution (which is in accordance with Newton's emission theory of
light) gives:

f'=f(1+gh/c^2); c'=c(1+gh/c^2); L'=L

A rocket of length h accelerates with acceleration g. A light source
at the front end emits light with frequency f, speed c (relative to
the source) and wavelength L. A receiver at the back end receives
light with frequency f', speed c' (relative to the receiver) and
wavelength L'. At the moment of reception, the receiver has speed v
relative to the light source at the moment of emission. Einstein's
equivalence principle gives:

f'=f(1+v/c); c'=c+v; L'=L

All those results given by Newton's emission theory of light were
experimentally confirmed in 1960 when Pound and Rebka measured the
gravitational redshift factor to be 1+gh/c^2. Nobody noticed this
important confirmation of the emission theory (rather, Einsteinians
announced a glorious confirmation of Divine Albert's Divine Theory)
because Einstein, after 1911, had managed to confuse everything:

http://www.speed-light.info/speed_of_light_variable.htm
"Einstein wrote this paper in 1911 in German (download from:http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/an...ein-papers/191...
). It predated the full formal development of general relativity by
about four years. You can find an English translation of this paper in
the Dover book 'The Principle of Relativity' beginning on page 99; you
will find in section 3 of that paper Einstein's derivation of the
variable speed of light in a gravitational potential, eqn (3). The
result is: c'=c0(1+phi/c^2) where phi is the gravitational potential
relative to the point where the speed of light co is measured......You
can find a more sophisticated derivation later by Einstein (1955) from
the full theory of general relativity in the weak field
approximation....For the 1955 results but not in coordinates see page
93, eqn (6.28): c(r)=[1+2phi(r)/c^2]c. Namely the 1955 approximation
shows a variation in km/sec twice as much as first predicted in 1911."

Pentcho Valev


Proof:

http://buildasearch.com/meami?e=mass...&submit=search

calculate mass of photon = Mass of electron / 5.1 x

Photon at rest = 6.4555e-83 gram, or Photons/m3 = photonic dark matter

That sounds about right.

~ BG

Idiot

Thanks brad

BradGuth wrote:
On Aug 15, 2:54*am, "MeAmI.org" wrote:
On Aug 14, 11:52*pm, Pentcho Valev wrote:



http://www.physlink.com/Education/askexperts/ae180.cfm
My science data book says that the mass of a photon is zero. But how
can photon exert radiation pressure, as it occurs in the sun?
Asked by: Suraj
Answer
Actually what your science book says or is trying to say anyway,is
that the photon's rest mass is zero. The concept of the rest mass
derives from special relativity. The rest mass is the mass of a
particle (in our case the photon) as measured by an observer who sees
the particle still and with zero speed. In other words, the particle
is at rest as far as this observer is concerned. Thus comes the term
REST mass. But according to special relativity, light ALWAYS travels
with the light speed c, and is NEVER at rest. And so it has zero REST
mass. (...) ...though photons don't have rest mass, they do have
energy and thus they have mass. The photons are wave particles. This
means that they act as waves and as particles as well. This is the
duality of the nature of light (and of every particles). And so as
particles they have mass, and as waves they have frequency. The
pressure they exert is due to the particle nature of light. It's easy
now to understand the mechanism that causes this pressure.
Answered by: George Moustris, M.S., Electrical and Computer Engineer,
AUTH, Greece

http://www.usatoday.com/weather/reso...quest/photonma....
Question: Do photons have mass? If not, why does the gravitational
field of a star bend passing light?
Answer: "A particle like a photon is never at rest and always moves at
the speed of light; thus it is massless," says Dr. Michael S. Turner,
chair of the Department of Astrophysics at the University of Chicago.
(...) You ask how a star's gravitational field can bend the path of a
massless photon. This takes us into the realm of Einstein's general
theory of relativity. The mass of the photon isn't attracted to the
star's mass under Einstein's theory. Rather, the star's mass distorts
space and the photon's path changes because the space is curved, says
Paul Hewitt in his book Conceptual Physics.

When the variability/constancy of the speed of light is concerned,
"mass of photons" is a red herring and the above twists and turns show
that Einsteinians do know that. What is relevant and what Einsteinians
are trying to camouflage can be presented as follows:

A light source on top of a tower of height h emits light with
frequency f, speed c (relative to the source) and wavelength L. A
receiver on the ground receives light with frequency f', speed
c' (relative to the receiver) and wavelength L'. Einstein's 1911
solution (which is in accordance with Newton's emission theory of
light) gives:

f'=f(1+gh/c^2); c'=c(1+gh/c^2); L'=L

A rocket of length h accelerates with acceleration g. A light source
at the front end emits light with frequency f, speed c (relative to
the source) and wavelength L. A receiver at the back end receives
light with frequency f', speed c' (relative to the receiver) and
wavelength L'. At the moment of reception, the receiver has speed v
relative to the light source at the moment of emission. Einstein's
equivalence principle gives:

f'=f(1+v/c); c'=c+v; L'=L

All those results given by Newton's emission theory of light were
experimentally confirmed in 1960 when Pound and Rebka measured the
gravitational redshift factor to be 1+gh/c^2. Nobody noticed this
important confirmation of the emission theory (rather, Einsteinians
announced a glorious confirmation of Divine Albert's Divine Theory)
because Einstein, after 1911, had managed to confuse everything:

http://www.speed-light.info/speed_of_light_variable.htm
"Einstein wrote this paper in 1911 in German (download from:http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/an...ein-papers/191...
). It predated the full formal development of general relativity by
about four years. You can find an English translation of this paper in
the Dover book 'The Principle of Relativity' beginning on page 99; you
will find in section 3 of that paper Einstein's derivation of the
variable speed of light in a gravitational potential, eqn (3). The
result is: c'=c0(1+phi/c^2) where phi is the gravitational potential
relative to the point where the speed of light co is measured......You
can find a more sophisticated derivation later by Einstein (1955) from
the full theory of general relativity in the weak field
approximation....For the 1955 results but not in coordinates see page
93, eqn (6.28): c(r)=[1+2phi(r)/c^2]c. Namely the 1955 approximation
shows a variation in km/sec twice as much as first predicted in 1911."

Pentcho Valev


On Aug 14, 11:52 pm, Pentcho Valev wrote:



http://www.physlink.com/Education/askexperts/ae180.cfm
My science data book says that the mass of a photon is zero. But how
can photon exert radiation pressure, as it occurs in the sun?
Asked by: Suraj
Answer
Actually what your science book says or is trying to say anyway,is
that the photon's rest mass is zero. The concept of the rest mass
derives from special relativity. The rest mass is the mass of a
particle (in our case the photon) as measured by an observer who sees
the particle still and with zero speed. In other words, the particle
is at rest as far as this observer is concerned. Thus comes the term
REST mass. But according to special relativity, light ALWAYS travels
with the light speed c, and is NEVER at rest. And so it has zero REST
mass. (...) ...though photons don't have rest mass, they do have
energy and thus they have mass. The photons are wave particles. This
means that they act as waves and as particles as well. This is the
duality of the nature of light (and of every particles). And so as
particles they have mass, and as waves they have frequency. The
pressure they exert is due to the particle nature of light. It's easy
now to understand the mechanism that causes this pressure.
Answered by: George Moustris, M.S., Electrical and Computer Engineer,
AUTH, Greece

http://www.usatoday.com/weather/reso...quest/photonma....
Question: Do photons have mass? If not, why does the gravitational
field of a star bend passing light?
Answer: "A particle like a photon is never at rest and always moves at
the speed of light; thus it is massless," says Dr. Michael S. Turner,
chair of the Department of Astrophysics at the University of Chicago.
(...) You ask how a star's gravitational field can bend the path of a
massless photon. This takes us into the realm of Einstein's general
theory of relativity. The mass of the photon isn't attracted to the
star's mass under Einstein's theory. Rather, the star's mass distorts
space and the photon's path changes because the space is curved, says
Paul Hewitt in his book Conceptual Physics.

When the variability/constancy of the speed of light is concerned,
"mass of photons" is a red herring and the above twists and turns show
that Einsteinians do know that. What is relevant and what Einsteinians
are trying to camouflage can be presented as follows:

A light source on top of a tower of height h emits light with
frequency f, speed c (relative to the source) and wavelength L. A
receiver on the ground receives light with frequency f', speed
c' (relative to the receiver) and wavelength L'. Einstein's 1911
solution (which is in accordance with Newton's emission theory of
light) gives:

f'=f(1+gh/c^2); c'=c(1+gh/c^2); L'=L

A rocket of length h accelerates with acceleration g. A light source
at the front end emits light with frequency f, speed c (relative to
the source) and wavelength L. A receiver at the back end receives
light with frequency f', speed c' (relative to the receiver) and
wavelength L'. At the moment of reception, the receiver has speed v
relative to the light source at the moment of emission. Einstein's
equivalence principle gives:

f'=f(1+v/c); c'=c+v; L'=L

All those results given by Newton's emission theory of light were
experimentally confirmed in 1960 when Pound and Rebka measured the
gravitational redshift factor to be 1+gh/c^2. Nobody noticed this
important confirmation of the emission theory (rather, Einsteinians
announced a glorious confirmation of Divine Albert's Divine Theory)
because Einstein, after 1911, had managed to confuse everything:

http://www.speed-light.info/speed_of_light_variable.htm
"Einstein wrote this paper in 1911 in German (download from:http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/an...ein-papers/191...
). It predated the full formal development of general relativity by
about four years. You can find an English translation of this paper in
the Dover book 'The Principle of Relativity' beginning on page 99; you
will find in section 3 of that paper Einstein's derivation of the
variable speed of light in a gravitational potential, eqn (3). The
result is: c'=c0(1+phi/c^2) where phi is the gravitational potential
relative to the point where the speed of light co is measured......You
can find a more sophisticated derivation later by Einstein (1955) from
the full theory of general relativity in the weak field
approximation....For the 1955 results but not in coordinates see page
93, eqn (6.28): c(r)=[1+2phi(r)/c^2]c. Namely the 1955 approximation
shows a variation in km/sec twice as much as first predicted in 1911."

Pentcho Valev


Proof:

http://buildasearch.com/meami?e=mass...&submit=search

calculate mass of photon = Mass of electron / 5.1 x

Photon at rest = 6.4555e-83 gram, or Photons/m3 = photonic dark matter

That sounds about right.

~ BG

On Aug 15, 11:33*am, Eleaticus wrote:
Thanks brad

I have some similar numbers for various photon mass.

Photon rest: minimum / maximum mass
1e18 km = 1.67e-51 g / 6.76e-41 g
1e15 km = 1.67e-54 g / 6.76e-44 g
1e12 km = 1.67e-57 g / 6.76e-47 g
1e9 km = 1.67e-60 g / 6.76e-50 g
1e6 km = 1.67e-63 g / 6.76e-53 g
1000 km = 1.67e-66 g / 6.76e-56 g
1000 m = 1.67e-69 g / 6.76e-59 g
1000 nm = 1.67e-78 g / 6.76e-68 g
1.0 nm = 1.67e-81 g / 6.76e-71 g
..001 nm = 1.67e-84 g / 6.76e-74 g

Photon mass summary:
photon mass(gram) = 9.109e-34 / c2h

c2 = 8.9874e16

h of 1000 nm IR = 2.9979e20 hz

0.111267e16 * 2.9979e20 = 2.69433e37

9.109e-34/2.69433e37= 3.3808e-71 g


The photon wave as if comprised of the (positron~electron) pair should
certainly be somewhat mass worthy, although absolute zero mass still
isn't likely. Possibly it's the differences of the positron-
(electron) mass being 4.5e-41 g, divided by c2(hz) = rest mass.

For the IR photon of 1000 nm, and the c2hz of 2.69433e37

1000 nm Positronium Photon or Planck Photon mass (PPm):
4.5e-41 / 2.69433e37 = 1.67e-78 g

1.67e-78g is close to your 6.4555e-83 gram


By way of my weird math, a 1 nm Positronium Photon or gamma Planck
Photon mass (PPm) becomes 1.67e-81 gram.

~ BG

On Aug 15, 12:19Â*pm, BradGuth wrote:
On Aug 15, 11:33Â*am, Eleaticus wrote:

Thanks brad

I have some similar numbers for various photon mass.

Photon rest: minimum Â*/ Â*maximum mass
1e18 km = Â*1.67e-51 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-41 g
1e15 km = Â*1.67e-54 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-44 g
1e12 km = 1.67e-57 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-47 g
Â*1e9 km = Â*1.67e-60 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-50 g
Â*1e6 km = Â*1.67e-63 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-53 g
1000 km = 1.67e-66 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-56 g
1000 m Â*= Â*1.67e-69 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-59 g
1000 nm = 1.67e-78 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-68 g
Â* 1.0 nm = Â*1.67e-81 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-71 g
.001 nm = Â*1.67e-84 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-74 g

Photon mass summary:
photon mass(gram) = 9.109e-34 / c2h

c2 = 8.9874e16

h of 1000 nm IR = 2.9979e20 hz

0.111267e16 * 2.9979e20 = 2.69433e37

9.109e-34/2.69433e37= 3.3808e-71 g

The photon wave as if comprised of the (positron~electron) pair should
certainly be somewhat mass worthy, although absolute zero mass still
isn't likely. Â*Possibly it's the differences of the positron-
(electron) mass being 4.5e-41 g, divided by c2(hz) = rest mass.

For the IR photon of 1000 nm, and the c2hz of 2.69433e37

1000 nm Positronium Photon or Planck Photon mass (PPm):
Â* Â* Â* Â* 4.5e-41 / 2.69433e37 = 1.67e-78 g

1.67e-78g is close to your 6.4555e-83 gram

By way of my weird math, a 1 nm Positronium Photon or gamma Planck
Photon mass (PPm) becomes 1.67e-81 gram.

Â*~ BG

Great jumping off [point] and thank you for doing the work.

Now let's change science!

Laser
[...] can interact with light both by absorbing photons or by emitting
photons. [...] (TEA) laser is an inexpensive gas laser producing UV
Light at 337.1 nm.[15] [...]
[...] 647.1 and 676.4 nm (as well as 521, 568, and other wavelengths),
with powers [ ? ] When an atom or molecule in the ground state absorbs
a photon, it is raised to a [ 2D ]
λ = 500 nm), while the taillight of a spaceship receding from the
Earth [...] annihilate each other in flight, producing two gamma-ray
photons. [...]

This is electromagnetic radiation by form.

In physics, a photon is usually denoted by the symbol γ (the Greek
letter gamma) [...] h is Planck's constant and the Greek letter ν (nu)
is the photon's frequency. [...]
TAYL05-144-167.I
Similarly, for n¿ = 1 and n = 3, one finds that l = 102 nm, and
inspection of [...] variables pertaining to any kind of photon, since
"gamma" 1g2 is one of the many [..].

http://www.scribd.com/doc/7655024/TAYL05144167I

AMO-1: Table of Contents Fall 2004, C. D. Lin
photon wavelength to ionize H: 911. o. A. Lymann- α. of H: 1216. o. A
10.2 eV. or 1 nm 1.24 keV [...] method is used to obtain high energy
gamma ray. photons) [...]

In the Production and Study of Cold Antihydrogen atom scattering
approximately 100 photons in the 1 µs pulse. Nonetheless this [...]
with the radiation at 948 nm from a titanium-sapphire laser, the two-
photon [...]

See:

http://hussle.harvard.edu/~atrap/Goals/Proposal.pdf Tex

Observations of NM after the X-ray flare are well fitted by a power-
law of index [...] cold medium where positrons mostly annihilate in
the bound (positronium) state. [...]

See:

http://aoc.nrao.edu/~gcnews/gcnews/V...de_9706283.txt
Session G15 - Poster Session I.
[...] a linearly polarized cw photon beam from either a 25 W Ar^+ or a
1 W Kr^+ laser. [...] of 457.9-647.1 nm (2.71-1.92 eV) using a crossed
laser-ion beams [...]

As:

http://flux.aps.org/meetings/YR97/BA.../abs/S790.html

The world is changing. Dylan was right.

Musatov

On Aug 15, 4:11Â*pm, "M.M.M." wrote:
On Aug 15, 12:19Â*pm, BradGuth wrote:



On Aug 15, 11:33Â*am, Eleaticus wrote:

Thanks brad

I have some similar numbers for various photon mass.

Photon rest: minimum Â*/ Â*maximum mass
1e18 km = Â*1.67e-51 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-41 g
1e15 km = Â*1.67e-54 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-44 g
1e12 km = 1.67e-57 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-47 g
Â*1e9 km = Â*1.67e-60 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-50 g
Â*1e6 km = Â*1.67e-63 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-53 g
1000 km = 1.67e-66 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-56 g
1000 m Â*= Â*1.67e-69 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-59 g
1000 nm = 1.67e-78 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-68 g
Â* 1.0 nm = Â*1.67e-81 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-71 g
.001 nm = Â*1.67e-84 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-74 g

Photon mass summary:
photon mass(gram) = 9.109e-34 / c2h

c2 = 8.9874e16

h of 1000 nm IR = 2.9979e20 hz

0.111267e16 * 2.9979e20 = 2.69433e37

9.109e-34/2.69433e37= 3.3808e-71 g

The photon wave as if comprised of the (positron~electron) pair should
certainly be somewhat mass worthy, although absolute zero mass still
isn't likely. Â*Possibly it's the differences of the positron-
(electron) mass being 4.5e-41 g, divided by c2(hz) = rest mass.

For the IR photon of 1000 nm, and the c2hz of 2.69433e37

1000 nm Positronium Photon or Planck Photon mass (PPm):
Â* Â* Â* Â* 4.5e-41 / 2.69433e37 = 1.67e-78 g

1.67e-78g is close to your 6.4555e-83 gram

By way of my weird math, a 1 nm Positronium Photon or gamma Planck
Photon mass (PPm) becomes 1.67e-81 gram.

Â*~ BG

Great jumping off [point] and thank you for doing the work.

Now let's change science!

Laser
[...] can interact with light both by absorbing photons or by emitting
photons. [...] (TEA) laser is an inexpensive gas laser producing UV
Light at 337.1 nm.[15] [...]
[...] 647.1 and 676.4 nm (as well as 521, 568, and other wavelengths),
with powers [ ? ] When an atom or molecule in the ground state absorbs
a photon, it is raised to a [ 2D ]
λ = 500 nm), while the taillight of a spaceship receding from the
Earth [...] annihilate each other in flight, producing two gamma-ray
photons. [...]

This is electromagnetic radiation by form.

In physics, a photon is usually denoted by the symbol γ (the Greek
letter gamma) [...] h is Planck's constant and the Greek letter ν (nu)
is the photon's frequency. [...]
TAYL05-144-167.I
Similarly, for n¿ = 1 and n = 3, one finds that l = 102 nm, and
inspection of [...] variables pertaining to any kind of photon, since
"gamma" 1g2 is one of the many [..].

http://www.scribd.com/doc/7655024/TAYL05144167I

AMO-1: Table of Contents Fall 2004, C. D. Lin
photon wavelength to ionize H: 911. o. A. Lymann- α. of H: 1216. o. A
10.2 eV. or 1 nm 1.24 keV [...] method is used to obtain high energy
gamma ray. photons) [...]

In the Production and Study of Cold Antihydrogen atom scattering
approximately 100 photons in the 1 µs pulse. Nonetheless this [...]
with the radiation at 948 nm from a titanium-sapphire laser, the two-
photon [...]

See:

http://hussle.harvard.edu/~atrap/Goals/Proposal.pdfTex

Observations of NM after the X-ray flare are well fitted by a power-
law of index [...] cold medium where positrons mostly annihilate in
the bound (positronium) state. [...]

See:

http://aoc.nrao.edu/~gcnews/gcnews/V...e_9706283..txt
Session G15 - Poster Session I.
[...] a linearly polarized cw photon beam from either a 25 W Ar^+ or a
1 W Kr^+ laser. [...] of 457.9-647.1 nm (2.71-1.92 eV) using a crossed
laser-ion beams [...]

As:

http://flux.aps.org/meetings/YR97/BA.../abs/S790.html

The world is changing. Dylan was right.

Musatov

No question, you've gone way over my head on this one.

What exactly are we doing and/or accomplishing with antihydrogen?

~ BG

Musatov wrote:
BradGuth wrote:
On Aug 15, 4:11Â*pm, "M.M.M." wrote:
On Aug 15, 12:19Â*pm, BradGuth wrote:



On Aug 15, 11:33Â*am, Eleaticus wrote:

Thanks brad

I have some similar numbers for various photon mass.

Photon rest: minimum Â*/ Â*maximum mass
1e18 km = Â*1.67e-51 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-41 g
1e15 km = Â*1.67e-54 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-44 g
1e12 km = 1.67e-57 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-47 g
Â*1e9 km = Â*1.67e-60 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-50 g
Â*1e6 km = Â*1.67e-63 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-53 g
1000 km = 1.67e-66 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-56 g
1000 m Â*= Â*1.67e-69 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-59 g
1000 nm = 1.67e-78 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-68 g
Â* 1.0 nm = Â*1.67e-81 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-71 g
.001 nm = Â*1.67e-84 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-74 g

Photon mass summary:
photon mass(gram) = 9.109e-34 / c2h

c2 = 8.9874e16

h of 1000 nm IR = 2.9979e20 hz

0.111267e16 * 2.9979e20 = 2.69433e37

9.109e-34/2.69433e37= 3.3808e-71 g

The photon wave as if comprised of the (positron~electron) pair should
certainly be somewhat mass worthy, although absolute zero mass still
isn't likely. Â*Possibly it's the differences of the positron-
(electron) mass being 4.5e-41 g, divided by c2(hz) = rest mass.

For the IR photon of 1000 nm, and the c2hz of 2.69433e37

1000 nm Positronium Photon or Planck Photon mass (PPm):
Â* Â* Â* Â* 4.5e-41 / 2.69433e37 = 1.67e-78 g

1.67e-78g is close to your 6.4555e-83 gram

By way of my weird math, a 1 nm Positronium Photon or gamma Planck
Photon mass (PPm) becomes 1.67e-81 gram.

Â*~ BG

Great jumping off [point] and thank you for doing the work.

Now let's change science!

Laser
[...] can interact with light both by absorbing photons or by emitting
photons. [...] (TEA) laser is an inexpensive gas laser producing UV
Light at 337.1 nm.[15] [...]
[...] 647.1 and 676.4 nm (as well as 521, 568, and other wavelengths),
with powers [ ? ] When an atom or molecule in the ground state absorbs
a photon, it is raised to a [ 2D ]
λ = 500 nm), while the taillight of a spaceship receding from the
Earth [...] annihilate each other in flight, producing two gamma-ray
photons. [...]

This is electromagnetic radiation by form.

In physics, a photon is usually denoted by the symbol γ (the Greek
letter gamma) [...] h is Planck's constant and the Greek letter ν (nu)
is the photon's frequency. [...]
TAYL05-144-167.I
Similarly, for n¿ = 1 and n = 3, one finds that l = 102 nm, and
inspection of [...] variables pertaining to any kind of photon, since
"gamma" 1g2 is one of the many [..].

http://www.scribd.com/doc/7655024/TAYL05144167I

AMO-1: Table of Contents Fall 2004, C. D. Lin
photon wavelength to ionize H: 911. o. A. Lymann- α. of H: 1216. o.. A
10.2 eV. or 1 nm 1.24 keV [...] method is used to obtain high energy
gamma ray. photons) [...]

In the Production and Study of Cold Antihydrogen atom scattering
approximately 100 photons in the 1 µs pulse. Nonetheless this [...]
with the radiation at 948 nm from a titanium-sapphire laser, the two-
photon [...]

See:

http://hussle.harvard.edu/~atrap/Goals/Proposal.pdfTex

Observations of NM after the X-ray flare are well fitted by a power-
law of index [...] cold medium where positrons mostly annihilate in
the bound (positronium) state. [...]

See:

http://aoc.nrao.edu/~gcnews/gcnews/V...de_9706283.txt
Session G15 - Poster Session I.
[...] a linearly polarized cw photon beam from either a 25 W Ar^+ or a
1 W Kr^+ laser. [...] of 457.9-647.1 nm (2.71-1.92 eV) using a crossed
laser-ion beams [...]

As:

http://flux.aps.org/meetings/YR97/BA.../abs/S790.html

The world is changing. Dylan was right.

Musatov

No question, you've gone way over my head on this one.

What exactly are we doing and/or accomplishing with antihydrogen?

~ BG

Musatov + ~ BG

Antihydrogen is the antimatter counterpart of hydrogen. ... Excited
antihydrogen atoms are for example expected to glow with the same
color ...


..as hydrogen...

MMM

On Aug 17, 7:56Â*pm, "M.M.M." wrote:
Musatov wrote:
BradGuth wrote:
On Aug 15, 4:11Â*pm, "M.M.M." wrote:
On Aug 15, 12:19Â*pm, BradGuth wrote:

On Aug 15, 11:33Â*am, Eleaticus wrote:

Thanks brad

I have some similar numbers for various photon mass.

Photon rest: minimum Â*/ Â*maximum mass
1e18 km = Â*1.67e-51 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-41 g
1e15 km = Â*1.67e-54 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-44 g
1e12 km = 1.67e-57 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-47 g
Â*1e9 km = Â*1.67e-60 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-50 g
Â*1e6 km = Â*1.67e-63 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-53 g
1000 km = 1.67e-66 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-56 g
1000 m Â*= Â*1.67e-69 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-59 g
1000 nm = 1.67e-78 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-68 g
Â* 1.0 nm = Â*1.67e-81 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-71 g
.001 nm = Â*1.67e-84 g Â*/ Â*6.76e-74 g

Photon mass summary:
photon mass(gram) = 9.109e-34 / c2h

c2 = 8.9874e16

h of 1000 nm IR = 2.9979e20 hz

0.111267e16 * 2.9979e20 = 2.69433e37

9.109e-34/2.69433e37= 3.3808e-71 g

The photon wave as if comprised of the (positron~electron) pair should
certainly be somewhat mass worthy, although absolute zero mass still
isn't likely. Â*Possibly it's the differences of the positron-
(electron) mass being 4.5e-41 g, divided by c2(hz) = rest mass.

For the IR photon of 1000 nm, and the c2hz of 2.69433e37

1000 nm Positronium Photon or Planck Photon mass (PPm):
Â* Â* Â* Â* 4.5e-41 / 2.69433e37 = 1.67e-78 g

1.67e-78g is close to your 6.4555e-83 gram

By way of my weird math, a 1 nm Positronium Photon or gamma Planck
Photon mass (PPm) becomes 1.67e-81 gram.

Â*~ BG

Great jumping off [point] and thank you for doing the work.

Now let's change science!

Laser
[...] can interact with light both by absorbing photons or by emitting
photons. [...] (TEA) laser is an inexpensive gas laser producing UV
Light at 337.1 nm.[15] [...]
[...] 647.1 and 676.4 nm (as well as 521, 568, and other wavelengths),
with powers [ ? ] When an atom or molecule in the ground state absorbs
a photon, it is raised to a [ 2D ]
λ = 500 nm), while the taillight of a spaceship receding from the
Earth [...] annihilate each other in flight, producing two gamma-ray
photons. [...]

This is electromagnetic radiation by form.

In physics, a photon is usually denoted by the symbol γ (the Greek
letter gamma) [...] h is Planck's constant and the Greek letter ν (nu)
is the photon's frequency. [...]
TAYL05-144-167.I
Similarly, for n¿ = 1 and n = 3, one finds that l = 102 nm, and
inspection of [...] variables pertaining to any kind of photon, since
"gamma" 1g2 is one of the many [..].

http://www.scribd.com/doc/7655024/TAYL05144167I

AMO-1: Table of Contents Fall 2004, C. D. Lin
photon wavelength to ionize H: 911. o. A. Lymann- α. of H: 1216. o. A
10.2 eV. or 1 nm 1.24 keV [...] method is used to obtain high energy
gamma ray. photons) [...]

In the Production and Study of Cold Antihydrogen atom scattering
approximately 100 photons in the 1 µs pulse. Nonetheless this [....]
with the radiation at 948 nm from a titanium-sapphire laser, the two-
photon [...]

See:

http://hussle.harvard.edu/~atrap/Goals/Proposal.pdfTex

Observations of NM after the X-ray flare are well fitted by a power-
law of index [...] cold medium where positrons mostly annihilate in
the bound (positronium) state. [...]

See:

http://aoc.nrao.edu/~gcnews/gcnews/V...de_9706283.txt
Session G15 - Poster Session I.
[...] a linearly polarized cw photon beam from either a 25 W Ar^+ or a
1 W Kr^+ laser. [...] of 457.9-647.1 nm (2.71-1.92 eV) using a crossed
laser-ion beams [...]

As:

http://flux.aps.org/meetings/YR97/BA.../abs/S790.html

The world is changing. Dylan was right.

Musatov

No question, you've gone way over my head on this one.

What exactly are we doing and/or accomplishing with antihydrogen?

Â*~ BG

Musatov + ~ BG

Antihydrogen is the antimatter counterpart of hydrogen. ... Excited
antihydrogen atoms are for example expected to glow with the same
color ...

Â* Â* Â* Â* Â* Â* Â*..as hydrogen...

MMM

Terrific, I happen to like antimatter. If they glow the same, how do
we tell the difference?

How about a cm3 of positrons?

~ BG