If Airbags Work Well With "Opportunity," Too, Then Mars Landing SitesCan Be Chosen More Boldly, Says U.Buffalo Geologist (Forwarded)

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Contact: Ellen Goldbaum

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Release date: Thursday, January 15, 2004

If Airbags Work Well With "Opportunity," Too, Then Mars Landing Sites Can Be
Chosen More Boldly, Says UB Geologist

BUFFALO, N.Y. -- The anticipated Mars landing on Jan. 24 of the Opportunity
rover will be a bit more challenging than the Spirit's bounce onto the red
planet earlier this month, according to a University at Buffalo geologist, but
if it's successful, then scientists will be able to be much bolder about
selecting future Mars landing sites.

"If both of these landers survive with airbag technology, then it blows the
doors wide open for future Mars landing sites with far more interesting
terrain," said Tracy Gregg, Ph.D., University at Buffalo assistant professor of
geology in the UB College of Arts and Sciences and a planetary volcanologist.

Gregg, who headed a national conference at UB in 1999 regarding the selection of
future Mars landing sites, is chair of the geologic mapping standards committee
of the NASA Planetary Cartography Working Group.

"With the success of Spirit, I feel so much more confident about future Mars
landers," said Gregg. "The airbags seem to be able to withstand quite a bit of
trauma."

Gregg remembers attending a conference presentation a few years ago by Matt P.
Golombek, Ph.D., planetary geologist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and, at
the time, the principal investigator on the Mars Pathfinder mission, in which he
proposed the airbag landing technology.

"He listed the 15 steps that had to happen at exactly the right time and in
exactly the right way in order for this technology to work. The general mood in
the lecture hall was, 'Yeah, right, good luck,'" Gregg remembered. "Well, the
next year, he got up to a standing-room-only crowd at a meeting of the same
organization and he described all of the same steps that the Pathfinder had
successfully completed on Mars. He got a standing ovation."

The selection of Mars landing sites is a complex balancing act, Gregg says,
where the potential for important scientific discoveries has to be balanced
against the requirement that sites be absolutely safe so that the rovers can
perform well and send data back to earth.

Both Gusev Crater, where the Spirit landed, and Sinus Meridiani, where
Opportunity is scheduled to land, were chosen, Gregg says, because they are not
expected to have large boulders, steep cliffs or deep craters that could pop an
airbag or swallow up the lander preventing the transmission of radio signals.

"If Opportunity survives the landing on Jan. 24, there is a high possibility
that we will get to see layers of ancient rock, deposited when Mars was warm and
wet and could have supported life," she says. "Evidence of river channels, which
we expect to see at Sinus Meridiani, could be remnants of that early, warm history."

When pictures start coming back from Opportunity, Gregg will have her eyes
peeled, searching for layers in the walls of the dried-up river channels.

"Those layers could be lava flows," explained Gregg, noting that often the best
place to look for evidence of life on any planet is near volcanoes.

"That may sound counterintuitive, but think about Yellowstone National Park,
which really is nothing but a huge volcano," she says. "Even when the weather in
Wyoming is 20 below zero, all the geysers, which are fed by volcanic heat, are
swarming with bacteria and all kinds of happy little things cruising around in
the water.

"So, since we think that the necessary ingredients for life on earth were water
and heat, we are looking for the same things on Mars, and while we definitely
have evidence of water there, we still are looking for a source of heat."

Gregg hopes that a future landing Mars site will be near a volcano, particularly
one called Apollinaris Patera.

"A landing site near a volcano might be possible, now that the airbag technology
has worked so wonderfully," she says.

IMAGE CAPTION:
[http://www.buffalo.edu/news/hires/apollinarispatera.jpg (410KB)
NOTE: This is a 3-D image. - A.Y.]
Apollinaris Patera, a volcano on the surface of Mars, could be a future landing
site, says a UB planetary volcanologist, if the airbag technology proves as
successful with "Opportunity" as it has been with "Spirit."