On Fri, 22 Oct 2004, Thomas McGlynn wrote:

The notations integer*2, integer*4 and integer*8 are all non-standard
Fortran and are not included in any of the Fortran standards F66, F77, F90, F95 or
the impending F2003. Integer*2 has never been standard Fortran.

Correct. In practice, however, their use is so widespread that
compiler-writers have been forced to support them. I have used quite a
wide range of Fortran compilers and never in recent years come across any
which don't support all these. The open source compilers g77 and g95 both
support all these, despite in other respects restricting themselves pretty
much to the respective official Fortran Standards. The g77 documentation
says that INTEGER*8 may not be fully supported, but in practice I haven't
found any problems.


Fortran (i.e., the standard) has no mechanism to specify the length in
bytes of the desired variable. The standard way to get different
kinds of integers is something like

integer (kind=n) i,j,k

That's only half the story, as Tom probably knows, as the mapping from the
kind-selector n to a number of bytes is intentionally unspecified by the
Fortran90/95/2003 standards, and in practice it varies. What you do
instead is select the number of *decimal* digits you need, so that, say

integer (kind=select_int_kind(12)) :: i, j, k

will force the compiler to give you storage capable of storing an integer
of up to 12 digits, which may in practice mean 8 bytes (or if that's
impossible is guaranteed to give you a compiler-time error). That doesn't
map very well to our image of storage as always an integer number of
bytes, but then Fortran was first standardised in the era when we, at
least, were using 12-bit and 60-bit computers, both of which had Fortran
compilers, and neither had any notion of bytes.

Now that byte-based storage is ubiquitous, these extreme portability
measures in Fortran seem a bit superfluous. But since FITS goes back to
the same vintage, perhaps we shouldn't criticise.


--
Clive Page
Dept of Physics & Astronomy,
University of Leicester,
Leicester, LE1 7RH, U.K.