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Old March 19th 09, 01:28 AM posted to sci.space.policy
Pat Flannery
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Posts: 18,465
Default Atomic ramjet for exploring Titan



Alain Fournier wrote:

Only partially true. Your maneuverability is limited but you do have
some. A hot air balloon pilot doesn't just land where he happens to be
when comes time to land. Wind direction will usually vary at different
altitudes. So to steer a balloon you go up or down according to which
wind you prefer. In the case of a hot air balloon going up or down can
be as simple as giving more or less heat. In a hydrogen balloon, you
can compress a little bit of the hydrogen or let it expand to control
your height. Of course, this maneuverability is nothing like powered
flight but you do have some control.


But if you get up too high, that's where you start to run into the
turbulent atmospheric conditions on Titan; and one of those is violent
vertical wind shear, which could destroy the balloon:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huygens_probe

"Doppler Wind Experiment (DWE)
This experiment used an ultra-stable oscillator to improve communication
with the probe by giving it a very stable carrier frequency. This
instrument was also used to measure the wind speed in Titan's atmosphere
by measuring the Doppler shift in the carrier signal. The swinging
motion of the probe beneath its parachute due to atmospheric properties
may also have been detected. Failure of ground controllers to turn on
the receiver in the Cassini orbiter caused the loss of this data.
Earth-based radio telescopes were able to reconstruct some of it.
Measurements started 150 kilometres above Titan's surface, where Huygens
was blown eastwards at more than 400 kilometres per hour, agreeing with
earlier measurements of the winds at 200 kilometres altitude, made over
the past few years using telescopes. Between 60 and 80 kilometres,
Huygens was buffeted by rapidly fluctuating winds, which are thought to
be vertical wind shear. At ground level, the Earth-based doppler shift
and VLBI measurements show gentle winds of a few metres per second,
roughly in line with expectations."

Even a wind of a few kilometeres per second may make it impossible for
the vehicle to land and stay in one place for long enough to either
analyze the soil or take a sample, as the envelope of the balloon will
act like a sail and drag the probe around, particularly in the very low
gravity and with the dense atmosphere.
It might be smarter to have the balloon drop small surface probes as it
flies along without landing itself, and have the probes relay signals up
to some sort of satellite in Titan orbit for transmission to Earth.
The same landing problem would apply to any sort of winged
aircraft...you probably get it to land in one piece, but taking off
again could be a real problem.
Maybe a atomic-powered helicopter is the answer?
In that low of gravity with that thick of a atmosphere maybe that could
be made to work, and it probably would be heavy enough to stay in one
place once landed without the wind blowing it around till it finished
its surface examinations and lifted off again.
The combo of a thick atmosphere and very low gravity is so odd that it
makes it hard to figure out what is possible and impossible in those
conditions. You don't know if you want to go with aircraft or submarine
type analogies in regards to designs of things.

Pat