On Aug 28, 11:30*am, Pentcho Valev wrote:
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/que...php?number=278
Cornell University: "In the case of distant objects where the
expansion of the universe becomes an important factor, the redshift is
referred to as the "cosmological redshift" and it is due to an
entirely different effect. According to general relativity, the
expansion of the universe does not consist of objects actually moving
away from each other - rather, the space between these objects
stretches. Any light moving through that space will also be stretched,
and its wavelength will increase - i.e. be redshifted. (This is a
special case of a more general phenomenon known as the "gravitational
redshift" which describes how gravity's effect on spacetime changes
the wavelength of light moving through that spacetime. The classic
example of the gravitational redshift has been observed on the earth;
if you shine a light up to a tower and measure its wavelength when it
is received as compared to its wavelength when emitted, you find that
the wavelength has increased, and this is due to the fact that the
gravitational field of the earth is stronger the closer you get to its
surface, causing time to pass slower - or, if you like, to be
"stretched" - near the surface and thereby affecting the frequency and
hence the wavelength of the light.)"

http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0806/0806.4085.pdf
University of Hull: "Despite the distinction between redshifts caused
by the velocity of objects and the redshifts associated with the
expanding universe, astronomers sometimes refer to “recession
velocity” in the context of the redshifting of distant galaxies from
the expansion of the Universe, even though it is only an apparent
recession. As a consequence, popular literature has a tendency to use
the expression “Doppler redshift” instead of “cosmological redshift”
to describe the motion of galaxies dominated by the expansion of
spacetime, despite the fact that a “cosmological recessional speed”
when calculated will not equal the velocity in the relativistic
Doppler equation. In particular, Doppler redshift is bound by the laws
of Einstein’s special relativity, which dictates that an object cannot
travel faster than the speed of light through a vacuum; thus v c is
impossible. On the other hand, in the case of cosmological redshift, v
c is possible because the space which separates the objects (e.g. a
quasar from the Earth) can expand faster than the speed of light; this
is because space, not being composed of any material, can grow faster
than the speed of light since, not being an object, it is not bound by
the speed of light upper bound.....In the theory of general
relativity, there is time dilation within a gravitational well. This
is known as the gravitational redshift or “Einstein Shift”. The
gravitational redshift of spectral lines is often held to be one of
the “crucial tests” of general relativity. However, the result may
also be derived with no recourse to the general theory of relativity
whatsoever, nor even to the principle of equivalence, as has been
shown on several occasions."

Einsteinians, what are you doing? Why should human rationality be
destroyed so mercilessly?

Pentcho Valev