On Jul 10, 7:47*pm, Brad Guth wrote:
Don't tell me, tell it to Bert.
I 100% agree that our sun is way under utilized. *Too bad you have
such limited connections as to taking any actions that would make Big
Energy sweat bullets, whereas instead they seem to be laughing at us,
especially laughing at those of us certified as BP's "small people".
On Jul 10, 11:46*am, William Mook wrote:
There is a safe reliable natural fusion reactor that produces 22
trillion times as much energy as the entire human race uses today. *We
call it THE SUN!
At present photovoltaic systems cost $1,550 per square meter and
produce only 200 watts when the sun shines. *Even in sunny spots they
produce only 60 watts per square meter when averaged over the course
of a year. *This is not competitive.
I assume that's the all-inclusive installed and grid connected cost
per square meter, because commercial grade panels are on the market at
as little as $2.25/watt, and some of those at under $3.00/watt will
have their annual average close to 75 w/m2, and the best ones should
exceed 100 w/m2..
My approach collects and concentrates incident light using ultra-low-
cost lens and mirror technologies to 5,000x ambient intensity found on
Earth. * Terrestrial solar energy can be used to produce hydrogen from
water for less than $608 per metric ton when this is done.
That's because high-temperature electrolysis (HTE) done by MEMS based
CPV cells inside a water-filled cavity shaped to focus and direct the
sunlight costs only $0.10 per square meter and the HTE process itself
produces 700 watts per square meter of sunlight captured in this way
when the sun shines. *This averages 200 watts per square meter when
averaged over the course of a year. *The primary collector costs only
$0.10 per square meter while the MEMS device costs $22,500 per square
meter. *Only 2 sq cm of MEMS device is used per square meter of
primary collector, so only $4.50 is added per square meter of primary
collector.
http://www.youtube.com/user/harrymoo...33/dbWNnVsBhOg
With hydrogen made in this way, hydrogen costing less than any other
primary fuel is now available. *Utility scale energy storage is the
next issue. *This is made possible using any of the following
technologies;
(1) Gaseous hydrogen stored in geological formations (depleted gas and
oil wells) 15 grams/liter - 25 grams/liter
* * (a) Hydrogen mobilizes stationary oil and natural gas reserves
increasing output of 'empty' wells
(2) Liquid hydrogen stored in ultra-insulating cryogenic containers
with cryo-coolers 70 grams/liter
* * *(a) Slush Hydrogen - 86 grams/liter
(3) Conversion and reforming into an intermediate hydrogen rich liquid
* * (a) Ammonia - N2 + 3 H2 --- *2 NH3
* * * * * (i) Liquid Ammonia * 151 grams/liter
* * * * * (ii) Ammonia/Water solutions *70 grams/liter - 100 grams/
liter
* * * * * (iii) Ammonia salt solutions *100 grams/liter
* * * * * * * * *http://www.netpublikationer.dk/um/65.../chapter12.htm
* * (b) Formic Acid - HCOOH --- CO2 + H2
* * * * * (i) Liquid Formic Acid * 62 grams/liter
* * * * * (ii) 85% Formic Acid in water *53 grams/liter
In today's market-place the highest best use of low-cost solar
hydrogen made from water is to make fresh water from sea water where
needed, make low-cost ammonia fertilizer where needed, convert coal
fired power plants to burning hydrogen in an emission free process,
and take part of the stranded coal, and make synthetic crude oil, and
put the oil companies out of business - all while accumulating lots
and lots of money for the next step;
Then we use as much coal and other hydrocarbons as it takes for making
HTP, because Mook solar energy or that of its green hydrogen are not
allowed to make HTP.
Buying the major aerospace companies around the world, divesting them
of their space faring assets (which are money losers) and selling the
more profitable military and aircraft divisions - keeping the space
faring divisions as a single super space company. *Then, use those
assets to create a fully reusable heavy lift launcher fleet - of five
vehicles
http://www.scribd.com/doc/30943696/E...cribd.com/doc/...
With a five day turn-around the fleet is capable of putting up 695
tons into LEO - each day.
With this capability create an increasingly sophisticated set of space
assets to capture a wide range of markets on Earth, including
communications;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I81ogcX3ONY
Using an array of 800+ satellites to paint millions of contiguous
cells across the entire surface of the Earth. *Each satellite is solar
powered, and has a large phased array antenna system. *It paints
thousands of stationary doppler corrected virtual cells across the
Earth, and each satellite operates as an optical router to six peta-
bit open optical laser links to nearest neighbor satellites. *Each
satellite overlaps its neighbors and hands off cells as they pass over
head providing a seamless broadband capability across the planet.
With this core capability I can provide basic services, telephone,
radio, television, internet; and advanced capabilities - tele-
presence, tele-robotics, etc.
Off-world Energy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWiXDu64c0g
Large concentrators on Earth orbit focus sunlight to 1,600x ambient
intensity - to CPV cells adapted for use in vacuum. *The CPV cells
drive an advanced MEMS based Free Electron Laser (FEL) of very high
efficiency. *The CPV/FEL combination delivers over 50% of its energy
at any desired wavelength to receivers on the ground. *The initial
system is orbited and solar sailing techniques are used to fly the 5
km diameter system from LEO to GEO in a few months. *There it delivers
8,000 beams at 1.25 MW each to receivers on the ground.
A more advanced system consists of two 500 meter components - that
consist of MEMS units only - a generator and a receiver. *The first
test unit flies the generator to L1 between Earth and Sun. *The second
test unit flies the receiver to GEO - where it receives the UV beam
created by the generator, and uses the UV energy to create an IR beam
that produces 220 beams of 1.25 MW each to receivers on the ground.
Once the test is successfully completed another pair is orbited - and
using solar sailing techniques the receiver here flies to GEO while
the generator flies to Jupiter. *In passing Jupiter the receiver uses
gravity boost to drop directly into the Sun - at 3.75 million km light
pressure exceeds gravity pressure (by reorienting the space craft) and
over 220 GW of UV energy is beamed to the receiver at GEO. *This is
reformed by the receiver into 22 million 10 kW beams - targeted to
mobile as well as stationary receivers.
Which revolutionizes transportation systems on Earth
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxV2F...utube.com/watc....
Putting the present owners of primary fuels out of business.
Never fear, the carbon compounds combined with ultra-low-cost abundant
energy creates vast nw uses for low these compounds
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMefZ...tube.com/watch....
While expanding the use of asteroid materials as feedstock for
orbiting factories, farms and forests. *these factories farms and
forests on orbit create all products via tele-operated robots and then
distribute them where needed anywhere in the solar system.
Humanity today uses 28 billion tons of raw materials. *With 8 billion
people consuming at the rate of millionaires today this will rise to
400 billion tons of raw materials. * To maintain this rate of transfer
from the asteroid belt requires 840 trillion watts today rising to 12
quadrillion watts when *8 billion people consume at millionaire
rates. * A generator array 120 km across operating at 3.75 million km
from the Sun is sufficient to produce the power needed continuously
for billions of years. *The richest 1% of the asteroid belt has
sufficient resources to supply humanity for 90,000 years at the higher
rate.
Today humanity 6.8 billion people produce $70 trillion with the
materials and energy it has available to it. *By making use of solar
energy in this way, and making use of asteroid belt in this way, along
with space based factories and communications to implement advanced
tele presence and telerobotics, this could easily rise to $8
quadrillion per year. * This could be done in 25 years - a 20% per
annum compounded rate of growth in per capita income.
While 25% of us make do with less than $1 per day, while 45% of us
make do with less than $2 per day, and 10 million of us make do with
$2,000 per day, and 1,000 of us make do with $2,000,000 per day - we
can expect that with profound fundamental growth in our productive
capabilities by growing our fundamental energy and material and
productive capacities - that the poorest of us humans will make do in
25 years with $200 per day while the richest of us will make do with
$200,000,000 per day - keeping nearly the same relative distribution -
all in real 2008 dollars. * Since most work we take for granted today
will be automated, and since $200 per day amounts to $73,000 per year
- and 7.3% interest on accumulated funds is high by today's standards,
$73k per year revenue without having to do substantial work as we know
it, amounts to earning interest on $1 million in assets. * That is,
the poorest of us would be equivalent to millionaires today - and most
would be equivalent to billionaires and more. *The richest of us will
be more powerful and capable than nation-states today. *Nation states
will undergo a revolutionary transformation
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The cost per peak watt installed for CdTe panels is $3 per *peak* watt
- this is at present the least expensive way to make conventional
photo-cells
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PVeff(rev100414).png
These range from 3% to 12% efficiency - RCA started doing research
when efficiency was even less than 3%. The lower cost ones (on a $/
watt basis) are 9% efficient at best. They're available from First
Solar (not to be confused with 12% efficient CdTe cells not in
production yet.)
So, at 1000 watts PEAK intensity - 9% is 90 watts PEAK. Since the $3
per peak watt installed uses this same peak we can see that CdTe - the
cost leaders in conventional solar tech - cost $270 per square meter
installed. This is thin film CdTe - not crystalline Si - which I was
careful to point out.
Now we don't always get peak intensity.
In fact out of the 24 hours in a day the brightest places get no more
than 6 hours on average each day. Most places get 3 or 4 hours
http://www.solarchristmaslights.org/...ation_data.gif
So, this cuts the average down from 1000 watts to 250 at the high end
and 120 in most places.
CdTe Panels cost $3 per watt installed and are 9% efficient. So, the
90 watts peak per square meter drops to an average of 10 watts per
square meter - which increases the the cost per watt to $27 per
average watt for CdTe.
Now, if you'd look at the first graph I gave you you'd see that multi-
junction cells are in excess of 40% efficient. That's 400 PEAK watts
- and these cost about $5 per square inch - which is $8,000 per square
meter.when used conventionally - which is $200 per average watt - but
when made part of a CPV system - with ultra-low-cost optics - light is
concentrated 5,000x solar intensity - which drops prices to $0.05 per
peak watt.
So, details count and you've got to make good choices all around to
achieve reasonable price points.