On Jul 9, 6:22*pm, Brad Guth wrote:
On Jul 9, 1:52*pm, William Mook wrote:
On Jul 9, 3:14*pm, Brad Guth wrote:
On Jul 9, 11:15*am, bert wrote:
I have the best Pulse Fusion Machine. It works on ":internal
confinement" It uses 3 powerfull lasers to create a part of the Sun.. I
know how large(rather tiny) the hydrogen rich pellots should be.
(lithium deuteride). With my knowledge that I used for my fastest
pictures I can for a breaf second bring the temperature up to 100
million degrees centergrad. *Thus fusing hydrogen nucluie into helium
I would stay to see every thing is done step by step. Its very
costly,but once done the energy would be the cheapest ever. *We have a
father for the H-bomb *I want to be the father of the "Fusion
Machine" * *TreBert PS once in operation I want 10 million to see the
world with
Get Double-A and those seans to help before it's too late.
*Even William Mook could help if he wanted to, but then you'd
have to do everything his way.
We are aware that in small scale prototypes there has already been
good fusion results using Helium-3 and Deuterium. *Making energy via
fusion on a larger scale seems to have been problematic and spendy.
At least thus far, nothing of any size has accomplished a Q=1/
breakeven, and ITER seems almost hopelessly over-funded, under
motivated and regulated to death. *Even our NIF is a lost cause, at
least up until oil hits $1000/barrel and coal at $500/tonne.
*~ BG
In nuclear fusion research, the Lawson criterion, first derived by
John D. Lawson in 1955 defines the conditions needed for a fusion
reactor to reach ignition. *The plasma is heated by the products of
the fusion reactions at a rate sufficient to maintain the temperature
of the plasma against all losses without external power input.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...on_rxnrate.svg
The fusion reaction rate increases rapidly with temperature until it
gradually drops off. The DT rate peaks at a lower temperature and at a
higher value than other reactions, including He-3.
So Deuterium and Tritium have the lowest temperature and pressure
needed to achieve thernonuclear break-even - and that temperature and
pressure is far less than that needed by any nuclear reaction
involving Helium 3.
Finally, NO thernonuclear reaction system has achieved sustained break-
even to the point of being commercially viable.
http://images.iop.org/objects/phw/wo...fus6_03-06.jpg
Perhaps you and Bert could fix that.
*~ BG
There is a safe reliable natural fusion reactor that produces 22
trillion times as much energy as the entire human race uses today. We
call it THE SUN!
At present photovoltaic systems cost $1,550 per square meter and
produce only 200 watts when the sun shines. Even in sunny spots they
produce only 60 watts per square meter when averaged over the course
of a year. This is not competitive.
My approach collects and concentrates incident light using ultra-low-
cost lens and mirror technologies to 5,000x ambient intensity found on
Earth. Terrestrial solar energy can be used to produce hydrogen from
water for less than $608 per metric ton when this is done.
That's because high-temperature electrolysis (HTE) done by MEMS based
CPV cells inside a water-filled cavity shaped to focus and direct the
sunlight costs only $0.10 per square meter and the HTE process itself
produces 700 watts per square meter of sunlight captured in this way
when the sun shines. This averages 200 watts per square meter when
averaged over the course of a year. The primary collector costs only
$0.10 per square meter while the MEMS device costs $22,500 per square
meter. Only 2 sq cm of MEMS device is used per square meter of
primary collector, so only $4.50 is added per square meter of primary
collector.
http://www.youtube.com/user/harrymoo...33/dbWNnVsBhOg
With hydrogen made in this way, hydrogen costing less than any other
primary fuel is now available. Utility scale energy storage is the
next issue. This is made possible using any of the following
technologies;
(1) Gaseous hydrogen stored in geological formations (depleted gas and
oil wells) 15 grams/liter - 25 grams/liter
(a) Hydrogen mobilizes stationary oil and natural gas reserves
increasing output of 'empty' wells
(2) Liquid hydrogen stored in ultra-insulating cryogenic containers
with cryo-coolers 70 grams/liter
(a) Slush Hydrogen - 86 grams/liter
(3) Conversion and reforming into an intermediate hydrogen rich liquid
(a) Ammonia - N2 + 3 H2 --- 2 NH3
(i) Liquid Ammonia 151 grams/liter
(ii) Ammonia/Water solutions 70 grams/liter - 100 grams/
liter
(iii) Ammonia salt solutions 100 grams/liter
http://www.netpublikationer.dk/um/65.../chapter12.htm
(b) Formic Acid - HCOOH --- CO2 + H2
(i) Liquid Formic Acid 62 grams/liter
(ii) 85% Formic Acid in water 53 grams/liter
In today's market-place the highest best use of low-cost solar
hydrogen made from water is to make fresh water from sea water where
needed, make low-cost ammonia fertilizer where needed, convert coal
fired power plants to burning hydrogen in an emission free process,
and take part of the stranded coal, and make synthetic crude oil, and
put the oil companies out of business - all while accumulating lots
and lots of money for the next step;
Buying the major aerospace companies around the world, divesting them
of their space faring assets (which are money losers) and selling the
more profitable military and aircraft divisions - keeping the space
faring divisions as a single super space company. Then, use those
assets to create a fully reusable heavy lift launcher fleet - of five
vehicles
http://www.scribd.com/doc/30943696/ETDHLRLV
http://www.scribd.com/doc/31261680/Etdhlrlv-Addendum
With a five day turn-around the fleet is capable of putting up 695
tons into LEO - each day.
With this capability create an increasingly sophisticated set of space
assets to capture a wide range of markets on Earth, including
communications;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I81ogcX3ONY
Using an array of 800+ satellites to paint millions of contiguous
cells across the entire surface of the Earth. Each satellite is solar
powered, and has a large phased array antenna system. It paints
thousands of stationary doppler corrected virtual cells across the
Earth, and each satellite operates as an optical router to six peta-
bit open optical laser links to nearest neighbor satellites. Each
satellite overlaps its neighbors and hands off cells as they pass over
head providing a seamless broadband capability across the planet.
With this core capability I can provide basic services, telephone,
radio, television, internet; and advanced capabilities - tele-
presence, tele-robotics, etc.
Off-world Energy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWiXDu64c0g
Large concentrators on Earth orbit focus sunlight to 1,600x ambient
intensity - to CPV cells adapted for use in vacuum. The CPV cells
drive an advanced MEMS based Free Electron Laser (FEL) of very high
efficiency. The CPV/FEL combination delivers over 50% of its energy
at any desired wavelength to receivers on the ground. The initial
system is orbited and solar sailing techniques are used to fly the 5
km diameter system from LEO to GEO in a few months. There it delivers
8,000 beams at 1.25 MW each to receivers on the ground.
A more advanced system consists of two 500 meter components - that
consist of MEMS units only - a generator and a receiver. The first
test unit flies the generator to L1 between Earth and Sun. The second
test unit flies the receiver to GEO - where it receives the UV beam
created by the generator, and uses the UV energy to create an IR beam
that produces 220 beams of 1.25 MW each to receivers on the ground.
Once the test is successfully completed another pair is orbited - and
using solar sailing techniques the receiver here flies to GEO while
the generator flies to Jupiter. In passing Jupiter the receiver uses
gravity boost to drop directly into the Sun - at 3.75 million km light
pressure exceeds gravity pressure (by reorienting the space craft) and
over 220 GW of UV energy is beamed to the receiver at GEO. This is
reformed by the receiver into 22 million 10 kW beams - targeted to
mobile as well as stationary receivers.
Which revolutionizes transportation systems on Earth
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxV2FCUESh0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzG4PEureFg
Putting the present owners of primary fuels out of business.
Never fear, the carbon compounds combined with ultra-low-cost abundant
energy creates vast nw uses for low these compounds
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMefZhA7if
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dP5DX2NSl7c
While expanding the use of asteroid materials as feedstock for
orbiting factories, farms and forests. these factories farms and
forests on orbit create all products via tele-operated robots and then
distribute them where needed anywhere in the solar system.
Humanity today uses 28 billion tons of raw materials. With 8 billion
people consuming at the rate of millionaires today this will rise to
400 billion tons of raw materials. To maintain this rate of transfer
from the asteroid belt requires 840 trillion watts today rising to 12
quadrillion watts when 8 billion people consume at millionaire
rates. A generator array 120 km across operating at 3.75 million km
from the Sun is sufficient to produce the power needed continuously
for billions of years. The richest 1% of the asteroid belt has
sufficient resources to supply humanity for 90,000 years at the higher
rate.
Today humanity 6.8 billion people produce $70 trillion with the
materials and energy it has available to it. By making use of solar
energy in this way, and making use of asteroid belt in this way, along
with space based factories and communications to implement advanced
tele presence and telerobotics, this could easily rise to $8
quadrillion per year. This could be done in 25 years - a 20% per
annum compounded rate of growth in per capita income.
While 25% of us make do with less than $1 per day, while 45% of us
make do with less than $2 per day, and 10 million of us make do with
$2,000 per day, and 1,000 of us make do with $2,000,000 per day - we
can expect that with profound fundamental growth in our productive
capabilities by growing our fundamental energy and material and
productive capacities - that the poorest of us humans will make do in
25 years with $200 per day while the richest of us will make do with
$200,000,000 per day - keeping nearly the same relative distribution -
all in real 2008 dollars. Since most work we take for granted today
will be automated, and since $200 per day amounts to $73,000 per year
- and 7.3% interest on accumulated funds is high by today's standards,
$73k per year revenue without having to do substantial work as we know
it, amounts to earning interest on $1 million in assets. That is,
the poorest of us would be equivalent to millionaires today - and most
would be equivalent to billionaires and more. The richest of us will
be more powerful and capable than nation-states today. Nation states
will undergo a revolutionary transformation into something that is
quite controversial to talk about - universal human services based on
a thoroughgoing analysis of human condition and capabilities - and
shaping the epistimology and collective consciousness of all humans in
a seamless non-intrusive manner that uses the highest technical
capabilities of that era - to maintain a least restrictive environment
for all.
Demographics across cultures today indicate that such a global
transformation will lead to a reduction in human birth rates so that
zero population growth is achieved in 10 years - and we end up with a
0.1% decline per year after peaking at 8 billion people in 25 years
(2035). Demographics also indicated that 2% of us each year will move
off world by that time depopulating the world in a few generations.
Prior to 2035 fewer than 1 million people will be living off world -
mostly early adopters on the Moon and Mars, and long-term contractees
for various asteroid development companies, and most of them on Earth
orbit.
The first 1 billion people will be living off-world by 2040.
The number of people living in space will equal the number of people
living on Earth (3.8 billion each) by 2059 - the 90th anniversary of
the Apollo moon landings.
The last 1 billion people will be living off-world by 2077.
The last person permanently inhabiting Earth's surface with everyone
living off-world by 2083.
At that point there will be two major projects that will be of
interest;
(1) Human re-creation project
(2) Next natural intelligence project.
The first is to use a variety of forensic, biological, nano and
quantum techniques to characterize and recreate the personality
history and memories of every single human being back to the beginning
of time. This will reflect on a far grander scale - and make use of-
the Human Genome Project - of the late 1990s. In 2090 the goal will
be to re-create all humans who ever lived (96.1 billion people)
http://www.math.hawaii.edu/~ramsey/People.html
Since we have the resources, and capabilities to support all at very
high standards (particularly after the advent of strong AI and
robotics along with nano-tech)
The wealth of a society - given adequate material and energy resources
is a reflection of the ideas of its people. A larger population is
richer than a smaller one under these conditions. A freer population
is richer than a constrained one under these conditions. With lowered
population growth rates - and the end of aging as a death process
http://www.ted.com/talks/aubrey_de_g...oid_aging.html
This is a natural thing for humanity to do under the conditions
imagined here.
The second project evolves from our present impulse to preserve nature
at the expense of industry. By moving industry off world, and also
all humans off world the ability to engage in this impulse will grow.
The benefits of doing so will grow also - as we learn more of the vast
knowledge encoded in the multi-billion year history of the global
organism. We will use this as a resource for designing improved space
environments for thousands of years to come. Since ETI is unlikely to
be nearer than a few dozen galactic distances away (100 million light
years) and new TI may evolve within periods far shorter (5 million
years), and facing the limitations of artificial intelligence (AI)
that is fully developed, its also natural to conclude that humans in
2090 and beyond will look at the empty Earth and want to return it to
its pre human condition and set up conditions so that the NEXT
TERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE evolves in response to the vast knowledge
contained in the global organism that spawned us.
This will be part of a continuing development of space travel
technologies to expand human settlements beyond the solar system and
part of a continuing expansion in capabilities.
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AFTER ALL ARE MILLIONAIRES (and more!)
YEAR SPACE EARTH
2035 160,000,000 7,840,000,000
2036 319,840,000 7,672,160,000
2037 479,520,160 7,504,487,840
2038 639,040,639 7,336,983,352
2039 798,401,599 7,169,646,368
2040 957,603,197 7,002,476,722
2041 1,116,645,594 6,835,474,245
2042 1,275,528,948 6,668,638,771
2043 1,434,253,419 6,501,970,132
2044 1,592,819,166 6,335,468,162
2045 1,751,226,347 6,169,132,694
2046 1,909,475,120 6,002,963,561
2047 2,067,565,645 5,836,960,598
2048 2,225,498,080 5,671,123,637
2049 2,383,272,582 5,505,452,513