"Do galaxies form first and then a black hole springs up in the
center, or possibly, do galaxies form around an already existing black
hole?"

“The implication is that the black holes started growing first.”

http://www.universetoday.com/2009/01...le/#more-23357

So, where does the matter come from that forms around the black hole
and creates the galaxy? Does it just condense out of energy? Does
the black hole somehow stress space to cause it to condense into
matter? Or does it just gather it from the extremely sparse
intergalactic void?

Double-A